Vài nét về công tác xây dựng chính quyền cách mạng ở Nam Bộ trong kháng chiến chống Pháp (1945-1954)

V A I N E T V E C O N G T A C X A Y D U f t G C H I N H Q J J T E N C A C H M A N G 6 I S L A M B O T R O N G K H A N G C H H % C H O N G P H A P ( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 5 * ) NGUYEN NGOC DUNG* 1. Sii thiet lap chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bo Khi The chien I I di vao hoi ket thiic, d Dong Diidng, Nhat da hat cang Phap de doc chiem xd nay nham chuan bi cho giai doan hau chien. Trong giai doan nay, ca hai ke thu Nhat Phap deu da. suy yeu tiidng doi. Dang ta lien nam thdi cd phat dong khdi nghia tdng phan. Chi thi "Nhat- Phap ban nhau va hanh dong cua chung ta" ngay 12-3-1945 cua Thiidng vu Trung lidng Dang da khdi dau nhiing cuoc ndi day khdi nghia cua nhieu dia phiidng d Bac Bo. Ket qua la mot so' dia phiidng da. thiet lap diidc chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan; t i i do hinh thanh khu giai phong d Viet Bac. 0 do, Mat tran Viet Minh da dam diidng nhiem vu cua mot chinh quyen each mang. Khi cudc tdng khdi nghia nd ra, cac dja phiidng cdn lai d Bac Bo va Trung Bo da thda hiidng "tinh than va liic liidng"' td cac cuoc khdi nghia tdng phan d giai doan triidc, dac biet co sii chi dao triic tiep cua trung lidng Dang. Trong khi do, tinh hinh each mang d Nam Bo cdn gap rat nhieu kho khan. Sau cudc khdi nghia Nam Ky (thang 11-1940), liic hieing each mang tai cho bi ton that rat ldn, them vao dd la sii chia tach liic liidng thanh 2 td chdc Tien phong va Giai phdng. Trong Dang bo Nam Bd cd bd phan thuoc Xd uy Tien phong, cd bd phan thudc Xd uy Giai phdng, cd bo phan doc lap khdng thuoc he thd'ng nao (1). So'can bd chu chdt cua Xd uy Giai phdng phan ldn xuat than td tang Idp ndng dan, cd nhieu kinh nghiem hoat ddng d vung ndng thdn, sd' lanh dao chu chdt cua td chdc Tien phong phan ddng xua't than td tang Idp t r i thdc, tieu t i i san cd kinh nghiem da'u tranh cdng khai, ban cdng khai d dd thi. Tat ca ho deu la nhdng ngiidi cdng san trung kien cua phong trao each mang d Nam Bd. Tuy nhien sau sii kien Nhat dao chinh Phap mdng 9 thang 3, ca hai Xd uy Tien phong va Giai phdng deu khan triidng chuan bi liic liidng gianh chinh quyen. Xd uy Tien phong nhan thay "thdi cd khdi nghia sap deh'' va can phai tap hdp mot dao quan chinh t r i "phat ddng phong trao da'u tranh ndi day d Sai Gdn va khap mien Nam, cho kip vdi Cach mang d Bac, Trung chd nha't quye't khdng diidc tre" (2). Dao quan chinh t r i d day - theo muc tieu cua Xd * TS. Dai hoc Quo'c gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh 18 Rghien cuu Lich sir, so' 3.2Q11 uy Tien phong la liic liidng quin chiing dong den hang chuc van hoae hang trieu ngudi, bao gom giai cap cong nhan, nong dan, thd thu cong, vien chdc co tinh than chien dau cao. Sai Gon diidc coi la trung tam cuoc khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen, td do phong trao each mang lan toa khap cac tinh thanh Nam Bo. To chdc Thanh nien Tien phong la l\ic liidng chinh t r i dong dao sdm diidc hinh thanh. Khi quyen Tong triidng Thanh nien - The thao Dong Diidng cua Nhat - Ida mdi bac sy Pham Ngoc Thach va mot nhom t r i thdc ddng ra thanh lap mot to chdc thanh nien d Sai Gon va Nam Bo ldi dung y do mudn xay diing mot liic hieing hung h i u tay sai than Nhat cua Ida Xd uy Tien phong da ban bac vdi nhom t r i thdc tren nhanh chdng cong khai tap hdp liic liidng thanh nien, bien thanh dao quan chinh t r i diidi sii lanh dao cua Dang Cong san. Nhd the, to chdc Thanh nien Tien phong mdi ra ddi vao ngay 1-6-1945, dudi sii lanh dao cua mot Hoi ddng Quan t r i ddng dau la Kha Van Can - Chu tich, Huynh Kim Hdu - Phd Chu tich, Pham Ngoc Thach - Thii ky va mot so' uy vien khac (3). He thong td chdc cua Thanh nien Tien phong td cap Nam Bo (trung lidng) tdi cac tinh thanh, quan huyen, xa, cd quan, xi nghiep, triidng hoc, ve cd ban, deu diidc de cd sap xep theo chi dao cua cac cap uy Dang; ngoai trd mot sd' triidng hdp ke cd hoi chinh t r i hoae noi gian cua Nhat cai dat vao lam thu linh cap tinh hay quan. Ldc bay gid, phong trao cong nhan, t r i thdc d Sai Gdn phat trien kha manh. Cudi thang 3-1945, Tong cdng doan Nam Bd td chdc hdi nghi dai bieu do Ha Huy Giap chu tri bau ra Ban chap hanh mdi; ddng thdi xay ddng chiidng trinh hanh ddng ddn thdi cd khdi nghia. Thang 6-1945, sau ngay Thanh nien Tien Phong ra ddi, Xd uy Tien Phong va Thanh uy Sai Gdn quyet dinh sap nhap cac td chdc tren diidi ten goi "Thanh nien Tien Phong Ban Xi nghiep, (TNTP- BXN)" va thanh lap cac nghiep doan cd sd nhu" Nghiep doan thd da, Nghiep doan cdng nhan cd khi, Nghiep doan hang hai... Trong vdng ba thang sau dd, nhieu tru sd cua TNTP-BXN da xuat hien cdng khai nhieu ndi tai Sai Gdn - Chd Ldn. Trong liic liidng chinh t r i cua Dang d Nam Bd, ben canh thanh phan thanh nien, cdng nhan, t r i thdc cdn phai ke den ddi ngu ddng dao giai cap ndng dan tham gia cac td chdc Viet Minh d dia phiidng. Hau het cac cd sd Dang d ndng thdn da diidc phuc hdi va phat trien manh trd lai ke td Khdi nghia Nam Ky. Cdng tac binh v i n diidc ca Xd uy Tien phong va Giai phdng khan triidng xuc tien. Dd'i tiidng binh van la cac sac linh bao an, canh sat ngiidi Viet trong quin ddi Phip va Nhat. Theo sd gia Tran Van Giau "Chua bao gid d Sdi Gon, d Nam Bd cd mdt lUc Itfqng cdng nhdn, ndng ddn va lUc luqng thanh nien cdch mang ldn manh nhu vdy... Dang Cong sdn thUc sU trd thdnh lUc luqng cd to chdc manh hon cdc dang phdi khdc cdng lqi" (4). Trong qu i trinh chuin bi liic liidng giai doan tien khdi nghia, hai Xd uy Tien phong va Giai phdng d cac ci'p td dau nao den cd sd deu cd sii doan ket, hdp tie. