Thương mại điện tử - Ứng dụng thương mại điện tử trong doanh nghiệp
Tài liệu Thương mại điện tử - Ứng dụng thương mại điện tử trong doanh nghiệp: Churcmg 5 ONG DUNG THUONG MAI Dim T6 TRONG DOANH NGHIEP 5.1. Xay dung hg thong thuong mai dintir trong doanh nghib Cong nghe thong tin la tap hgp cac phucmg phap khoa hoc, ding nghe va cong cu ky thuat hien dai de san xuAt va truyen dua, thu thap, xir 13'/, luu trit va trao doi thong tin so. (Khoan 1 — Dieu 4 — Luat Cong nghe thong tin nam 2006). He thing thong tin hieu theo nghia rang la tap hop va ket hop cila cac phan cimg, phan m6m va cac he mang tniyen thong dugc xay chmg va sir dung de thu thap, tao va tai tao, phan phii va chia se thong tin nham phvc vu cac muc tieu cua t6 chirc. Hinh 5.1: Cac thinh phlin ciia HTTT Ngu On: Foundations of Information System, D.S.Yadas 197 Chirc nang cita he thong thong tin bao gOm: - Nhap dit thu thap va nhan dir lieu dt xir 1Sr. - Xir 15r du chuytn d6i du lieu thanh thong tin c6 nghia v6i nguoi sir dung. - Xuat thong tin: phan phei thong tin dtn nhfing nguOi hoac hoat d6ng can sir dung thong tin do. ...
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Churcmg 5
ONG DUNG THUONG MAI Dim T6
TRONG DOANH NGHIEP
5.1. Xay dung hg thong thuong mai dintir trong doanh nghib
Cong nghe thong tin la tap hgp cac phucmg phap khoa hoc, ding nghe
va cong cu ky thuat hien dai de san xuAt va truyen dua, thu thap, xir 13'/, luu
trit va trao doi thong tin so. (Khoan 1 — Dieu 4 — Luat Cong nghe thong tin
nam 2006).
He thing thong tin hieu theo nghia rang la tap hop va ket hop cila cac
phan cimg, phan m6m va cac he mang tniyen thong dugc xay chmg va sir
dung de thu thap, tao va tai tao, phan phii va chia se thong tin nham phvc
vu cac muc tieu cua t6 chirc.
Hinh 5.1: Cac thinh phlin ciia HTTT
Ngu On: Foundations of Information System, D.S.Yadas
197
Chirc nang cita he thong thong tin bao gOm:
- Nhap dit thu thap va nhan dir lieu dt xir 1Sr.
- Xir 15r du chuytn d6i du lieu thanh thong tin c6 nghia v6i nguoi
sir dung.
- Xuat thong tin: phan phei thong tin dtn nhfing nguOi hoac hoat d6ng
can sir dung thong tin do.
- Luu frit thong tin.
- Cung cap thong tin phL hOi: nhim ho trg qua trinh kit'm tra, danh gia
lai va hoan thien he thong.
5.1.1. Lieu trir wesbite thwang mai dien tir
5.1.1.1. MOt so phi:mg phap ltru trir website
Ban chat cua website la tap hop cac trang web (webpages) clued clang
cac trang web san CO (cac trang tinh) hoac cac trang web dugc to ra tir cac
tai nguyen va co sa du lieu (cac trang dOng). Luu frit website la mot trong
cac van de quan trang nit& cua thucmg mai dien tir.
Viec ltru trir website thucmg mai dien tir bao gom ca km frit dir lieu
(thong tin vt doanh nghiep, san xuat, kinh doanh, khach hang...), he thong
phan m'em xir ly cac giao dich dien tir (mua ban trirc tuy6n, quan 1ST hoa don,
dich vu khach hang...) va nhitng nOi dung khac tren website (catalogue dien
tir, bao cao, tai nguyen s6...). Thy theo quy mo cita he thong thucmg mai
dien tir ma so luting, cAu hinh dm he thong may chii can sir dung a luu
cac website thuong mai dien tir se khac nhau.
Hien nay, ca mOt s6 phuong phap co ban dt km tra cac website thucmg
mai dien tir nhu sau:
- Tv dku tv mua cac may chit ve lap dat tai co sO cua doanh nghiep,
thue chuyen gia thitt ke va xay dung he thong mang ciing nhu cai dat cac
phan mtm can thitt dt quan tri he thong may chit cua doanh nghiep.
+ Nhugc ditm: Chi phi dau to xay dung he thOng may chit dm rieng
doanh nghiep rat lan, vt co ses ha tang, vt may m6c, thitt bi, chi phi thue
thitt ke he thong va quan tri he thong sau nay. D giam thitu chi phi ha
tang, doanh nghiep co tht van dL to may chit nhtrng thue cht) de dat may
198
chit tai cac nha cung cap dich vg nay. Nhu vay, tranh dau to xay dung cac
phimg may chit von có tieu chuan ky, thuat rat cao va tranh thud duong
truyen rieng de ket n6i den cac may chi' cua minh. Cach lam nay van dam
bao dugc bi mat thong tin cila doanh nghiep do cac may chit dugc ltru giti
tai cac phimg dugc bao mat cao. Hien nay, tai Viet Nam, he th6ng may chit
cua cac ngari hang, twang dai hoc, hai quan, thud... thu6ng dugc to xay
dung va van hanh ben trong t6 chirc.
+ iru diem: Mire dO an toan ciia thong tin va chit dOng trong van hanh
he th6ng ciing nhu nang, cap, ma rang sau nay. Ben canh do, kha nang to
xay dung, quan he thong may chit thucmg mai dien tir cimg la mOt nang
luc canh tranh quan trong cua cac doanh nghiep khi tham gia kink doanh
dien tir.
- Thue may chit cua cac nha cung cap dich vu (thud chti tren mOt may
chit hoac thud mOt s6 may chit). Theo dO, cac doanh nghiep tra phi a co the
sir dung mOt phan dung lugng 6 ding teen may chit de km trir website hoac
thud mOt s6 may chit cua nha cung cap dich vu a sir dung. CO the sir dung
ket hop hinh thirc nay vai hinh thirc tren. Thom chi nhiing doanh nghiep
hang dau trong thucmg mai dien tir nhu Google ding thud ngoai dich vu luu
tit website.
+ Lru diem: Cac chi phi xay dung co s6 ha tang, lap at dtrimg truyen,
duy tri va quan tri cac may chit do nha cung cap dich vu thuc hien. Doanh
nghiep chi phai tra phi thud dich vu hang thang. Doanh nghiep tan dung
dugc duong truyen t6c dO cao cua nha cung cap dich vu.
+ Nhugc diem: Mirc dO bao mat thong tin khong dugc bao dam do
doanh nghiep khong kiem soat hoan toan flitting may chit km trir th8ng tin
cua minh. Do do, phucmg phap nay thu6ng phii hop vori cac he th6ng thucmg
mai dien tir nh6, cac website chi co chirc nang giai thieu, quang ba san
pham, dich vu... chua có chirc nang thanh toan truc tuyen va cac chirc nang
cao cap khac nhu phan tich dit lieu (data mining) hay chia se thong tin giita
cac d6i tac (B2B integration).
