Y khoa, y dược - The skeleton: Part A

7 The Skeleton: Part AThe Axial SkeletonConsists of 80 bonesThree major regionsSkullVertebral columnThoracic cageFigure 7.1aSkullThoracic cage(ribs andsternum)(a) Anterior viewFacial bonesCraniumSacrumVertebralcolumnClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpalsPhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatellaTibiaFibulaTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalangesThe SkullTwo sets of bonesCranial bonesEnclose the brain in the cranial cavityCranial vault (calvaria) Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae Provide sites of attachment for head and neck musclesThe SkullFacial bonesFramework of faceCavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smellOpenings for air and food passageSties of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expressionFigure 7.2aBones of cranium (cranial vault)LambdoidsutureFacialbonesSquamoussuture(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skullCoronalsutureFigure 7.2bAnterior cranialfossaMiddle cranialfossaPosterior cranialfossa(b) Superior view of the cranial fossaeCranial BonesFrontal boneParietal bones (2)Occipital boneTemporal bones (2)Sphenoid boneEthmoid boneFrontal BoneAnterior portion of craniumMost of anterior cranial fossaSuperior wall of orbitsContains air-filled frontal sinusFigure 7.4aParietal boneSquamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic boneMaxillaMandibleInfraorbital foramenMentalforamen(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysisFrontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissureInferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha Inferior nasal conchaVomerOptic canalPerpendicularplate EthmoidboneParietal Bones and Major Associated SuturesSuperior and lateral aspects of cranial vaultFour sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Coronal sutureFrontal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Ethmoid boneLacrimal boneLacrimal fossaNasal boneZygomaticbone MaxillaAlveolarmargins MandibleMental foramenParietal boneLambdoidsutureSquamoussutureOccipitalboneOccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid processMandibular condyleMandibular notchMandibular ramus(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skullMandibular angleCoronoid processZygomaticprocessTemporal boneFigure 7.5aOccipital Bone Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossaArticulates with 1st vertebraSites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back musclesFigure 7.4bLambdoidsutureOccipital boneSuperior nuchal lineExternaloccipitalprotuberanceSuturalboneOccipitomastoidsuture(b) Posterior viewOccipitalcondyleExternaloccipitalcrestInferiornuchallineMastoidprocessParietalbone Sagittal suture Figure 7.6aIncisive fossaMedian palatine sutureIntermaxillary sutureInfraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)Foramen ovaleForamen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramenForamen magnumOccipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineForamen spinosumMaxilla(palatine process)HardpalateZygomatic boneTemporal bone(zygomatic process)MandibularfossaVomerStyloid processExternal occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bonePalatine bone(horizontal plate)Temporal BonesInferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floorFour major regionsSquamousTympanicMastoidPetrousFigure 7.8MastoidregionExternalacousticmeatusMastoidprocess Styloid processTympanic regionMandibular fossaZygomatic processSquamousregionFigure 7.6aIncisive fossaMedian palatine sutureIntermaxillary sutureInfraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)Foramen ovaleForamen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramenForamen magnumOccipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineForamen spinosumMaxilla(palatine process)HardpalateZygomatic boneTemporal bone(zygomatic process)MandibularfossaVomerStyloid processExternal occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bonePalatine bone(horizontal plate)Figure 7.7aHypophyseal fossaof sella turcicaMiddle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)Posteriorcranial fossaParietal boneOccipital boneForamen magnum(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removedFrontal boneOlfactory foraminaOptic canalForamen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosumJugular foramenHypoglossal canalForamen lacerumInternal acousticmeatus Cribriform plateEthmoidboneCrista galli SphenoidAnterior cranial fossaLesser wingGreater wingViewSphenoid BoneComplex, bat-shaped boneKeystone boneArticulates with all other cranial bonesThree pairs of processesGreater wingsLesser wingsPterygoid processesFigure 7.9aGreaterwingHypophysealfossa ofsella turcicaForamenrotundumForamenovaleForamenspinosumBody of sphenoidSuperiororbital fissure(a) Superior viewOptic canalLesser wingFigure 7.9bBody of sphenoidGreaterwingSuperiororbitalfissureLesserwing Pterygoidprocess(b) Posterior viewEthmoid BoneDeepest skull boneSuperior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavitiesContributes to medial wall of orbitsFigure 7.10OrbitalplateEthmoidalair cells PerpendicularplateMiddle nasal conchaCribriformplateOlfactoryforaminaCrista galliLeft lateral massFigure 7.4aParietal boneSquamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic boneMaxillaMandibleInfraorbital foramenMentalforamen(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysisFrontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissureInferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha Inferior nasal conchaVomerOptic canalPerpendicularplate EthmoidboneHypophyseal fossaof sella turcicaMiddle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)Posteriorcranial fossaParietal boneOccipital boneForamen magnum(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removedFrontal boneOlfactory foraminaOptic canalForamen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosumJugular foramenHypoglossal canalForamen lacerumInternal acousticmeatus Cribriform plateEthmoidboneCrista galli SphenoidAnterior cranial fossaLesser wingGreater wingViewFigure 7.7aSutural BonesTiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within suturesFigure 