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh tdn tai song song hai he thd'ng da giy ra nhdng khd khan nhi't dinh cho cich mang Nam Bd. Xd uy Tien phong va Xd uy Giai phdng da mi'y lan gap gd de' ban viec thd'ng nhi't td chdc va hoat ddng nhiing khdng dat ke't qua. Thing 7-1945, Ban thiidng vu Trung lidng Dang cd Bui Lam vao truyen dat y kien cua Trung lidng nham thd'ng nhi't Dang bd Nam Ky. Do khdng lap diidc mot Xd uy thd'ng nhi't, Bui Vai net ve cong tac xay dung. 19 Lam de nghi lap ra "Ban hanh dong thong nhat" do ong lam triidng ban, mdi Xd uy cd hai dai dien tham gia nham phdi hdp hanh ddng chuan bi tien hanh khdi nghia khi thdi cd den (5). Sau khi Nhat dau hang Ddng Minh (13- 8-1945), mac du khong nhan diidc chi thi td Trung lidng, ngay 15-8-1945 Xd uy Tien phong van chu dong thanh lap "Uy ban khdi nghia''. Dem 16 - rang sang 17-8-1945, Xd uy Tien phong bat dau hop "Hoi nghi md rong'' tai chd Dem de ban ve tdng khdi nghia. Trong hoi nghi co nhdng y kien dan do ve tinh hinh the gidi, tinh hinh trong midc, so sanh liic liidng ta - dich, bai hoc ve khdi nghia Nam Ky; td do Xd uy can nhac cd dung hinh thdc tong khdi nghia hay khong, hoae xac dinh thdi diem tdng khdi nghia toan Nam Bo khi nao. Sang ngay 20- 8-1945 Xd uy Tien phong mdi nhan diidc tin khdi nghia thanh cong d Ha Noi. Sang horn sau, Xd uy trieu tap Hoi nghi chd Dem lan hai, than trong chon Tan An lam ndi khdi nghia thi diem, de phdng sii can thiep cua quan Nhat dan ap phong trao each mang; neu Tan An thanh cong se tien hanh khdi nghia d Sai Gdn va cac tinh. Theo ke hoach, cuoc khdi nghia d Tan An nd ra trong dem 22-8 d thi xa, sau do xuong cac dia phiidng. Nhiing tinh the diln bien cho thay liic liidng than Nhat co the td chdc ciidp chinh quyen triidc. Uy ban khdi nghia Tan An quye't dinh ra tay td chdc khdi nghia ngay budi chieu 22-8. Triidc sdc manh ap dao cua quan chung, quan Nhat va bon tay sai than Nhat khong dam chong cii, chinh quyen each mang tinh Tan An diidc thanh lap. Sau cuoc khdi nghia Tan An thanh cong, Xd uy Tien phong da trieu tap Hoi nghi chd Dem lan thd ba vao sang 23-8 quye't dinh thdi diem khdi nghia d Sai Gdn. Trong thdi gian Thvidng vu Xd uy Tien phong hop tai chd Dem, cac tinh thanh khap Nam bd deu khan triidng thanh lap "Uy ban khdi nghia" cac cap va xuc tien cdng tac tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen . Vao hdi 18 gid ngay 24-8-1945, Uy ban khdi nghia Nam Bd phat lenh khdi nghia theo ke hoach thd'ng nha't triidc dd. Den nda dem 24-8, hang tram ngan quan chung vu trang bang giao mac, gay gdc td ngoai d cac vung Ba Diem, Hoc Mdn, Binh Ddng, Binh Chanh, chd Dem...; td cac tinh lan can da tien vao trung tam Sai Gdn, giiidng cao cd do bua liem, hd vang khau hieu ung ho Viet Minh. Triia ngay 25-8-1945, Uy ban hanh chanh Nam Bd lam thdi diidc thanh lap gdm 9 uy vien do ddng chi Tran Van Giau lam Chu tich (6). Ddng thdi, cac dia phiidng khac cung phat ddng quan chung nha't te ndi day gianh chinh quyen ve tay each mang. Chi trong may ngay td 25 - 28/8/1945, hai miidi tinh thanh Nam Bd da thiet lap diidc chinh quyen each mang. Ha Tien la dia phiidng gianh diidc chinh quyen sau cung (7). Mac du trong nhdng ngay dd, bon cam dau than Nhat trong giao phai Cao Dai da tap hdp hang van tin do chd'ng lai quin chung each mang; nhdm Qudc Dan dang ngiidi Hoa da chi phdi diidc 5 van phan td qua khich (8). Dd la chiia ke mot sd' liic liidng chinh t r i cd hdi khac nhii Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Binh Xuyen da. lam phdc tap them qua trinh thiet lap chinh quyen each mang cac cap cd sd. Nhu1 vay d Nam Bd, mac du cao trao khang Nhat cdu midc dien ra mudn hdn so vdi ca midc (td thang 6-1945) de sau dd biidc ngay vao giai doan tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen; song, nhd cdng tac cung cd' va phat trien kip thdi cac cd sd Dang, mat tran Viet Minh, cac doan the each 20 Rghien cuu Lich sii. so' 3.2011 mang, dac biet la cong tac xay ddng liic liidng Thanh nien Tien phong, cuoc tdng khdi nghia d Nam Bo da thanh cong tron ven. 2. Cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang a Nam Bo thed ky t i i thang 9/1945 -1947 Ngay 2-9-1945, Hd Chu tich da doc ban 'Tuyen ngdn doc lap", khai sinh ra midc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa, nha midc cong nong dau tien d Dong Nam A. (3 mien Bac va mien Trung, chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan da diidc thiet lap kha nhanh chong. Nhiing d Nam Bo, dieu kien xay diing chinh quyen each mang luc bay gid rat kho khan, phdc tap. Bdi vi Nam Bo la muc tieu tai chiem dau tien cua thiic dan Phap, tao ban dap sau do tai chiem toan bo Dong Dvidng. Leclerc t i i lenh liic hieing vien chinh Phap d Dong Dvidng da len ke hoach binh dinh Nam Bo trong vdng 18 thang. Vi the, chinh quyen each mang d day chiia tron mot thang tudi da phai ddi mat vdi mot ke thu hung bao va nham hiem. Ngay 23-9-1945, toan Nam Bo ddng len khang chien chdng lai cuoc xam liidc cua dpi quan vien chinh Phap. Ttf dng quan liic liidng qua chenh lech gida mot ben chu yeu la gay tam vong, giao mac; ben kia la dpi quan tinh nhue, vu khi hien dai cung vdi sii giup dd cua 20 ngan quan Anh va sii hien dien cua 40 ngan quan Nhat. De hieu diidc cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang Nam Bp trong giai doan nay thi phai bat dau td cong tac xay diing Dang. - Cong tdc xdy citing Bdng. Nhii mot quy luat, cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang bat budc phai xuat phat td cong tac xay diing Dang. Sau khi chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bp diidc thiet lap, cudi thang 8-1945, Trung lidng Dang phai hai can bp cao cap la Hoang Qudc Viet va Cao Hdng Lanh vao giup Xd uy va Uy ban Hanh chanh Lam thdi Nam bp kien toan cong tac td chdc. Tdi ngay 7-9-1945 tai t ru sd Tong Cong doan Nam Bp (sd 72, diidng La Grandiere), hai can bp tren da thay mat Trung lidng Dang chu t r i met hdi nghi gdm cd dai bieu cac doan the cua Xd uy Tien phong va Xd uy Giai phdng tham dd- Sau nam gid thao luan, cac dai bieu quye't dinh dep bd nhdng hieu lam, nghi ky, thd'ng nha't cac doan the cua hai Xd uy trong "Uy ban Viet Minh Nam Bp" Tuy nhien, day chi la biidc dau khac phuc tinh trang phan biet gida hai Xd uy. Khi Nam Bp biidc vao cudc khang chien (23-9-1945), van de cham ddt tinh trang tdn tai hai Xd uy trong phong trao each mang Nam Bp dat ra cap thiet hdn bao gid het. Ngay 15-10-1945, cac can