5.1.1.2. Duemg Internet thud rieng (leased line Internet) cho cac may chi.'
Khi doanh nghiep mu6n xay chmg he th6ng may chit cua rieng minh va
he th6ng nay (tat tai trung tam ltru tru dit lieu dm doanh nghiep thi doanh
199
truyen nay con cao, chua phu hgp v6i phan' lam cac doanh nghiep vira va
nho hien nay.
Bang 5.1: Danh sach cac nha cung cap dich vu Internet Jon
tai Viet Nam
STT Ten cling ty Website
1 VDC home.vnn.vn
2 FPT www.fpt.vn
3 Vietel www.vietel.com.vn
4 NetNam www.netnam.vn
Nguan: www.vnnic.com.vn ,2010
5.1.1.3. May cini web
Cac may chi' web not chung thuamg c6 bo nbo., 6 cung dung lugng
chay lien tvc 24/7, va b0 vi xir ly c6 t6c d0 cao hcm cac may tinh ca nhan
th8ng thuo.ng. Nhieu may chii web sir dung nhieu be vi xir 1ST. Yeu cau co
ban dloi vOi cac may chi' la kha nang hoat dOng lien tuc 24/7 va xir 157 d6ng
thai nhieu thong tin khi nhieu nguari dung cung truy cap dua ra. Vi vay, cac
may chil web sir dung nhieu phan cung nen chimg thuamg c6 gia dat hcm cac
may tram th6ng thuamg. Cac may tinh ca nhan tot hien nay, thong thuamg
gia chi khoang USD 1.000 — USD 3.000 trong khi do cac may chit web
thuamg co gia tir USD 6.000 den USD 400.000. Cac cong ty ban may chi'
web nhu Dell, Gateway, Hewlett Packard va Sun, tat ca cac cong ty nay deli
co cong cu ho trg cau hinh tren trang web dm h9 de khach hang c6 the xem
va hra ch9n cau hinh may chu cho phu hgp.
5.1.1.4. Ranh gia nang luc clic' may clui web
Cac yeti t6 anh huang den t6c d0 thuc thi cua may chit bao g6m: phan
cung, phan mem he dieu hanh, phan mem may chu, t6c de ket noi, s6 lugng
nguai dimg, va loai trang web dang phan ph6i. Khi danh gia hieu rang ciia
may chi' web, chung to can biet chinh xac nhang yeti t6 nao dang dugc do
va dam bao rang cac yeu t6 do IA quan trong lien quan den viec sir dling cua
202
may chit web. MOt nhan t6 khac anh huOng den hieu nang cita may chit web
d6 la t6c dO ket n6i. MOt may chit dugc ket not bang mOt duon T3
(44,736Mbps) se co kha nang phan ph6i cac trang web tai cac may tram
nhanh hcm neu dung du6ng T1 (1,544Mbps).
S6 lugng nguai dung ma may chit co the phuc vu va quan 1ST dugc cung
la mOt yeti t6 quan trong. Dieu nay c6 the gay kh6 khan cho viec do dac bei
vi cac ket qua bi anh huang bOi t6c dO duOng truyen ctia may chit, t6c dO
throng truyen dm may tram, va kich thuac cita trang web dugc phan ph6i.
Hai y6u t6 de danh gia khi do t6c dO phan phat trang web dm mOt may chit
web d6 la thong luong va then gian dap img. Thong lugng a day dugc hieu
la s6 lugng yeu eau ma phan cung va phan mem may chit co the xir ly dugc
trong mOt don vi thOri gian. ThOi gian dap ung la thOi gian can thiet a may
chit xirlSimOt yeu cau.
Vol nhang he th6ng website nho, s6 ngued truy nhap it, nen c6 the sir
dung cac may chit vOi bff) vi xir ly dOng Pentium t6c dO 3.0 Ghz, RAM 2Gb
tres len la chAp nhan dugc. Con yen cac he th6ng lon, s6 lucmg giao dich 16n,
nhieu nguixi truy cap, can sir dung nhieu may chit co cAu hinh manh hon va
co he thOng mang dugc thiet ke hgp ly, phan chia cac giao dich can xi/. 1Si
qua thiet bi can bang tai. Vi du, voi cac doanh nghiep lon nhu Amazon,
Alibaba... thi he th6ng may chit khong phai chi co 1 ma co the len tai hang
nghin may chit tao thanh met mpg phan ph6i, cac may chit nay c6 the
khong tap trung mOt cht; ma dugc dat rai rac tai mOt s6 dia diem tren the
giai nham tang tlic de xir ly len nhanh !that c6 the dugc cho khach hang.
De co the lua chon dugc phan cung tot cho may chit web, chung ta co
the sir dung phuong phap kiem tra ten nhieu yeti t6 ket hop. De CO the thuc
hien dugc viec kiem tra, tat nhien chimg ta phai cai dat ca phan cirng lan
phan mem cho may chit. Dieu nay se kh6 thuc hien dugc khi chimg ta chua
tra tien mua may chit dO. Tuy nhien, chung ta c6 the sir dung cac testing labs
d'ec lap cita cac ding ty khac, vi du nhu Mindcraft, de kiem tra phan cung,
phan mem dm he th6ng. Mindcraft cung cap nhieu bao cao va cac th6ng ke
so sanh tong hop dm phan cimg va he dieu hanh va cac san phAm phan mem
may chit web. (Tham khao them www.mindcraft.com)
203
5.1.1.5. He diL himh cho cac may cha web
He dieu hanh co nhiem vu thuc thi chucmg trinh va phan phoi tai
nguyen nhu bO nha, khOng gian ltru trir cho chucmg trinh. Phan mem he
dieu hanh cling cung cap cac dich vu nhap xuat tai cac thiet bi ket n6i von
may tinh nhu ban phim, man hinh va may in. MOt may tinh mu6n hog dOng
dugc phai dtrgc cal dat phan mem he dieu hanh a dieu khien viec thuc thi
cac chucmg trinh. V6i cac he thiing lan, he dieu hanh con phai theo doi hoat
• &Ong cita nhieu nguaci sir dung khac nhau khi h9 cling dang nhap vao he
th6ng va phai dam bao hog dOng cua nhUng nguad sir dung nay khong gay
can tra nhau.
Phan lan cac may chit web dugc cai dat mot trong cac he dieu hanh
sau: Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server,
Microsoft Windows 2003 Server, Linux, hoc cac he diet' hanh dira teen
UNIX nhir Solaris hoc FreeBSD va cac phien ban cao cap han. Nhieu
ding ty tin rang cac san pham dm hang Microsoft thi dcm gian, nhan vien he
th6ng thong tin dm ho c6 the hoc va sir dung chimg de han la cac he dieu
hanh dua tren he th6ng UNIX. Cac cong ty khac thi lo ling ye van de yeu
kem trong bao mat do viec tich hap gicra cac phan mem irng dung va he dieu
hanh cita cac san pham cita Microsoft. May chit web chay tren nen UNIX thi
phi bien hcm, va nhieu nguoi sir dung tin rang viec cai dat may chit web tren
UNIX se bao mat hcm.