7.4bLambdoidsutureOccipital boneSuperior nuchal lineExternaloccipitalprotuberanceSuturalboneOccipitomastoidsuture(b) Posterior viewOccipitalcondyleExternaloccipitalcrestInferiornuchallineMastoidprocessParietalbone Sagittal suture Facial BonesMandibleMaxillary bones (maxillae) (2)Zygomatic bones (2)Nasal bones (2)Lacrimal bones (2)Palatine bones (2)VomerInferior nasal conchae (2)Mandible Lower jawLargest, strongest bone of faceTemporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skullFigure 7.11aCoronoidprocessMandibular foramenMentalforamenMandibularangleRamusofmandibleMandibularcondyleMandibular notchMandibular fossaof temporal boneBody of mandibleAlveolarmargin(a) Mandible, right lateral viewTemporomandibularjointMaxillary BonesMedially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeletonKeystone bonesArticulate with all other facial bones except mandibleFigure 7.11bFrontal processArticulates withfrontal bone Anterior nasalspineInfraorbitalforamenAlveolarmargin(b) Maxilla, right lateral viewOrbitalsurface Zygomaticprocess(cut)Figure 7.4aParietal boneSquamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic boneMaxillaMandibleInfraorbital foramenMentalforamen(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysisFrontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissureInferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha Inferior nasal conchaVomerOptic canalPerpendicularplate EthmoidboneFigure 7.6aIncisive fossaMedian palatine sutureIntermaxillary sutureInfraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)Foramen ovaleForamen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramenForamen magnumOccipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineForamen spinosumMaxilla(palatine process)HardpalateZygomatic boneTemporal bone(zygomatic process)MandibularfossaVomerStyloid processExternal occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bonePalatine bone(horizontal plate)Zygomatic BonesCheekbonesInferolateral margins of orbits Figure 7.4aParietal boneSquamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic boneMaxillaMandibleInfraorbital foramenMentalforamen(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysisFrontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissureInferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha Inferior nasal conchaVomerOptic canalPerpendicularplate EthmoidboneNasal Bones and Lacrimal BonesNasal bonesForm bridge of noseLacrimal bonesIn medial walls of orbitsLacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sacFigure 7.5aCoronal sutureFrontal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Ethmoid boneLacrimal boneLacrimal fossaNasal boneZygomaticbone MaxillaAlveolarmargins MandibleMental foramenParietal boneLambdoidsutureSquamoussutureOccipitalboneOccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid processMandibular condyleMandibular notchMandibular ramus(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skullMandibular angleCoronoid processZygomaticprocessTemporal bonePalatine Bones and VomerPalatine bonesPosterior one-third of hard palatePosterolateral walls of the nasal cavitySmall part of the orbitsVomerPlow shaped Lower part of nasal septumFigure 7.6aIncisive fossaMedian palatine sutureIntermaxillary sutureInfraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)Foramen ovaleForamen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramenForamen magnumOccipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineForamen spinosumMaxilla(palatine process)HardpalateZygomatic boneTemporal bone(zygomatic process)MandibularfossaVomerStyloid processExternal occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bonePalatine bone(horizontal plate)Inferior Nasal ConchaeForm part of lateral walls of nasal cavityFigure 7.14aMaxillary bone(palatine process)Palatine bone(perpendicular plate)Palatine bone(horizontal plate) Pterygoidprocess(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) SphenoidsinusSphenoidboneAnterior nasal spineFrontal sinusSuperiornasal conchaMiddlenasal conchaEthmoidboneInferior nasalconcha Nasal boneSuperior, middle, andinferior meatusOrbitsEncase eyes and lacrimal glandsSites of attachment for eye musclesFormed by parts of seven bones (next slide)Roof of orbitMedial wallSupraorbital notchOptic canal Floor of orbitNasal boneLateral wall of orbit Zygomatic boneInferior orbital fissureInfraorbital grooveInfraorbital foramenSuperiororbital fissure(b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit• Lesser wing ofsphenoid bone• Orbital plate offrontal bone• Zygomatic processof frontal bone• Greater wing ofsphenoid bone• Orbital surface ofzygomatic bone• Sphenoid body• Orbital plateof ethmoid bone• Frontal processof maxilla• Lacrimal bone• Orbital process ofpalatine bone• Orbital surface ofmaxillary bone• Zygomatic boneFigure 7.13aNasal CavityRoof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bonesEthmoidPalatine bonesMaxillary bonesInferior nasal conchaeNasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilageEthmoid Vomer Anterior septal cartilageFigure 7.14aMaxillary bone(palatine process)Palatine bone(perpendicular plate)Palatine bone(horizontal plate) Pterygoidprocess(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) SphenoidsinusSphenoidboneAnterior nasal spineFrontal sinusSuperiornasal conchaMiddlenasal conchaEthmoidboneInferior nasalconcha Nasal boneSuperior, middle, andinferior meatusFigure 7.14bVomerCrista galliCribriformplateEthmoidboneFrontalsinus Nasal boneSeptal cartilageAlveolar marginof maxillaPerpendicularplate of ethmoid boneSella turcicaSphenoid sinusPalatinebone Palatine processof maxilla(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilageHardpalateParanasal SinusesMucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Lighten the skull Enhance resonance of voiceFound in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bonesFigure 7.15Frontalsinus Ethmoidalair cells(sinus)Maxillarysinus Sphenoidsinus FrontalsinusEthmoidalair cells MaxillarysinusSphenoidsinus (a) Anterior aspect(b) Medial aspectHyoid BoneNot a bone of the skullDoes not articulate directly with another boneSite of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speechFigure 7.12Greater hornLesser hornBody