bp chu chdt cua hai Xd uy cung mdt so' dang vien mdi td Cdn Dao trd ve da hop tai cau Vy (My Tho), nha't t r i cd ra "Xd uy Lam thdi" 11 uy vien, gdm: Tdn Ddc Thang (Bi thii Xd uy), Le Duan, Pham Hung, Ung Van Khiem, Ha Huy Giap, Tran Ngoc Danh, Le Van Sy, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Nguyen Van Kinh, Hoang Dii Khiidng, Nguyln Thi Thap. Mtfdi ngay sau, 25-10-1945, Xd uy Lam thdi trieu tap hpi nghi md rdng tai Thien Hp (My Tho), cd sii tham dii cua Hoang Qudc Viet, uy vien thiidng vu Trung Udng. Trong hdi nghi nay, theo de nghi cua ddng chi Tdn Ddc Thang, hdi nghi cd ddng chi Le Duan lam Bi thii Xd uy Lam thdi, cd ddng chi Tdn Ddc Thdng lam Chu tich Uy ban Khang chien Nam Bp thay ddng chi Tran Van Giau ra nhan cdng tac tai Trung lidng. Td sau Hiep dinh sd bp (6-3-1946), cdng tac kien toan td chdc Dang d Sai Gdn, Gia Dinh va cac dia phiidng khac tiep tuc di ln ra. Tai Sai Gdn, thang 5-1946, ddng chi Nguyln Van Cdc (Miidi Cdc Nguyln Van Vai net ve cong tac xay dyng. 21 Linh) xu uy vien, da chu t r i hoi nghi dai dien hai td chdc la Thanh bo Viet Minh Sai Gdn va Uy ban Viet Minh Chef Ldn de lap ra 'Thanh uy Lam thdi" do Trinh Dinh Trong lam Bi thii; den cudi nam 1946, Thanh uy Lam thdi diidc bd sung mot so' thanh vien mdi (9). Tai tinh Gia Dinh, hai tinh uy Tien phong va Giai phong da to chdc hoi nghi hiep nha't vao thang 10-1946 tai Tan Thdi hiep (Go Vap), diidi sii chu t r i cua Le Minh Dinh dai dien khu uy khu Bay; bau ra 'Tinh uy Thd'ng nha't Lam thdi" gdm 11 thanh vien ddng dau la Tran Van Thdi (Bi thii), sau thay bang Pham Van Chieu. Cdn d cac tinh khac cua Nam Bo, hoi nghi cap uy md rong, hoae hoi nghi dang vien co hoae khong co dai chen Xd uy, Lien tinh uy chu tr i lan liidt cd ra Tinh uy; Tinh uy cd ra Uy ban nhan dan tinh va Uy ban Viet minh tinh. Td do cac tinh gap rut to chdc xay diing he thong dang chinh quyen mat tran - doan the xudng cd sd. Sau hoi nghi cua cac tinh uy, lien tinh uy, khu uy, vao thang 11-1946, Hoi nghi Xd uy md rong da diidc trieu tap tai chien khu Ddng Thap Mudi. Hoi nghi thao luan va ra nghi quye't cung cd", bd sung Xd uy Lam thdi mdi Nam Bo, gdm cac ddng chi Pham Hung (Bi thii), Ha Huy Giap, Ung Van Khiem, Nguyen Van Cue, Tran Van Tra, Nguyln Ddc Thuan, Phan Trong Tue, Nguyen Van Kinh (thiidng triic Xd uy), Hoang Du Khiidng, Nguyen Van Tiep. Hoi nghi cung ra nghi quyet cung c6 cac Lien tinh uy mien Dong, mien Trung va mien Tay Nam Bo. Nguyln Ddc Thuan diidc chi dinh lam Bi thii Lien tinh uy mien Dong; Nguyln Van Cdc diidc phan cong phu trach Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh. Hoi nghi Xd uy thang 11-1946 co tam quan trong dac biet, vi da tang ciidng tinh thong nhat trong Dang td cap Nam Bo (Xd) den cac cap cd sd ben diidi; do la ket qua cua mot qua trinh da'u tranh kha cam go phdc tap trong noi bo Dang de dat toi sii thd'ng nha't trong chi dao each mang d Nam Bo. Cong tdc xdy dtfng chinh quyen. Sii kien toan cac cap uy Dang luon gan lien vdi viec sap xep nhan sii trong cac cap chinh quyen each mang Nam Bp. Do nhdng dieu kien lich sd dac biet, he thong chinh quyen each mang Nam Bp da. ra ddi tren cd sd lien minh giai cap va cac liic liidng chinh tr i khac nhau; nha't la cap chinh quyen td tinh thanh trd xudng den cd sd. Ngay 10-9-1945, Uy ban Hanh chanh Lam thdi Nam Bo da diidc c i i td thanh "Uy ban Nhan dan Nam Bo" gdm 13 thanh vien do Luat su1 Tien si Pham Van Bach lam Chu tich, Bi thu1 Xd uy Tran Van Giau lam Pho Chu tich kiem Uy triidng quan sii. Ben canh Uy ban Nhan dan Nam Bo cdn co ban co' van gom 50 nhan si t r i thdc do bac si Nguyen Van Hiidng lam triidng ban (10). Ngay 25-11-1945 Trung lidng Ding ra chi thi "Khang chien, kien qudc", neu ro nhiem vu cua Nam Bo la phong toa kinh te, chinh t r i nhdng thanh ph6' da lot vao tay dich, ket hdp tien cong quan sii vdi chien tranh du kich mot each triet de. Thiic hien chu triidng tren, Nam Bp diidc chia thanh 3 khu: khu Bay, khu Tam va khu Chin. Chien khu Bay gdm Sai Gdn Chd ldn va cac tinh mien Ddng Nam Bp, co can cd dia Lac An (Tan Uyen, Bien Hoa), do Nguyen Binh lam khu Bp triidng, Diidng Van Diidng lam khu bp pho. - Chien khu Tdm gdm 5 tinh mien Trung Nam Bp (Tan An, My Tho, Go Cong, Ben Tre, Sa dec) co can cd Ddng Thap Miidi, do Dao Van Triidng lam khu Bp triidng, Triidng Van Giau lam khu bp phd. 22 Rghien ciru Lich sir. so' 3.2011 Chien khu Chin gdm 9 tinh mien Tay Nam Bo (Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Chau Doc, Long Xuyen, Can Thd, Sdc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ha Tien) co chien khu U Minh, do Vu Ddc lam khu Bo triidng, Nguyln Ngoc Bich lam khu bo pho. Day la hinh thdc chinh quyen qudn sit hda, thiidng diidc goi la cac cap quan - dan - chinh. Viec ap dung mo hinh chinh quyen nhu" the, la phu hdp vdi yeu cau to chdc cuoc khang chien chong Phap bay gid. Cho nen sau nay, Uy ban Nhan dan Nam Bo diidc ddi thanh Uy ban Khang chien Nam Bo (cdn goi la Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bd) theo Sac lenh sd' 91/SL do Hd Chu tich ky ngay 1-10-1947. Trong Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bd bay gid, cd nhieu thanh vien thudc dang phai khac nhau nhii Nguyen Binh (Qudc dan dang), Kha Van Can (tii san), Huynh Phu So (Hoa Hao), Tran Bdu Kiem (Dang Dan chu). Ngoai bd may hanh chinh dau nao tren, cac cd quan cap Nam Bd cung diidc thiet lap nhii cac Sd Tii phap, Sd Kinh te', Sd Thdng tin, Sd Canh ndng, Sd Thiidng binh xa hdi, Dai phat thanh tieng ndi Nam bd khang chien... Nhieu can bd ban nganh cac cap cua chinh quyen each mang tdng lam cdng chdc cho Phap. La mdt chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan, Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bd da ddng ra td chdc bau hoi ddng nhan dan cac cap; hdi ddng nhan dan cd ra uy ban hanh chinh khang chien cap tiidng diidng. Tuy nhien giai doan nay, cdng tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang gap kha nhieu khd khan, do ke' hoach tai chiem Nam Bd cua thiic dan Phap da bien Nam Bd nhdng nam td 1945-1947 thanh chie'n trUdng