Linux la mot he dieu hanh ma ngutm mar, de cai dat, nhanh va hieu qua.
Phan mem ma ngu'On ma dugc phat trien bad mot cong diing cac lap trinh
vien, h9 tao ra cac phan mem va cung cap mien phi cho nhimg nguoi quan
tam co the tai xu6ng. Cac lap trinh vien khac sir dung cac phan mem nay sira
d6i, tit)/ bien hoac phat trien chimg. Cac lap trinh vien co the cung cap phien
ban da cai lien cua h9 trO lai cong dling de m9i ngtrad sir dung va tiep tuc
phat trien.
S6 Luang cac cong ty ban may chit web da bao gim luon he dieu hanh
Linux trong eau hinh ngam dinh clang ngay cang tang len. Mac dit he dieu
hanh Linux c6 the tai mien phi tir Internet, phan Lan cac cong ty van mua
chimg thong qua cac nha phan ph6i thucmg mai. Cac nha phan ph6i san
pham he dieu hanh Linux da cung cap them mot s6 phan mem hilu dung nhu
204
cac tien ich cai dAt va met ban hgp deng ho trg cho he dieu hanh. Cong ty
phan phei Linux phien ban thucmg mai ban cac phien ban cua he dieu hanh
cac tien ich cho may chii web bao gem: Caldera, Mandrake, Red Hat, va
SuSE. Hang Sun ban phan cling may chil web ding v6i he dieu hanh dva
tren nen UNIX nhu Solaris.
5.1.1.6. Phein mem may chii web
Do la cac phan mem ma may chil web phai cai dAt de cac website co
the hoat deng tren nen cac phan mem nay. Gieng nhu muen cai dAt va danh
may bang MS Word thi may tinh phai dugc cai dAt MS Windows. Met s6
phan mem phe bien nhdt hien nay dang dugc dung lam may chil web nhu:
Apache Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) va Sun Java
System Web Server (JSWS) (thuang dugc goi bang cac ten khac nhu Sun
ONE, iPlanet Enterprise Server, va Netscape Enterprise). Thir hang ve mirc
de phi; bien nay da dugc tich luy thong qua dieu tra dugc thvc hien bC'si
NetCraft, met cong ty to van ve mang 6 Anh. Netcraft dieu tra d6i vai tong
s6 trang web dang ten tai va do mirc dO lien quan den tinh phe bien cua
phan mem may chi' web.
Netcraft chi ra rang, thi truang cua phan mem may chii web trong met
vai nam On day da di vao on dinh. Nhin chung Apache chiem khoang 65
den 70% thi phan, Microsoft IIS chiem khoang 20 den 25 0/0 thi phan. Theo
dieu tra cua met tap chi may tinh, thi phan cua cac phan mem may chii web
ding rat khac nhau d6i vai may chil web ding Ong va may chii web not be.
(0 May chzi web Apache
Apache la ten ciia met nhem phat trien phan mem. Rob McCool phat
trien Apache trong khi dang lam viec tai tnrang dai hoc dm Illinois tai
NCSA vao nam 1994. Met vai webmaster tren the giai dd tao ra phan ma
reng rieng cho may chil de h9 co the dieu khien cac thay dOi cua minh cho
he thong (dugc biet den vai cai ten "patches" co nghia la cac "mieng va").
He thOng nay bao gem met N thong nhan g6c vai rat nhieu manh (patches)
do do no dugc biet den \Teri ten pi la "a patchy server" hay ggi dan gian la
"apache". Apache hien nay co the download mien phi teen internet.
Apache dA thong tri trong linh vi.rc web to nam 1996 boi 15, do apache
205
la mien phi va hog dOng rat hieu qua. Apache manh Mn mire ma ding ty
IBM cimg sir dung trong cac goi img dung cho may chir WebShpere. Cac
phan mem may chir web kirk nhu Zeus, ding dugc phat trien dua tren ma
ngu6n ma dm Apache. Hien nay, có khoang tir 65-70% may chir Web teen
the giai sir dung Apache, nglifa la Apache dirge sir dung mOt each rOng rai
Iran tat ca cac phan mem may chi' Web khac hgp lai. Apache chay dugc tren
nhieu he dieu hanh nhu FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX, Linux, Microsoft
Windows, SCO-UNIX, va Solairis.
(ii) May chu web Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
Mat s6 website chi chay dugc tren nen may chi' web dm Microsoft la
IIS, vi du la cac website dugc viet bang non ner ASP va dot.Net . May chi'
web IIS dugc gan kern theo trong phien ban hien hanh cira he diet' hanh may
chit Windows dm Microsft. IIS dugc sir dung nhieu trong cac mang Intranet
bai VI do có nhieu cong ty da tucmg thich cac san pham dm Microsoft vai
cac san pham chuan cua ho.
IIS co the phir hgp vai ca cac website nho ding nhu cac he th6ng
thucmg mai dien tir lan. Theo dieu tra teen the giai cc!, khoang 20-25 phan
tram cac may chit web sir dung phan mem IIS nay. Trong mOt vai tram On
day, s6 lugng trang web sir dung IIS da giam xu6ng, nguyen nhan la do IIS
có nhieu 18 h6ng ve bao mat va da bi cong khai. Cac 18 h6ng nay lam cho
the may chir chay IIS de bi tan cong.
(iii) May cha web Java System Web Server caa Sun Microsystems (Sun
ONE, iPlanet, Netscape)
Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) dugc phat trien dua tren chucmg
trinh may chit web NCSA va dugc biet den cluai mot s6 ten nhu Sun ONE,
Netscape Enterprise Server, va iPlanet Enterprise Server. Khi AOL mua
Netscape nam 1999, cong ty nay cid cong tac vai Sun Microsystems de he
trg va tiep tuc phat trien san pham Netscape. Su cong tac nay dugc pi ten la
iPlanet va hog d6ng dm no keo dai 3 nam va het han vao thang 3 nam 2002.
Khi ket thirc, iPlanet troy thanh mOt phan dm Sun beri vi may chi" web va cac
phan mem thucmg mai dien tit ma iPlanet ban a co quan 116 chat the vai
hog dang kinh doanh dm Sun km dm Time Warner.
206
Load-
begancing
switch
Sun JSWS la san pham thucmg mai, tuy nhien chi phi ban quyen cila no
la chdp nhan ducfc. Mirc phi dm no thay d6i tuy thuOc vao nang luc cua b0
vi xir ly ciia may chii ma no cai Tat len, tuy nhien phan Ian website tra vm
mirc phi tir USD 1.400 den USD 5.000 cho viec mua ban quyen nay. Phan
mem cila Sun ding hog dOng dugc ten nhieu he dieu hanh nhu: HP_UX,
Solaris va ca Windows. Theo danh gia mai day, chi có khoang 5% may chil
web sir dung Sun JSWS. Tuy nhien mOt s6 website n6i tieng nhdt, tap nap
nhdt lai van Bang sir dung phan mem may chi' nay dm Sun, dien hinh la
BMW, Dilbert, E*TRADE, Excite, Lycos va Schwab.
