Y khoa, y dược - The human body: An orientation: part b

The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B1 Chapter 1, part bThis part will be your lab assignment. Make sure you know your anatomical terminology, anatomical regions, body cavities, body positions and orientation.Anatomical PositionStandard anatomical body position:Body erectFeet slightly apartPalms facing forwardFigure 1.7aCervical(a) Anterior/VentralPubic(genital)CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMentalThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigitalLower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHalluxThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)Table 1.1Table 1.1Table 1.1Table 1.1Table 1.1Regional TermsTwo major divisions of body:AxialHead, neck, and trunkAppendicularLimbsRegional terms designate specific areasFigure 1.7aCervical(a) Anterior/VentralPubic(genital)CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMentalThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigitalLower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHalluxThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)Figure 1.7bCervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal PlantarCephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)Body PlanesPlane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical studyBody PlanesSagittal planeDivides body vertically into right and left partsProduces a sagittal sectionMidsagittal (median) planeLies on midlineParasagittal planeNot on midlineBody PlanesFrontal (coronal) planeDivides body vertically into anterior and posterior partsTransverse (horizontal) planeDivides body horizontally into superior and inferior partsProduces a cross sectionOblique sectionCuts made diagonallyFigure 1.8Transverse plane Sagittal planeFrontal planeLiverSpleenPancreasAortaVertebralcolumnSpinal cordSubcutaneous fat layerBody wallRectumIntestinesLeft andright lungsLiverHeartStomachSpleenArm(a) Frontal section (through torso)(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)(c) Median section (midsagittal)Frontal planeTransverse planeBody CavitiesDorsal cavityProtects nervous systemTwo subdivisions:Cranial cavityEncases brainVertebral cavityEncases spinal cordBody CavitiesVentral cavityHouses internal organs (viscera)Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):Thoracic cavityAbdominopelvic cavityFigure 1.9a-bCranialcavity(contains brain) Dorsalbodycavity Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord) CranialcavitySuperiormediastinumPericardialcavity withinthe mediastinumPleuralcavityVertebralcavity Abdomino-pelviccavity Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)(a) Lateral view(b) Anterior viewDorsal body cavityVentral body cavityVentral Body CavitiesThoracic cavity subdivisions:Two pleural cavitiesEach houses a lungMediastinumContains pericardial cavitySurrounds thoracic organsPericardial cavityEncloses heartVentral Body CavitiesAbdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:Abdominal cavityContains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liverPelvic cavityContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Figure 1.9a-bCranialcavity(contains brain) Dorsalbodycavity Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord) CranialcavitySuperiormediastinumPericardialcavity withinthe mediastinumPleuralcavityVertebralcavity Abdomino-pelviccavity Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)(a) Lateral view(b) Anterior viewDorsal body cavityVentral body cavitySerous Membrane (Serosa)Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluidParietal serosa lines internal body wallsVisceral serosa covers the internal organsFigure 1.10a-bOuter balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)HeartParietalpericardiumPericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium(b) The serosae associated with the heart.Abdominopelvic QuadrantsDivisions used primarily by medical personnelFigure 1.11Right upperquadrant(RUQ)Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)Left upperquadrant(LUQ)Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)Abdominopelvic RegionsNine divisions used primarily by anatomistsFigure 1.12EpigastricregionUmbilicalregionRightlumbarregionLeftlumbarregionRighthypochondriacregionLefthypochondriacregionHypogastric(pubic)regionRight iliac(inguinal)regionLeft iliac(inguinal)regionLiverGallbladderAscending colon oflarge intestineSmall intestineAppendixCecumDiaphragm StomachDescending colonof large intestineTransverse colonof large intestineInitial part ofsigmoid colonUrinary bladder(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Other Body CavitiesOral and digestive cavities Nasal cavityOrbital cavities Middle ear cavitiesSynovial cavities