chinh, tap trung phan ldn binh liic dich. Triidc nhdng hoat ddng rudng bd ac liet cua ke thu, mdt bd p M n kha ldn ltfc ltfdng khang chie'n Nam Bd thdi ky nay bi tan ra. Nhu" ban bao cao "Tinh hinh quan khu 7 td 25-8-1945 den 6-1949" cho thay: "mot dieu dac biet Id sau khi ciidp chinh quyen, cd cho chinh quyen khdng trao han cho mdt dodn the nhdn ddn hay doan the cdch mang chdn chinh; cd khi vi tinh trang ddc biet cua tinh dy de cho mdt quan lqi cu givt chdc quyen chii tich, cd khi lqi Id mdt tin do Cao Bdi. Vi the d tinh Bd Ria cd triidng hqp Le Van Hue, cdng chdc Phdp cu da len vdo hdng ngu cdch mang va leo len chdc Chii tich Uy ban Hanh chinh tinh, tiep tuc ngdm ngdm lam tay sai cho giac'' (11). Sii phan hoa, thdm chi tan ra cua chinh quyeh each mang d mdt sd' dia phiidng Nam Bd thdi ky 1945-1947 dat ra nhiem vu trong tam cho Xd uy la phai cung cd'vai trd cdng - ndng va stf lanh dao cua Dang d cac cap. Cho nen, nhiem vu xay diing chinh quyeh each mang d Nam Bd giai doan nay, triidc het la dam bao xay dtfng mot chinh quyen each mang tieu bieu cho mat tran Dan tdc thd'ng nhat, trong do, lien minh cdng-ndng la ndng cd't diidi sii lanh dao cua Dang. 3. Cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bo thdi ky 1947 1950 Sau nam 1947, mac du chie'n triidng chinh cua djch chuyen ra Bdc Bd nhiing dich van chu triidng bien Nam Bd thanh hau phiidng chie'n liidc cua chung nham cung cap nhan liic, vat liic, tai liic cho chie'n triidng Bac Bd. Hdn nda d Nam Bd, do nhdng dieu kien lich sd ma hinh thanh nhieu tdn giao, dang phai nhdng liic liidng bi thiic dan Phap triet de ldi dung de chd'ng pha each mang. Ben canh dd, chinh sach "chia de' t r i " diidc thiic dan Phap thiic Vai net ve cong tae xay dung. 23 thi triet de trong sudt giai doan khang chien. Deh nam 1949, sau su1 sup do cua mot loat cac chinh phu bu nhin Nguyln Van Thinh, Le Van Hoach, Nguyln Van Xuan, thiic dan Phap da nan ra cai goi la "Mdt tran qudc gia" gom cac phan td ton giao phan dong, t r i thdc t i i san ban nude, bon dau cd chinh t r i nham tach Nam Bo ra khoi Viet Nam (12). Ngoai ra, thiic dan Phap con tiep tuc vu trang cho ngiidi Khmer d Sdc Trang, Bac Lieu de chong pha chinh quyen each mang, gay ra nhieu cuoc tan sat ngiidi Viet d cac dia phiidng tren, nham khdi sau them mau thuan sac toe. De chong lai nhdng thu doan chinh t r i nham hiem cua dich, Xd uy da tich ciic cung co' Mat tran doan ket dan toe va cac doan the cdu quo'c. Dau nam 1947, Mat tran Viet Minh Nam Bo ra ddi do Ha Huy Giap, dang vien cong san lam Chu nhiem, Viidng Van L l (Dang Dan chu) lam Pho Chu nhiem, Tran Bach Dang lam Tong thu" ky. Thang 12-1947, Dai hoi dai bieu Xd Dang bo Nam Bo lan thd nha't td chdc tai hanh dinh cua Bo chi-huy quan sii khu Tam d Nhdn Linh, Mdc Hoa (Long An ngay nay) da ra nghi quye't lanh dao cuoc khang chie'n chdng Phap d Nam Bo, trong do co noi dung xay diing chinh quyen khang chie'n theo phiidng cham 'hen diidi that kien dinh, manh, ben tren that tieu bieu" (13). Trong nhdng thd thach ac liet va phi thvidng nhii vay, cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bo v i n diidc xdc tien, phu hdp vdi tdng biidc di len cua cudc khang chie'n tren pham vi toan qudc. Td nam 1947 trd di, he thd'ng chinh quyeh each mang d Nam Bd da cd biidc triidng thanh quan trong. Cac phan td pha hoai da dan dan bi loai ra khdi he thd'ng chuyen chinh. Chinh quyen each mang da thiic sii trd thanh mdt chinh quyeh khang chie'n, mdt cdng cu sac bdn cua nhan dan dd'u tranh chd'ng lai cuoc binh dinh Nam Ky cua thiic dan Phap. Vung t i l do la thanh tiiu ndi bat cua cudc da'u tranh va xay ddng chinh quyeh each mang d Nam Bo, bao gdm Ddng Thap Miidi, khu Chin, Tay Ninh, Thu Bien, ndi nhan dan ta xay diing che' do mdi tren tat ca cac linh viic chinh tr i , kinh te, van hoa - xa hdi. Dac biet la Ddng Thap Miidi, U Minh da trd thanh vung t i i do cua ta trong sud't nhdng nam khang chie'n. Dd la "Viet Bdc cua Nam Bd", ndi dat cac cd quan chi huy td cap mien, khu, tinh, Dai phat thanh Nam Bd, cdng xiidng, benh vien. Ngoai vdng t i i do, he thd'ng chinh quyeh cua ta cam chan d khap cac vung bi tam chiem, khu du kich, tdng biidc lan at chinh quyen xa te cua dich. Dau nam 1949, toan Nam Bd cd 1042 xa thi chinh quyen nhan dan da lam chu 649 xa (14). Tuy tinh hinh cu the ma mot sd' dia phiidng cd ltfc liidng each mang ldn manh da thanh lap "Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh xa" hoae "Uy ban Quan dan chinh" Rd rang, he thd'ng chinh quyen nhan dan d Nam Bd da diidc td chdc theo nhieu hinh thdc, phu hdp vdi dieu kien chie'n tranh du kich va xay diing can cd dia khang chien. Diidi day la ban tdng ket tinh hinh da'u tranh xay diing chinh quyen cap xa d 17 tinh Nam Bd trong nam 1949 (sd' lieu da qua xd ly) (xem bang 1). Nhdng dieu kien dac thd cua each mang Nam Bd da anh hiidng tdi cd ca'u, thanh phan trong bd may chinh quyen d day. Theo nhan xet cua Uy ban Khang chien Nam Bd, "khdi qudt thi thdnh phdn (cua chinh quyen cac cap - TG) bao gdm cdc tdng Idp nhdn ddn, ddng phdi, bieu Id tinh chdt qudc ddn lien hiep" (15). Chinh quyen td 24 Rghien cuu Lich sir, so' 3.2011 Bang 1: Tinh hinh dau tranh xay diing chinh quyen cap xa or 17 tinh Nam Bo nam 1949 STT Ten tinh Tong S6 xa ta S6' xa ta So xa ta va So xa ta lap soi xa kiem soat hoan toan kiem soat ban phan dich tranh chap diidc Uy ban KHHC 1 Bien Hoa 102 37 16 26 79 2 Bac Lieu 35 28 1 6 35 3 Ben Tre 135 45 9 85 135 4 Can Thd 47 14 18 15 47 5 Cho Ldn 88 22 5 61 78 6 Gia Dinh 89 20 50 19 89 7 Go Cdng 31 30 8 Ha Tien 12 10 1 1 12 9 Long Chau Tien 39 11 7 21 29 10 Long Chau Hau 54 11 4 11 30 11 My Tho 97 24 12 59 95 12 Rach Gia 47 42 3 2 47 13 Sa Dec 66 20 22 66 14 Sdc Trang 60 23 6 31 32 15 Tra Vinh 49 21 12 15 49 16 Tay Ninh 36 11 10 15 27 17 Vinh Long 69 29 17 17 63 Ngudn: 'Tinh hinh Nam Bd 1949". Bao cao cua ddng chf Nguyen Van Bach, Chii tich Uy ban Khang chie'n Nam Bd. Hd sa sd 40, Phong Khoa hoc - Cdng nghe Quan khu 7. cap mien (cap Nam Bo) tinh, huyen, chiia chicle kien toan, cd cau thanh phan con chiia hdp ly. Rieng Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bo, mac du da diidc cai td nhiing den nam 1949 van co cd cau gdm 7 uy vien va 5 co' van, thanh phan toan t r i thdc va t i i san (16). O cap tinh, Uy ban Khang chie'n Hanh chinh do quan dan - chinh bau. Trong sd' 70 uy vien cap tinh chi cd 5 cong nhan va 2 nong dan; sd' cdn lai la dien chu, tu1 san (17). O cap huyen, theo bao cao cua 10 tinh Nam bo, trong so' 196 uy vien khang chien hanh chinh huyen cd 25 cong nhan, 50 nong dan, 6 dia chu va 115 t r i thdc (18). 