5.1.1.7. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chei website thwang mai
dien to
mot bo chuyen mach can bang tai (load balancing switch) la mOt thik
bi mang co the dieu khien phan phi cong viec cho cac may chit vao no va
chia luting thong tin den vao may chii co kha nang dap img tot nhAt trong
tong th&i diem. Trong mOt he th6ng can bang tai don gian, dir lieu di vao
website tir internet se di qua bo dinh tuyen cua website sau do den b0
chuyen mach can bang tai, b0 chuyen mach nay se phan tich va huong du
lieu den may chil web co kha nang dap img tot rill& luting dir lieu nay trong
s6 cac may chil cua doanh nghiep.
Hinh 5.2. HO thong can bing tai cho cac may chii web
Ngudn: Alias, 2003, Ecommerce for Managers.
207
Hinh 5.3. Hg thtmg can Wing tai cho cac may chit web
Ngwin: Alias, 2003, Ecommerce for Managers.
Trong met he th6ng can bang tai phirc tap, dik lieu di vao co the gap
nhieu ham met be dinh tuyen tren dm met website lan, sau do no dugc
huang tai met nhom cac may chit co chirc nang xac dinh. Ca be chuyen
mach can bang tai va 'lan mem dieu khien co the CO gia tir 10.000 den
50.000 USD, dien hinh la cac san phAm nhu E-load, Loadrunner, Serverlron
va Silkperformer.
5.1.1.8. Djch vu hat tru website va phuung phap danh gia
Hien nay co rat nhieu nha cung cAp dich vu Internet hO trq dich vu
hosting (cho thue khong gian tren cac may chit de cai dat website). Vay
doanh nghiep nen dip vao cac tieu chi nao de dua ra lua chip phu hqp nhAt
von nhu eau sir dung cua minh. Met so tieu chi chung to co the tham khao de
lira chce met nha cung cAp dich vu nhu:
- Nang luc h6 try phtin cerng: Cho biet cAu hinh may chit dugc nha
cung cAp dich v1,1 sir dung, toc de dm be vi xir 15,, dung lacing be nha, he
208
di'e'u hanh dugc cai dat teen may chi'. Dieu nay se tic dOng den kha nang xir
ly cac giao dich cua website thuang mai dien tir. Vi du may chi' co kha nang
xir 15, bao nhieu giao dich, bao nhieu khach hang có the truy cap ang thai
vao may
- Kha nang ha ire' plain mem: Cho biet may chi' se hO trg cac website
thuang mai dien tir nao, co phi' h9p vbi cong nghe dugc sir dung de xay
dung website cua doanh nghiep hay khong. Tuy nhien, thtremg nha cung cap
co nhieu may chi' khac nhau va có kha nang dap img mqi cong nghe xay
dung website ph6 bien. Mac du vay, doanh nghiep van can hru 5/ den cac
yeu t6 ca ban nhu cong nghe xay dung website cua doanh nghiep, ngon ngcr
lap trinh dugc sir dung de viet ma ngu6n, ca sb dir lieu dugc xay dung ten
phan mem nao. Hien nay có rat nhieu ngon ngit cho phep cac lap trinh vien
xay dung mOt website mOt cach nhanh chong nhu ASP, PHP, Java,
Dot.net,... vai moi ngon ngit doi hoi mOt chtrang trinh webserver khac
nhau; vi du voi ASP thi chay teen moi truang window vOl webserver la IIS,
Php có the chay tren ca windows, Unix, Linux va webserver co the la
Apache Server, con vai website dugc viet bang java thi can có Tomcat
Server. Ve ca sb dit lieu cling có rat nhieu he quan tri khac nhau nhu Oracle,
Microsoft SQL, MySQL... Ngoai ra con mOt s6 tien ich khac có the lien
quan d'e'n he th6ng website khi xay dung ngueri lap trinh se het ke trong
danh sach yeu eau ve he th6ng, dua vac do chimg to se biet dugc lua ch9n
nha cung cap dich vu có ht; trg phan mem nhu the nao cho phu hap voi yeu
eau cua phan mem website cua minh.
- Ted nguyin mgng: Ben canh cac tieu chi ve phan cling, phan mem da
chi ra, con phai xem xet den tai nguyen mgng cua nha cung cap dich vv. Yu
diem lOn nhat cim viec thue dich vu hosting lab cho se tan dung dugc
&rang truyen t6c di) cao có san cua nha cung cap. Nhu vay khi lua chcon nha
cung cap dich vu, phai tim hieu xem nha cung cap dich vu do co ding dung
lugng ra vao Internet la bao nhieu, co bao nhieu khach hang dang sir dung
dich vu dtremg truyen cua nha cung cap dich vu do, tir do du doan dugc toe
dO khach hang se truy cap dugc vao website cua minh. Thong thuemg, khi
thue dich vu hosting, doanh nghiep se phai tra gia tren dung lugng ltru trft va
thong lugng mgng (lugng thong tin truyen qua man trong mOt don vi theri
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gian). Nhu vey ve Ca ban, doanh nghiep phai tinh dugc "kich thuac"
website, du bao dung luting luu ter trong tucmg lai, tinh "thong luting" trung
binh hien tai va du bao "thong luting" trong tucmg lai dua vao chien lugc
phat trien website de dua ra su lua chgn dich vu phu hgp vai nhu ceu thuc
th, tranh deu to lang phi.
- Kinh nghifm va uy tin: Kinh nghiem va uy tin thuang the hien a kha
nang bao met, xir 1S, cac su c6, thai gian can thiet de xir 15, cac su c6... cac
yeu t6 nay giup website cua doanh nghiep co kha nang hoat Ong lien tuc
cao nhet.
- flQi ngfi ky thuft: DOi ngii ky thuet cua nha cung cep dich vu chiu
trach nhiem ve ca duy tri hoat dOng, dam bao an town d6i von website cua
doanh nghiep va xir ly cac su c6 phat sinh. S6 luting va ch .& luting cua dOi
net ky thuet la dieu kien ca ban a dam bao ve chat luting dich vu va thai
gian de khac phuc cac su c6 mang co the xay ra.
- GM thank dich vu phai trong kha nang ng'an sach cua cong ty.
5.1.1.9. Dich vu hosting cho cac website thuang mai dien tee
134 hra chgn nha cung cep dich vu hosting, truck het doanh nghiep can
tinh den uy tin cua nha cung cep va khach hang ma doanh nghiep hue:mg tai.