0 cap xa, so' ban co' ndng tham gia chinh quyen rat it; phan nhieu la trung nong, phd nong, dia chu. Trong so' 165 uy vien khang chie'n hanh chinh cua Bac lieu chi cd 34 cong nhan, 3 nong dan, cdn lai la 45 dien chu, 86 tieu tu1 san (19). Ro rang trong bo may chinh quyen cdch mang tii cap Nam bq den cap xa, cdng-ndng khdng phdi Id thdnh phdn ndng cdi. Nhiing tai sao bo may chinh quyen ndng cdt phi cdng nong van di theo quy dao dan chu phuc vu khang chie'n? 6 day, yeu to' quyet dinh chinh la Dang ta - nhan to' dai dien khdng chi quyen ldi giai cap ma cdn la quyen ldi dan toe. Hoan toan cd cd sd de ndi rang: sii nghiep xay diing chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bo giai doan 1947-1950 cung cap kinh nghiem tuyet vdi ve moi quan he gida Dang va chinh quyen. 4. Cong tac xay diing chinh quyen each mang 6" Nam Bo, giai doan 1950 - 1954 Ke td chie'n dich Bien gidi Thu Dong 1950, cuoc khang chie'n cua ta da chuyen sang giai doan phan cdng chie'n liidc dich tren chie'n triidng Bac Bo. Nhiing d Nam Bo nhdng nam nay, ldi dung mot sd yeu kem cua liic liidng khang chie'n, thiic dan Phap Vai net ve cong tac xay dung.. 25 day manh thu doan chia cat, lan chiem, gay cho Nam Bo nhieu kho khan. Thang 9-1949, doan can bo Dang, chinh phu, quan doi do dong chi Le Ddc Tho, Uy vien Thudng vu Trung lidng Dang dan dau cung Pham Ngoc Thach, Thd truing Phu chu tich (danh nghia truing phai doan Chinh phu), Diidng Quoc Chinh (Le Hien Mai), Thieu tudng, dai dien Bo Quoc phong va khoang 30 can bo chinh t r i , quan s\l cao cap nda da tdi diidc can cd dia Xd uy d Ddng Thap Miidi. Sii tang vien can bo td Trung lidng da gdp phan cung co' va phat trien he thong Dang va chinh quyen each mang Nam Bo trong giai doan nay. Cong tac Dang, chinh quyen va quan doi di vao ne nep, quy cu. Xd uy da xay diing triidng Dang mang ten Triidng Chinh de trang bi ly luan, diidng ldi chu triidng cua Dang cho ddi ngu can bo cdt can cua Nam Bo td cap khu uy, tinh uy, ban nganh cap Nam Bo, can bo chi huy cap tieu doan trd len. Triidc tinh hinh trong niidc va the gidi dang co ldi cho ta, va triidc yeu cau nhiem vu mdi cua cuoc khang chien, Ban chap hanh Trung lidng Dang da trieu tap "Dai hoi dai bieu toan quo'c lan I I " tai Chiem Hoa (Tuyen Quang ) td 11 19/2/1951. Dai hoi da diia ra chu triidng mdi la to chdc cac cue Trung lidng de chi dao cac dia phiidng xa (20). Tiep theo Dai hoi Dang lan I I , la Dai hoi thd'ng nha't mat tran Viet Minh va hdi Lien Viet thanh "Mat tran Lien hiep Quo'c dan Viet Nam" (Mat tran Lien Viet) nham tap hdp moi dang phai, doan the, ca nhan tham gia khang chien, kien quo'c. Sau Dai hoi Dang lan I I , Hoi nghi Trung lidng lan thd nha't (khoa II) thang 3-1951 da quye't dinh thanh lap "Trung lidng cue mien Nam'' gdm ba uy vien chinh thdc (Le Ddc Tho, Pham Hung, Ung Van Khiem) va hai uy vien dii khuyet (Nguyen Van Kinh, Ha Huy Giap). De thdng nhat sii chi dao va tinh gian bien che, van phdng Trung lidng cue va van phdng Uy ban Khang chie'n hdp nha't thanh van phdng Trung lidng cue - Uy ban Nam Bd. Cac ban Tuyen huan, Td chdc (Trung lidng cue), ban Kinh te', Tai chinh, cac sd Thdng tin, Giao due, Y te', Cdng an (Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bd) cung diidc sap xep lai. Thang 6-1951, theo chu triidng cua Trung lidng cue, Uy ban Khang chie'n Hanh chinh Nam Bd ra nghi dinh sd' 252/ND-51 td chdc Nam Bd thanh hai phan lien khu mien Ddng va mien Tay - lay sdng Tien lam gianh gidi dieu chinh lai dia gidi hanh chinh mdt so' tinh nham tao cho mdi tinh cd vung can cd dia va hanh lang lien hoan de cd ddng liic liidng (21). Phan lien khu mien Ddng gdm 5 tinh (tdc 11 tinh cu) - Gia Dinh Ninh (Gia Dinh, Tay Ninh) - Thu Bien (Thu Dau Mdt, Bien Hda) Ba Ria - Chd Ldn (Ba Ria, Chd Ldn) My Tho (My Tho, Tan An, Go Cdng) Long Chau Sa (Long Chau Tien, Sa Dec). Cdn Phan lien khu mien Tay gdm 6 tinh (tdc 9 tinh cu) - Ben Tre Vinh Tra (Vinh Long, Tra Vinh) - Can Thd (Can Thd, mot phan Rach Gia) - Sdc Trang Bac Lieu Long Chau Ha (Long Chau Hau, Ha Tien). Sii phan dinh cac tinh mdi thiic chat vdn mang nang muc tieu quan s\i. Cac he thd'ng td chdc Dang, chinh quyen, mot lan nda 26 Rghien cum Lich sit, so' 3.2011 phai sap xep lai theo mo hinh quan dan chinh. C- cap Nam Bg, Bo tu1 lenh Nam Bo bi giai the, chi duy t r i "Ban nghien cdu tdng ket" de giup Trung tfdng cue thong nhat chi dao cac van de quan stf tren toan chien trtf dng; ddi vdi cap phan lien khu, thi bd' t r i cac chdc danh lanh dao chu chdt. Phan lien khu mien Dong do dong chi Le Duan, sau ddng chi Pham Hung phu trach, Phan lien khu mien Tay do ddng chi Le Ddc Tho phu trach, Dac khu Sai Gdn Chd Ldn do ddng chi Nguyen Van Cdc (Mtfdi Cue) phu trach (22). 5. Nhufng nhiem vu chu yeu cua chinh quyen each mang of Nam Bo trong khang chie'n chong Phap 1945- 1954 Ve xdy dung Itfc Itfqng chinh tri. Trong khi binh dinh Nam Bd, thtfc dan Phap da thi hanh chinh sach "chia de t r i" Chung lap ra nhieu dang phai phan dong (Thanh nien Bao qudc doan, Lien hiep Thanh nien nghia dung, Dai viet Quo'c dan dang, Mat tran binh dan Nam phdn...) dd danh Ida quan chung va tao them cd sd xa hdi, ldi keo can bd khang chie'n ra dau thd va lam viec cho Phap. Thtfc dan Phap cdn mua chudc, ldi keo nhdng nhdm phan ddng trong Cao Dai, Hda Hao, Binh Xuyen, Hoa kieu Quo'c dan dang... Nhdng nhdm nay diidc thtfc dan Phap vu trang, hoae cat da't lap "vung ttf t r i" chd'ng lai cdng cudc khang chie'n cua ta. Xay diing ltfc liidng chinh tr i , thtfc hien doan ket dan tdc ldc nay la rat cap thiet dd'i vdi each mang Nam Bd. Dang ta nhan thdc ro dieu ay nen trong 'Thii gdi cac ddng chi Nam Bd" thang 12-1946, Trung tfdng Dang chi rd ... Viec keu goi cdc nhd dqi tri thdc, dien chu phdi Idm rdo riii, nhiing quan trong nhdt Id ve ton gido. Vdi Cong gido, Cao Bai, Hoa Hao cd'tim het cdch de dodn ket... Cd that chat hang ngu vdi Ddng Ddn chii va cdc ddng phdi..." (23). Theo tinh than dd, gida nam 1947, tai Ddng Thap Mtfdi, dai bieu cua 17 doan the, chinh dang, tdn giao, nhan si yeu ntfdc da tien hanh hdi nghi thanh lap ra "Hdi Lien Viet Nam Bd", vdi tdn chi la doan ke't tap hdp moi nhdm dang phai yeu ntfdc, khdng phan biet giai cap, sac tdc, tdn giao, xu hiidng chinh tr i , da'u tranh vi mot ntfdc Viet Nam ddc lap, thd'ng nha't, dan chu, phd ciidng (24). Song song vdi viec cung cd mat tran doan ke't dan tdc la viec phat trien va cung cd' cac doan the cdu qudc. Chang han, ngay 25-11-1946, Tong cdng doan Nam Bd dtfdc ddi ten thanh "Lien hiep Nghiep doan Nam Bo" cd ltfc liidng d ca vung ttf do va vung tam chiem. Dau nam 1948, so' liidng thanh vien cua td chdc nay d vdng ttf do len den 41 ngan ngiidi (25). Hdi ndng dan cdu qudc Nam Bo dtfdc thanh lap d 19 tinh trong tdng sd' 21 tinh thanh cua Nam Bd. Doan the phu nd cdu qudc d cac vdng ttf do cung phat trien vdi cac phong trao "Hdi me chie'n sy" "Hdi chi chie'n sy" "Hu gao khang chie'n"... Trong cac vung tam chiem, phu nd tham gia da'u tranh chinh t r i ddi dan sinh dan chu, chd'ng bat linh... Nam 1950, Doan phu nd cdu quo'c Nam Bd da cdng cac doan the phu nd khac (Phu nd dan chu, Phu nd Cdng giao, Phu nd Cao Dai...) tien hanh dai hdi thanh lap Hdi Lien hiep Phu nd Nam Bd do Nguyen Thi Thdp lam hdi triidng. Hdi Phat giao cdu qudc ra ddi td cudi nam 1946 tai chie'n khu Ddng Thap Mtfdi, do Hda thiidng Thich Minh Nguyet lam chanh hdi triidng. Trong vung ttf do, Hdi Phat giao cdu quo'c da van dong ddng bao phat td tham gia san xua't, tdng quan giet giac; d vung tam chiem, Hdi van ddng tin do ung Vai net ve cdng tac xay dung 27 ho thuoc men, tien bac cho khang chien. Nhieu ngoi chua trd thanh cd sd each mang dung lam tram giao lien, che gidu can bo, cat chda vu khi. Mot so' giao pham va dong bao Cong giao cung Idp ra hai td chdc la "Thanh nien Cdng giao" va "Phu nd Cdng giao" de tap hdp ddng dao quan chdng dong gop cho khang chie'n vdi tinh than "vi Chda, vi To qudc" Ve xdy dUng lite luang vu trang. Sau khdi nghia thang ldi d Nam Bo, da xua't hien nhieu ddn vi bo ddi do Dang bo hay chi bo cac ndi to chdc. Tai Sai Gdn dem ngay 4- 9-1945 da ra mat "Liic liidng cdng nhan xung phong Nam Bd", diidi stf lanh dao cua Nguyen Ltfu (chi huy triidng), Td Van Ri (chi huy pho), Huynh Dinh Mai (tham miiu triidng). 6 mdt so' qudn hoae xung quanh Sai Gdn cd nhdng ddn vi mang ten dia phiidng hay ten ngiidi chi huy nhii bo doi Td Ky, Huynh Van Mot, Cao Ddc Lud'c, bd doi Trung quan, Huynh Van Nghe... Den khi toan quo'c khang chien, tren chien triidng Nam Bo da hinh thanh 27 chi doi Ve qudc doan, vai ddn vi tac chien doc Idp va ddn vi Qudc ve doi (cong an vu trang). Quan so' moi chi doi rat khac nhau, td khoang nda tieu doan den gan mot trung doan, trang bi thieu thd'n va cdn thieu kinh nghiem tac chie'n (26). Trong cac nam 1946- 1947 cdn cd 4 ddn vi "Bo doi hai ngoai" la nhdng Viet kieu d Thai Lan, Lao, Campuchia ttf nguyen tdng quan ve ntfdc chie'n da'u. Theo chu triidng cua Xd uy, td thang 3- 1948 cac chi doi dtfdc sap xep, bien che len cap trung doan; khu Bay cd 10 trung doan va 1 tieu doan cd ddng, khu Tam cd 6 trung doan va 1 tieu doan chu ltfc, khu Chin cd 6 trung doan. Cac trung doan la bd ddi tap trung dia phUdng d cac tinh, ndi ma ddn vi do hinh thanh va tac chie'n. Ngoai ra, ltfc liidng dan quan du kich, dan quan ttf ve cung dtfdc xay diing d nhieu ndi. Diidi cap xa, cd mdt uy vien phu trach quan stf trong Uy ban Hanh chinh khang chie'n xa, cdng vdi Ban chi huy xa ddi va ltfc liidng du kich xa. Ben canh ltfc liidng du kich xa cdn cd ltfc liidng cdng an xa, thiidng chi cd mdt vai ngiidi. Tinh den cudi nam 1948, tdng sd'dan quan ttf ve d Nam Bd la 270.593 ngiidi (27). Ve mat td chdc, nham tang ciidng stf thd'ng nha't trong cdng tac quan stf, ngay 12-12-1947 Hdi nghi lien khu da quye't dinh thanh Idp "Uy ban Quan stf Nam Bd" do Nguyln Thanh Sdn (Nguyln Van Tay) phu trach (28). Nhtfng deh thang 10-1948, Uy ban quan stf Nam Bd bi bai bd, thay vao dd la viec thanh lap "Bd ttf lenh Nam Bo" do Trung tiidng Nguyen Binh lam ttf lenh. Ngay 21-3-1949, Ho Chu tich ky 3 sac lenh, chinh thdc bd nhiem Nguyen Binh lam Ttf lenh, Tran Van Tra lam Phd ttf lenh, Pham Ngoc Thuan lam Chinh t r i vien. Phdng Dan quan Nam Bd dtfdc thanh lap do Le Duan triic tiep lam triidng phdng. (3 cac khu cd Ban dan quan; d cac ca'p tinh, huyen, xa thi bd Uy vien quan stf de thanh lap "Tinh ddi dan quan", "Huyen ddi dan quan" va "Xa ddi dan quan" (29). Den nam 1950, bd ddi chu ltfc dau tien da xua't hien d Nam Bd, danh da'u stf triidng thanh viidt bac cua ltfc liidng vu trang each mang. Ve cung cd md rdng can cd dia cdch mang, xdy dUng nin kinh te khdng chien, thUc hien chUc ndng quan ly nha nUdc. Trong khang chie'n chd'ng Phap d Nam Bd, viec xay diing can cd dia lam chd ddng chan an toan cho cd quan dau nao khang chie'n, cac ltfc liidng vu trang va cd sd hau can trd thanh mdt yeu cau bdc thiet. Theo stf chi dao cua Trung tfdng, Xd uy Nam Bd ngay td dau cudc khang chie'n da chd trong 28 xay dung, cung co', phat trien ba can cd chinh la chie'n khu D d mien Dong, Ddng Thap Mudi d mien Trung, can cd U Minh d mien Tay. Trong ba chie'n khu tren thi chie'n khu Ddng Thap Mudi gid vai trd dac biet quan trong, dtfdc coi la 'Thu dd khang chie'n cua Nam Bo" trong nhdng nam 1946 -1948. Td nam 1949, cd quan dau nao khang chie'n Nam Bo mdi chuyen ve U Minh de tranh sii can quyet cua thiic dan Phap. Trong dieu kien chie'n tranh, chinh quyen each mang van tap trung xay diing kinh te khang chien nham cung cap tien bac, cac ngudn liic vat chat phuc vu khang chie'n; mat khac, chong lai cac am miiu thu doan cua dich nham chdng pha kinh