Vi du, neu doanh nghiep xuet khau mu& quang ba ra thi truong nu6c ngoai,
doanh nghiep nen tim mOt nha cung cep dich vu hosting gen vri khach hang
nhet a tang t6c d8 cho khach hang khi troy nhep website. Trong twang hgp
doanh nghiep mu6n xay dung mOt he th6ng website thuang mai dien tir de
giai thieu cac san phem voi khach hang trong nuoc thi doanh nghiep nen
Bang ky dich vu hosting voi mOt nha cung cep dich vu n8i dia.
Yu diem cua viec hosting a nuac ngoai la cac nha cung cep dich vu
nuac ngoai thulmg CO ca kr ha ding mang, ding nhu dOi ngii ky thuet tot,
dieu do se co lgi trong viec duy tri hoat dOng on dinh cua he thong. Tuy
nhien, trong truang hcfp gip su c6 (CO the do bi hacker ten cong) thi do se la
mOt ter ngai khi thuang luting v&i nha cung cep ley lai quyen cua he thong,
do do khi lua chgn nha cung cap dich vu hosting nuac ngoai chting to can
phai then trong xem xet ve uy tin cua cong ty do. Trong khi do, neu lua chgn
nha cung cap dich vu hosting trong nu& thi thi truang, cong nhu ca sa ha
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tang mang khong tot bang oh cac nha cung cap dich vu nu& ngoai, tuy
nhien no co loci the ve mat bao mat va ho troy khi bi tan cong. MOt yeu to khac
can xem xet la gia thanh thue dich vu hosting cila cac nha cung cap dich vu
hosting nuorc ngoai thu&ng c6 gia re han rat nhieu so voi cac dich vu tuang
&rang cua nha cung cap dich vu trong nuac.
5.1.2. Phan mem gidi phdp Chuang mgi dien tir cho doanh nghiep
5.1.2.1. Website thuang mgi dien to •
(i).DOC diem dig Website thuang mgi dien tir
Cac website thucmg mai dien tir can hoat dOng lien tuc 24/7 du la mo
hinh nao. Nhimg website deu can dugc chay ten cac may chii du manh de
xir ly khi lugng truy cap cao nhat. Ben canh you cau hoat dOng nhanh va on
dinh, cac website thucmg mai dien tir giao dich can sir dung nhang phan
mem hiOu qua va de nang cap khi lugng truy cap website tang. Cac website
th8ng tin nhu tin tuc, bao cao, thong tin so h6a... can dap ling nhu cau tim
kiem thong tin nhanh va chinh xac. Thong tin can hien thi nhanh nhat ten
man hinh cua ngueri xem. Nhin chung yeti cau hoat dOng van la 24/7 nIumg
mire dO nhanh va on dinh co the thap han so vai cac website thuang mai
diOn tir giao dich. Yeu cau ve phan cling cling co the thap hcm, tuy nhien yeu
cau ve xir ly luting truy cap dOng co the cao han, do cac website tin tuc,
thong tin a thu but khach truy cap han.
(ii). Cac chtic nang ca ban c4a website thuang mgi dien tic
Phan mem website thucmg mai diOn tir co the co nhang nhiOm vu khac
nhau, tir viec cung cap catalog trung bay san pham truc tuyen den viOc
don hang ter dOng. MOt giai phap thuang mai diOn tir co ban phai co nhang
chirc nang co ban sau:
- Catalog trung bay san pham;
- Gk.) mua hang;
- Xu ly giao dich dat hang, hgp ding, thanh town...
Cac website thucmg mai diOn tir km, phirc tap han cling sir dung 'then
phan mem co cac chirc nang teen va co them nhimg cong cu ho trg cac hoat
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Ong thucmg mai dien tir khac. Phan mem trung gian (middleware) n6i ket
he th6ng thucmg mai dien tir voi cac he thong thong tin dm ding ty (quan 15/
hang ton kho, xir 1.ST don hang, ke toan). Ben canh do co cac gal phan mem
chuyen thuc hien mot s6 chirc nang nhu: phan mem ERP, phan mem SCM,
phan mem CRM, phan mem quan tri nOi dung (CMS) va phan mem quan tri
tri thirc (NM).
Website catalog dien tit
Doanh nghiep sir dung catalog tnmg bay the san pham hoac dich vu cua
minh. Giting nhu trong cua hang ban le truyen th6ng, nha kink doanh gian
hang truc tuyen co the nham hang hoa thanh tong khu theo nhcmg tieu chi
rieng vii ten goi cac gian hang tucmg to nhu gian hang truyen thong. Trong
hau het cac gian hang truyen thong, m61 san pham chi de trong mOt vi tri nhat
Binh, tuy nhien voi gian hang truc tuyen, met san pham co the ducyc phan loaf
o nhieu chimg loai hang khac nhau. Vi du: giay chay co the vira duqc phan
loai trong khu giay hoac khu clung cu the thao.
MOt trang web thucmg mai nho co the co met catalog tinh don gian.
Catalog tinh la mot danh muc don gian duqc viet bang nem ngO HTML,
hien thi trong mot hoac mot s6 trang web. De them vao, x6a di, hoac thay
d6i met muc hay mot san pham trong danh muc, ding ty phai sira lai phan
lenh HTML cua mot hoac met s6 trang. Cac trang web thuong mai ion hon
thuang sir dung au truc catalog dOng.
Catalog Ong luu tit thong tin ve cac muc hang trong cac co so , da
lieu, thuang tren mot may tinh rieng biet c6 the truy cap tai may chit. MOi
muc hang trong catalog Ong c6 the duoc hien thi yen nhieu hinh anh hoac
thong tin chi tik. M'Ot cong cu tim kiem se cho phep khach hang tim kiem
hang He va xem xet lieu mat hang do c6 san ban hay khong. Pham mem
catalog dung thuang &roc gan kern trong met b0 phan mem thuong mai
dien tir ton goi, tuy nhien mgt s6 ding ty viet phan mem catalog rieng, sau
do not vOi co soy du lieu san pham cua ding ty minh.
(iv). Gici mua hang trong thucmg mgt dien to
Khi thuong mai dien tir mai phat trien, khach hang chon san pham ho
quan tam bang cach dien vao met mAu (form) vai cac lua chip ve s6 lugng,
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ma se san pham, don gia,... trong nhting hep nhap se lieu rieng biet. Dieu
nay gay ldio chiu cho khach hang trong truang hgp khach hang tai met thai
diem guy& dinh mua nhieu han met san pham. MCA van de khi mua hang
trirc tuyen bang cach dien vao mAu mua hang la nguai mua phai dien vao
ma san pham, gia ca va cac thong tin khac ve san pham tnrac khi h9 co the
den tai trang web dat hang. Han ntra, khach hang doi khi lchong nha lieu h9
da kich vao nut giri don hang hay chua. Ket qua la, h9 co the vira gin dat
hang 2 lan cho met don hang (kich chuOt hai lan vao nut dat hang), hoac
nghi rang h9 da gui rei nen khong an vao nut dat hang nfra. Do do, mua
hang theo each tren thuamg clan tai nham 1 n va mac lOi trong qua trinh dat
hang. Nhang han the cua hinh thirc dal hang bang cach dien vao mAu da
dugc khac phuc bang phan mem giO mua hang.
Ngay nay, gi6 mua hang la met tieu chuan a thuc hien thuong mai
dien tir ban le. Gio mua hang luu trir cac san pham ma nguoi mua TA' chgn,
cho phdp nguad mua co the xem lai nhang mat hang minh da chip dua vao
gio, them vao giO mat hang mai hoac be bat di san pham nao do. De dat
hang, khach hang chi can don gian kich chuet vao san pham do, tat ca cac
thong tin ve san pham bao gem gia ca, mo ta, ma san pham hay cac thong
tin khac deu dugc to &Ong tun tru trong gio mua hang. Khi khach hang da
chon hang xong, ho chi can nhan nut thut hien viec mua hang, phan mem
gio mua hang se to dOng tinh toan tong se san pham, tong gia tri tin thanh
toan ding nhu cac chi phi van chuyen hay thu'e. Phan mem Gio mua hang
dm met so website thucmg mai dien tir con cho phep khach hang chgn san
pham dua vao gi6, de giO vao met ngan ao, va khach hang sau vai ngay
quay tra lai mai quy& Binh chgn mua hoac thanh toan. Met se phan mem
gio mua hang dugc ban dec lap de cac cong ty to ket not vao website ban
hang dm minh. Gio mua hang hien dai ding la met cong cu canh tranh trong
Thuang mai dien tir.
(v). Xft ly cac giao dich thuang mai dien tic
Khi nguai mua quyet Binh mua hang bang each nhan vao nut Checkout
tren trang web, khi do trang web thuc hien quy trinh xir ly giao dich: phan
mem thuong mai dien tir thuc hien bat cu met tinh toan can thiet nao, vi du
chi& khau dua tren se lugng hang mua, thue, chi phi van chuyen,... Khi
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Checkout, ca Ichach hang vi ngueti ban deu chuyen sang giao dien giao dich
an toan. Xir lSt giao dich c6 the la phan phirc tap nhat cua viec ban hang truc
tuyen. Tinh town thue va chi phi van chuyen la nhiing phan quan trang trong
qua trinh nay, va cac nha quan tri mang phai thuemg xuyen Idem tra mire
thue suAt ding nhu chi phi van chuyen de dam bao mirc gia dang dugc ap
dung la mirc gia dimg. MOt s6 phan mem cho phep may chii web AT dOng
cap nhat thong tin gia van chuyen bang cach ket n6i tivc tiep tai cac ding ty
van chuyen.
5.1.2.2. Website clang va cow ding nghe xay dung website clang
Microsoft da phat trien mOt ding nghe tao trang web dOng va dugc sir
dung rang rai hien nay la Active Server Pages (ASP). Sun Microsystems
cling &A' phat trien mOt ding nghe tuang to g9i la Java Server Pages (JSP),
va hiep hOi ma ngu6n m6 Apache Software Foundation cling phat trien mOt
ngon ngft lap trinh tucmg to la PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). Gan day,
mOt ding nghe tuang to dugc Macromedia xay dung voi ten g9i lA Cold
Fusion. Day la bOn ding nghe ph6 bien nhAt dugc sir dung a xay dung cac
website. Trong nhang ding nghe nay, cac cau lenh chay teen may chu dugc
trOn an vOi nhang cau lenh HTML de tao ra cac trang web dOng, tirc la c6
nOi dung khac nhau. Vi du, ASP cho phep nguori lap trinh web sir dung
nhang ngOn nair lap trinh khac nhau nhu VBScript, Jscript, hoac Peri. Java
la ng8n ngit lap trinh do Sun tao ra, cling c6 the dugc sir dung de tao ra cac
trang web dOng. Nhftng in-1g dung do dugc g9i lA Java Servlets.
Nhieu nhA chuyen mon van cho rang cac cong nghe tao trang web dOng
chua thuc su giai guy& dugc viec lap trinh web. HQ cho rang, phucmg phap
xay dung cac trang web nhu vay chi chuyen nhiem vu cua nhling nguesi vitt
cac trang web HTML sang nhang nguen viet lenh ASP (hoac JSP hay PHP).
MOt s6 du an dang dugc trien khai nharn giai guy& van de tao cac trang
web d'6ng triet de ham. Du an Apache Cocoon Project lA mOt trong nhang
du an dien hinh. Apache Cocoon IA mOt ca the xay dung web cho phdp nguoi
lap trinh truy van du lieu ngay ter cac trang HTML va tao ra cac trang web
dm% nhieu dinh clan khac nhau. Chinh tinh nang cho phep tao ra cac trang
web du& nhieu dinh clang khac nhau tao nen the manh ciia Cocoon. Theo
phuang phap nay, cac trang web dugc km tril duai clang cac the HTML va
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cac the nay se hinh thanh nOi dung that dm cac trang web. Cac thOng tin dugc
yeu eau se dugc xir ly bad cac ling dung Java servlet, cac ling dung nay se doc
cat the HTML va lua chon cac nOi dung dugc yeu cau. Thay vi hien thi trang
web, Cocoon c6 the xay dung nOi dung diing nhu yeu cau. Vi du, ngutri
dung yeu cau mot file Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) de doc ten
thiet bi s6 cam tay PDA, met website sir dung cong nghe Cocoon co the tao
ra nhcmg thong tin duai clang PDF tir nhting file HTML. Nhieu chuyen gia
trong nganh cong nghe thong tin tin twang rang cong nghe Cocoon va cac
ding nghe tucmg to ciia Microsoft (Microsoft.Net
famework) va Oracle se
dem lai nhung phucmg phap tot hcm de xay dung cac trang web dOng.
(i. MOt so cong cu phat trien web phij bien
Mac du cac cong Cu nay thuang dugc sir dung a xay dung cac website
nho, tuy nhien chimg cling c6 the dugc sir dung de xay dung cac thanh phan
rieng le cua cac website thucmg mai dien tir c6 quy mo trung binh bang each
tao ra cat trang web va cac cong cu quan ly website. Vi du , phien ban gan
day cua chuang trinh Macromedia Dreamweaver d'A tich hop luon ca moi
tnrong phat trien. Nhu vay d6i vai cac nhA thiet ke web c6 kinh nghiem ho
c6 the sir dung de tao ra cac thanh phan cila met trang web dOng de nhu tao
ra met trang web finh.
MOt cong cu thiet ke web khac kha ph6 bien d6 IA Microsoft Frontpage
cling c6 the dugc sir dung de xay dung khunt cua cac website thuang mai
dien tir. Cac thAnh phan con lai cua cac trang web dOng nhu tao danh
muc hang h6a, dich vu khach hang, xix lS7 cac phien giao dich co the dugc
viet b6 sung bang cac cong cu phat trien web khac chang han nhu Visual
Studio.NET cua hang Microsoft.