te khang chie'n. Xd uy va Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam Bo da ban hanh nhdng chinh sach dung dan, nhu" tam cap cho dan ngheo so' ruong dat tich thu td thiic dan, dia chu viet gian; dap dng tot nguyen vong cua nong dan. 0 Ddng Thap Miidi, mdi ho dan ngheo dtfdc tam cap mot khoanh dat khoang 10 ha de canh tac (30). Td nam 1950, Uy ban Khang chie'n Hanh chinh Nam Bo to chdc "Hoi nghi nong dan mien Tay"', chinh thdc phat dong viec tam cap dat va cuoc van dong dia chu hien da't. Cuoc van dong nay keo dai den nam 1953. Ket qua den nam nay, nong dan Nam Bo dtfdc chia 460 ngan ha; qua nam 1954, con sddd la 573.940 cho toan Nam Bo (31). Trong ndng nghiep, thue va nhdng khoan dong gop cua nong dan dtfdc chinh quyen phan bd hdp ly. Cac loai thue gdm: thue da't, thue hoa chi, thue mon bai; sau nay thd'ng nhat thu thue dam phu quoc phdng. De bd sung cho ngudn thu nha ntfdc, chinh quyeii each mang cdn van ddng nhan dan mua cdng phieu khang chie'n, van ddng ngiidi giau cho nha ntfdc vay mtfdn tien cua. flghien ciru Lich sir, sd 3.2011 Ngoai viec san xua't liidng thtfc, chinh quyen each mang khuyen khich ndng dan chan nudi gia sdc, gia cam, trdng cay an trai; ve thu cdng nghiep, khuyen khich trdng bdng, det vai, nudi tdm, lam giay, ntfdc mam, tiidng, chao, san xua't diidng mia... Thtfc hien chu triidng cua Dang, Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh Nam bd da quyet dinh thanh lap "Uy ban bao vay kinh te dich" cap Nam Bd va cap tinh; cam hiu thdng hang hda gida vung ttf do va vung tam chiem. Mac dd ke dich da thtfc hien nhi&r thu doan tham doc nham chd'ng pha kinh te khang chie'n, nhtfng nen kinh te khang chie'n Nam Bd van tru vdng. De danh pha nen kinh te' khang chie'n Nam Bd, thtfc dan Phap da ra lenh khdng sd dung td bac 100 ddng Ddng Diidng Ngan hang, goi la ddng IDEO. Ai cd loai tien ay phai den ngan hang ddi. Thu doan cua dich lam rdi loan va dinh tre viec giao dich, mua ban cua ta mdt thdi gian. Bay gid, Nguyen Thanh Vinh, Uy vien tai chinh cua Uy ban Hanh chinh Khang chie'n Nam Bd da de nghi giai phap khan cap, theo dd, ta ddng con da'u cua chinh quyen tinh ddng len nhdng giay bac ma dich khdng li iu hanh trong vung tam chie'n nda de liiu hanh trong vdng ttf do cua ta, cat ddi td giay bac de khac phuc tinh trang thieu tien le. Ddng thdi Sd tai chinh Nam Bd de nghi Uy ban Khang chie'n xin phep Trung tfdng in tien Viet Nam cho Nam Bd. Viec phat hanh giay bac Nam Bd da dam bao cho nen kinh te khang chie'n Nam Bd van hanh thdng sudt. Den thang 10- 1954, Chinh phu ra sac lenh thu hdi tien Viet Nam Nam Bd va ddi tra bang tien Ddng Diidng Ngan hang de dam bao quyen ldi cua dan. Ngoai nhiem vu cung cd' bd may td chdc, xay dtfng ltfc liidng vu trang, Vai net ve eong tac xay dung. 29 phat trien nen kinh te khang chien, cac cap chinh quyen con chii trong den cong tac van hoa, xa hoi, y te, giao due. Sau Tam vide 14-9-1946, Uy ban Khang chie'n Hanh chinh Nam Bo da quye't djnh thanh lap "Sd Quan Dan y Nam Bo" va "Phdng y te" cac khu. Bay gid Bac si Hd Van Hue lam Trudng phong quan y khu Bay kiem Giam ddc Sd y te Nam Bo. Den thang 7-1947, Bac si Nguyln Van Hiidng diidc cd lam Giam ddc Sd Quan Dan y Nam Bo. Mac du trong hoan canh kho khan cua cuoc khang chie'n, hang tram benh vien, benh xa, tram cdu thiidng, nha bao sanh diidc xay diing d vung t i i do. Ve cdng tac giao due, nhieu Idp binh dan hoc vu dtfdc md ra de day chd cho ddng bao. Giai doan 1947-1949, phong trao "Diet ddt" d Nam Bo da xoa md chd cho gan 600 ngan ngiidi, dat 21% so' ngiidi md chd trong do tuoi td 16 den 25 thuoc vung khang chie'n kiem soat, md dtfdc 9.400 Idp dii bi binh dan vdi khoang 209.700 hoc vien man khoa (32). Chinh quyen each mang cdn md dtfdc mot sd' triidng tieu hoc, triidng thieu sinh quan, triidng trung hoc ndi trd d khu Tam va khu Chin. Trong giang day, nha triidng ludn gan lien hoc tap vdi lao ddng (lam rudng, trdng rau, xay cat triidng Idp...) gdn ket giao due vdi dan van nhdm nang cao dan tri . Den giai doan 1950-1954, mac du thtfc dan Phap md nhieu ddt can quyet ac liet, nhtfng stf nghiep phat trien y te' giao due van tiep tuc phat trien. Nam 1954, toan Nam Bd cd 3 trieu ngiidi thoat nan md chd, trong dd cd nda trieu ngiidi dtfdc hoc len cac Idp dii bi (khoang 20 ngan Idp); ve y te, toan Nam Bd cd 4.973 bac si, da ttf san xua't dtfdc nhieu loai thud'c t r j benh, ke't hdp Ddng - Tay y trong cham sdc sdc khde can bd va nhan dan, kiem soat dtfdc dich benh trong vung giai phdng (33). Nhtf vay, he thd'ng chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bd trong sudt cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap 1945 1954 da dan dan thtfc hien hau het cac chdc nang tran ap quan thd, doan ke't moi ltfc liidng dan tdc yeu ntfdc, quan ly va xay dtfng xa hdi mdi, gdp phan to ldn vao stf nghiep khang chien kien qudc cua toan dan tdc. * Qua viec trinh bay nhdng luan diem tren, td cac tiep can dd'i chieu lich sd, chdng ta cd the danh gia dung tam vdc to ldn cua stf nghiep xay dtfng chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bd giai doan 1945-1954: Stf thiet lap chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bd dien ra trong bdi canh lich sd day cam go, thd thach. Sau cudc khdi nghia Nam Ky (thang 11-1940) that bai, phai deh nam 1943 phong trao each mang d Nam Bp mdi dtfdc phuc hdi, nhtfng sau do lai bi phan hoa thanh hai td chdc la Xd uy Tien phong va Xd uy Giai phdng. 