Sau khi tao xong website voi cac cong cu phat trien nay, nguai thiet ke
can mua 1)6 sung them cac thAnh phan phan mem tien ich khac nhu gio mua
hang, phan mem quan tri nOi dung. Cuoi cling lA tao ra cac phan mem trung
chuyen de ket n6i website vAo cac phan mem voi ca sa dir lieu san c6 cua
cong ty.
Viec mua va sir di..mg cat phan mem thuong mai dien tir nhin chung la
dat hon so vOi viec sir dung cac dich vu thucmg mai ciia nha cung cap dich
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vu, yeti chi phi hang nam co the tir 2.000 den 50.000 do la My. Cac phan
mem thuang mai dien tir c6 gia thanh trtmg binh chi cho phep ket n6i tai cac
ca sa dir lieu ve danh muc san pham. Sau khi da ket not duac ten ca sey dit
lieu danh muc san pham, no cho phep cap nhat, thay d6i thong tin. Tham
chi, m6t vai he thOng con cho phep ket not tai he thOng quan tri tai nguyen
(ERP) cua town b6 doanh nghiep. Dieu nay cho phep cac citing ty khong phai
chay &Ong thoai nhieu he thOng trimg lap nhau va gia tri dm he thong dang
c6 duqc trai r6ng ra cho mgt vai he thOng phan mem. Ba he thOng thuang
mai dien tir ph6 bien hien nay cho cac doanh nghiep vira la Intershop
Enfinity Multisite, WebSphere Commerce Suite dm IBM va Commerce
Server 2002 dm hang Microsoft.
(h). Mg't so pluin mem qua,: tri not dung website thuang mgi dien to
Phan lan cac phan mem thuang mai dien tir deu CO cac tinh nang
d6ng va tien tich de tao ra cac trang web mAu, nhu trang chit, trang giai
thieu, trang lien he... Tuy nhien phan lem cac doanh nghiep muOn tuy bien
cac trang web von dac thu rieng cua minh, phit h9p von san pham, dich vu va
nganh nghe kinh doanh. De mua mot phan mem quan tri n6i dung website
thuang mai dien tir, can phai kiem tra cac tinh 'tang nham dam bao than
vien cua cong ty co the thvc hien duqc cac thao tac thtkmg xuyen phai xir ly
d6i yen he thong nhu cap nhat, thay doi, b6 sung, xir ly cac dan dat hang, ke
toan, thue... Ve ca ban, phan mem can dap img yeu cAu dan gian h6a cac
thao tac cua ngtr6i sir dung d6i von cac cong viec xir ly dir lieu va giao dich
hang ngay.
Khi thuang mai dien tir phat tritn, cac doanh nghiep CO xu htrong tim cac
giai phap moi nham sir dung web va internet de chia se thong tin gifta cac
than vien, khach hang, nha cung cap va cac d6i tic cua minh. Phan mem
quan tri n6i dung hi) tra quan 1S, khOi luang lan cac thong tin, van ban, hinh
anh... lien quan den cong viec kinh doanh. Ved sv phat trien nhanh chong cita
cong nghe khOng day, va cac thiet bi lchong day nhu dien thoai di d6ng, may
tinh cam tay, PDA, viec quan tri n6i dung se gift') than vien chia xe thong tin
a dang han, giam thai gian, chi phi giao dich.
Khi cong ty can co nhieu each khac nhau de truy nhap den tai nguyen
thong tin nhu thong tin cac san phAm, quy each, gia ca, huong dan sir dung...
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co the xem xet giai phap quan tri va sir dung thong tin thong qua cac phAn
mem quan tri not dung. Ba cong ty dang dim dau ve cung cap gidi phdp
quiin trj nfii dung trin thi Documentum, Vignette va
Webmethods. Phan mem quaff trj trOi dung co gid khodng tir 200.000 din
500.000 USD.
(iii). Mot so phiin mem quan tri he thong dieing tin trong doanh nghiep
Ngay nay s6 lugng cac cong ty sir dung phAn mem quan tri nOi dung
(CMS) dang ngay can tang len. 11Au het cac phAn mem quan tri not dung
dugc thiet ke ra a trg giup cac cong ty quan tri tat ca cac thong tin trong nOi
be doanh nghiep. Mk du gia thanh da giam xu6ng do viec thay the cac hinh
thirc luu trir thong tin truyen thong tren giay t6 sang luu tnt dinh clang then
tir, met vai ding ty bat au nhAn ra rang gia tri dich thuc cua nhimg van ban
do la thong tin chua dung trong cac he thing thong tin nay. Do vA'y, ho bat
dAu tim kiem cac he th6ng co the gifip hg quan tri cac tri thirc hcm la viec
chi bieu di& cac van ban hay hinh thirc cita tri thirc. Ck phAn mem nhu vAy
dugc ggi IA phAn mem quan tri tri fink (Knowledge Management).
Phan mem quan tri tri thirc giup cac cong ty b6n viec chinh sau: thu
thA'p va to chic thong tin, chia se thong tin cho nguoi sir dung, nang cao
nang luc cim nguoi sir dung trong cong tac, luu fru cac tri thin thu dugc qua
viec sir dung thong tin sao cho ngu6i sir dung trong Wong lai c6 the hoc had
kinh nghiem cua nhang nguei sir dung hien hanh. Plan mem quan tri tri
thirc cling bao g6m cac cong cu cho phep d9c cac van ban dien tir (vi du
duoi dinh long Microsoft Word hoc Adobe PDF), anh quet cila van ban,
thong diep dien tir, tin nhan, hoc cac trang web. Phan mem quan tri tri thirc
cung bao g6m cac ding cu tim kiem mph cho phep sir dung ngi'r nghia va
cac thuAt town th6ng ke de trg giup ngu6i dAng tim kiem cac nei dung va cac
tai nguyen khac de trg giup nguiyi dAng trong viec nghien cfru ding nhu ra
quyet dinh.
Ck phAn mem quan tri tri thirc dugc chAo bad mot s6 nhA cung cap
phAn mem lon bao g6m IBM Lotus Discovery Server, Microsoft SharePoint
Technologies. Ben cph do, ding cao 2 cong ty nho ham cung cap phAn mem
quan tri tri thirc khac do IA Entopia Quantum va. Miro Worlds Technologies
Scopeware. T6ng tri gia cho viec cai at phAn mem quan tri tri thirc bao
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g6m ca phan cling, ban quyen phan mem, phi to van thuong khoang to
50.000 den 1.000.000 USD.