0 Nam Bp khdng cd nhdng cudc khdi nghia tdng phan; chi cd stf phat trien cua ltfc liidng each mang va phong trao quan chdng tien thing len tdng khdi nghia. Chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bp ra ddi trong dieu kien thieu stf chuan bi can ban ve mpi mat; chiia cd chien khu hoae vung giai phdng, chiia xay dtfng dtfdc ltfc liidng vu trang dd chi la nhdng ddn vj nhd; ltfc liidng Viet Minh cdn mdng, chiia gid dtfdc vai trd ndng cdt ve chinh tri va td chtfc d cac cap chinh quyen, vi the' trong giai doan dau, chinh quyen each mang phai dung nap ca dai dien cua mdt so' tdn giao, dang phai khac. Cd the ndi, giai ctoqn 1945- 1947, trong cdc cap chinh quyen cdch mang d Nam Bd, thanh phdn ndng cdi phi cdng 30 Rghieri cuu Lich sit, so' 3.2011 nong chiem Uu the. Td nam 1947 trd di, he thdng chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bo mdi dan diidc thanh loc de dap dng nhdng ddi hdi cua cudc khang chien toan dan, toan dien, triidng ky. Chinh quyen each mang da td chdc, dong vien quan chdng tang gia san xuat, t i i tdc an mac, tam cap ruong dat cho ndng dan, thiic hien giam to, thanh lap cac hdp tac xa... La mot bd phan khang khit cua chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan tren ca niidc, chinh quyen each mang Nam Bp da thiic hien mot each sang tao cac chdc nang cd ban cua nen chuyen chinh cdng - nong. Do la nhiem vu xay diing cung co' he thong chinh quyen cac ca'p diia tren nen tang cong-nong lien minh, diidi sii lanh dao cua Dang; xay diing mat tran dan toe tho'ng nha't, da'u tranh chdng moi am miiu chia re cua ke thu. Do la nhiem vu xay ddng liic liidng vu trang, hinh thanh cac chie'n khu, can cd dia, vdng t i i do, ndi ma chinh quyen CHU THICH (1), (5), (7). Hoi ddng bien soan Lich sd Nam bd khang chie'n. Lich sic Nam Bo khdng chien (Phan Md dau). Ban nghiem thu cong trinh, thang 8- 2005, tr. 83, 95, 110-129. (2). Mua thu rdi, ngay ham ba... Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1996. Tap 1, tr. 326-331. (3). Bang Giang. Sdi Con co"stf, tr. 142; trich theo "Lich sti Nam Bo khdng chien" (Phan Md dau). Hdi dong bien soan Lich sd Nam Bg khang chie'n, ban nghiem thu cdng trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 89. (4). Tran Van Giau. Thanh cdng cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin, tUtudngHo ChiMinh. Tap 3, Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 1993, tr. 649. each mang da thiic hien quyen quan ly xa hoi cua minh tren cac linh viic kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, y te va giao due. Chinh quyen each mang da trd thanh mot he tho'ng td cap Nam Bo den cap xa, tdn tai song song va da'u tranh la'n ap chinh quyen dich. Co the cho rang, chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bp giai doan 1945-1954 la mot hinh thdc qua do sang tao cua chuyen chinh vd san. Den day, mot van de mdi lai xua't hien la, tai sao thdi ky nay, chi d Nam Bp mdi co chinh quyen cap xd (cap Nam Bp), Trung Bp khong co? Cd yeu td' "hau thudc dia" chang, hay ddn thuan chi la dieu kien xa Trung lidng (dieu kien dia ly)? Dac diem cua chinh quyen each mang vung Vien Dong xa xoi cua niidc Nga sau each mang thang Miidi, co gi tiidng ddng vdi dac diem cua chinh quyen each mang d Nam Bp giai doan 1945-1954?... Nhdng cau hdi dd chdng toi se cd dip trd lai sau. (6). Cac uy vien khac la: Nguyln Van Tao - Uy trudng noi vu, Nguyln Phi Hoanh- Uy trudng tai chinh, Pham Ngoc Thach Uy trudng ngoai giao, Hoang Ddn Van - Uy trudng lao ddng, Duong Bach Mai- Uy trudng Qudc gia tu ve cuoc, Nguyen Thanh Son (Nguyln Van Tay) Thanh tra chinh tri, Ngo Ta'n Nhdn Uy trUclng kinh te', Huynh Van Tieng Uy trudng tuyen truyen va thanh nien. (8). Tinh hinh Nam Bo 1945-1975 (Bao cao cua Uy ban Khang chie'n Nam Bo). Ho sd so 18, Phong Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Quan khu 7, tr. 18. (9). Lich sd Bang bd Bdng Cdng san Viet Nam thanh phd' Ho CM Minh, 1945-1954, Tap 1 (sd thao). Nxb. Tp. Ho Chf Minh. Vai net ve cong tac xay dung. 31 (10). Cac thanh vien ciia Uy ban nhan dan Nam bd gom: Pham Van Bach Chd tich, Tran Van Giau - Phd Chu tich kiem Uy trudng quan sU, Nguyen Van Tao Uy trudng ndi vu, Pham Ngoc Thach - Uy trudng ngoai giao, Ngo Tan Nhon - Uy trudng kinh te; 4 uy trudng cdn lai la: Ung Van Khiem, Nguyln Van Nghiem, TU Ba Dude, Huynh Phu So'. Xem Lich sic Nam bp khdng chien Phdn thd nhdt, Nam bp khdng chien chd'ng Phdp). Hdi dong bien soan Lich su Nam bd khang chien, ban nghiem thu cdng trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 9. (11). Tinh hinh Nam bo 1945-1975 (Bao cao cua Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chfnh Nam Bd). Ho so sd 18, tr. 18. Phong khoa hoc - cdng nghe Quan khu 7. (12). Tinh hinh Nam Bo nam 1949 (Bao cao ciia dong chf Pham Van Bach, Chii tich Uy ban Khang chien Nam Bd) Ho so so 40, tr.17, Phong Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Quan khu 7. (13). Hoi dong bien soan Lich su Nam bp khang chien. Lich sa Nam Bp khdng chie'n (Phan thd nhat, Nam Bp khdng chie'n). Ban nghiem thu cong trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 82-90. (14). Lich sa cupc khdng chie'n chd'ng Phdp 1945-1954. Nxb. Quan doi Nhan dan, Ha Ndi, 1995, tr. 376. (15), (16), (17), (18), (19). Tinh hinh Nam Bp 1949. Bao cao cua dong chf Nguyln Van Bach, Chu tich Uy ban Khang chien Nam Bo. Ho sd so' 40, Phdng Khoa hoc - Cdng nghe Quan khu 7. (20). Dieu le Dang Lao dong Viet Nam, dieu 53. Van ki^n Dang toan t&p, tap 12, tr. 467. (21), (22). Hoi dong bien soan Lich sd Nam Bo khang chien. Lich sic Nam Bp khdng chie'n (Phan thii nha't, Nam Bp khdng chien chd'ng Phdp), ban nghiem thu cdng trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 187-188. (23). Van kien Ddng toan tap. Tap 8, tr. 158- 163. (24), (25), (26). Hoi dong bien soan Lich su Nam Bd khang chien. Lich sic Nam Bp khdng chie'n (Phan thU nha't, Nam Bp khdng chie'n chd'ng Phdp), ban nghiem thu cong trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 91-192, 92, 109. (27). Tong ket cupc khdng chien chd'ng thac ddn Phdp - thang ldi va bdi hoc. Nxb. Chfnh tri Qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 138. (28). Uy ban Quan sU Nam Bd gom cac dng: Nguyln Thanh Sdn, uy vien Uy ban Khang chie'n Nam Bd, Trudng ban; Le Quan, uy vien dan quan; Pham Ngoc Thuan, iiy vien chfnh tri; va 3 vi trudng khu (xem Tinh hinh Nam Bp 1945-1975, sdd). (29), (30), (31). Hoi dong bien soan Lich su Nam Bo khang chie'n. Lich sic Nam Bp khdng chie'n (Phan thii nhat, Nam Bp khdng chie'n chd'ng Phdp), ban nghiem thu cdng trinh, thang 8-2005, tr. 112, 93, 211. (32), (33). Gido due Nam bp trong khdng chie'n chd'ng Phdp. Nxb. Tre, tr. 53, 219-220.