(iv)Phdn edm phan tich du lieu (Data Mining)
Chuang trinh may chit web c6 the thu thap dugc cac thong tin ve nguad
sir dung khi h9 truy nhap vao website, cac thong tin nhu ai dang truy nhap,
truy nhap trong bao lau , bat du truy nhap vao luc nao, luc nao thi ket thitc,
va nguati sir dung da vao nhimg trang nao. Da lieu thu thap dugc nay se
dugc luu trir trong file nhat 14 (log file). Tuy nhien, t6c dO tang truamg cita
tep nhat 14, nay la rat nhanh, dac biet la nhimg trang web pht) bien thi c6 the
co hang tram nghin nguoi truy nhap trong mot ngay. Viec phan tich cac file
nhat 14 nay mot cach can than se thu dugc nhieu ket qua c6 lgi cho hoat
dOng kinh doanh. De nam dugc y nglila cua cac thong tin trong "nhat 14",
thong thuamg chimg to phai sir dung phan mem phan tich du lieu dm nha
cling cap thir ba. Chuang trinh nay c6 chirc nang tong hgp thong tin tir "nhat
kS," va dua ra cac bao cao cu the nhu bao nhieu nguati sir dung truy nhap
trang web mot ngay, gief, phut hoac thad gian nao thi s6 ngtriyi sir dung tang
dOt bien, hay trang nao trong website dugc nhieu nguad xem nhat, muc nao
dugc truy nhap nhieu nhat. Cac chucmg tinh phan tich "nhat ky website" phi
bien phai ke den cac san pham dm Analog, Keylime Software, Urchin Web
Analytics, Web Side Story va Webtrends.
(v) Tien ich Link
-checking va quan tri website doanh nghiep
MOt website quan tri chuyen dung bao g6m mgt tap cac co cite chuan,
bat du vai link-checking. Link-checker kiem tra tong trang tren website
xem co trang nao bi 18i, bi hong, hay c6 bat kY sit c6 nao do. NO ding cung
cap dugc thong tin ve cac tep "m6 coi", tire la cac tep khong dugc bat ky
trang web nao lien ket den trong website. MOt co the quan trong khac cua
website quart tri la kiem tra tinh hieu li,rc cua cac script va HTML. MOt vai
ding cu quan tri khac cif) the xac dinh dugc 18i ve cac trang va ma ngu6n,
liet ke danh sach cac duang lien ket hi 18i, va giri ket qua bao tri den nguad
quan tri qua thu dien tit.
D6i vai trang web dm cong ty, viec thuamg xuyen theo doi kiem tra cac
duamg lien ket la rat quan trong. MOt vai phan mem may chit web khong co
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tinh nang kiem tra duelng lien ket. MOt lien ket chet (dead link), la lien ket
khi truy nhap an no se thong bao loi thay vi hien thi nOi dung ciia lien ket d6.
Mqt vAi cong cu nhu Macromedia Dreamweaver dugc bao g6m ca co
the kiem tra duamg lien ket. HAu het cac phAn mem kiem tra lien ket la cac
chuang trinh chay rieng biet. MOt trong cac chuang trinh kiem tra lien ket
do IA Elsop LinkScan ma doanh nghiep c6 the tai mien phi phien ban dung
thir tir Internet. Ket qua dm cong viec kiem tra lien ket co the dugc dua ra
ngay tren cfra s6 cua trinh duyet web hoac dugc giri thu dien tir an mOt
nguiyi cu the. Ben canh viec kiem tra cac lien ket chuang trinh kiem tra
website con c6 the kiem tra chinh to va cac thanh phAn c6 cAu truc khac cua
trang web.
(vi). MOt so cac nha cung dip dich vu thuang mai (CSP — Commerce
Service Provider) co. ban
Sir dung dich vu luu tril web dia mOt nha cung cAp dich vu thay vi to
mua mOt may chili rieng dong nghia vai viec gbh nang nhan su va ding
nghe da chuyen tir doanh nghiep sang nha cung cAp dich vu luu tra web
(web hosting providers). Cac CSP co nhang lgi the tucmg to nhu loi the dm
cac nhA cung cAp dich vu internet (ISP), trong do co viec phan b6 chi phi
cua mOt website lan cho nhieu "nguad thue" website nho han. Ngoai ra, chi
phi thAp la lgi the lan nhAt vi nhA cung cAp dich vu luu tit da mua may chil,
cai dat va chiu trach nhiem van hanh may chii.
CSP cung cAp mien phi hoac voi gia re cac phAm mem thuang mai dien
tir de xay dung cac trang web thuang mai dien tit ma cac trang web nay sau
do lai dugc luu trir tren may cua CSP. Cac dich vu nay thuemg co gia
khoang 20USD/thang, va phAn mem nay dugc gan truc tiep vAo website cua
CSP, cho phep doanh nghiep ngay lap tirc xay dung va luu tit dugc website
cua minh vai giao dien cua phAn mem nay. Cac dich vu nay dugc thiet ke
cho cac doanh nghiep Who kink doanh truc tuyen, chi ban mOt so it cac mat
hang (thuemg kh6ng qua 50 nh6m hang) va co lugng giao dich tuang doi
nho (thuang it han 20 giao dich mOi ngay). ValueWeb, hoat dOng tir nam
1996, la mOt vi du thanh cong dien hinh cua cac CSP.
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CSP kilu Mall-Style
gian hang)
Cac CSP kieu Mall-style cung cap cho cac doanh nghiep nho ket not
Internet nhtmg cong cu tao trang web. Chi phi luu trit website hang thang
thtrang cao hcm so von chi phi tir nha cung cap dich vv website g6c. MOt vai
nha cung cap dich vv ding thu phi theo phAn tram va/hoac phi co dinh cho
moi giao dich von khach hang. Nhcmg nha cung cap dich vv nay cung cung
cap nhang cong cu chat lucmg cao, cac mAu gian hang, giao dien ca sir dung
va kha nang tao trang web nhanh va thuan tien.
Cac CSP kieu Mall-Style cung cap phAn mem gib mua hang hoac cho
phep sir dung phan mem gi6 mua hang tir cac nha cung cap khac. HQ ding
thvc hien quy trinh xir ly thanh toan vOi khach hang sir dung the tin dung
hoac hinh thirc thanh toan khac. CSP thay mat cho ngu6i ban thvc hien viec
chap nhan thanh toan bang the tin chimg. Mac du doanh nghiep dang tra phi
hang thang cho CSP, trang web khong phai hien thi bat k Si banner quang cao
nao, dieu nay gia tang mirc dO tap trung cua khach hang. Lqi ich thin to cua
CSP kieu Mall style la h9 cung cap cac cong cu duy tri va xay dimg website
c6 chat lucmg cao hcm so yen cac CSP co sor. Trong cac mo hinh thanh cong
dien hinh cua cac CSP kieu Mall-style c6 eBay Stores va Yahoo! Store.
Djch vu thwang mgi dien tir caa Yahoo!Store
Yahoo!Store la mOt trong se dich vv c6 chi phi cao nhat trong nhom
cac CSP kieu Mall. Yahoo!Store hoat dOng nhu mOt nha cung cap dich vu
luu tit web khong chi cho hang ngan cira hang nho, ma cho ca nhi-mg ten
Wei lan nhu Kennedy Center Space Shop hay tap chi Rolling Stone. NM -mg
cong ty nay van lap gian hang tren Yahoo ben canh website rieng cua h9, sir
dung Yahoo!Store nhu mOt cong cu ban le gia tang huOng ton cac khach
hang cua Yahoo. Cac cong ty khac neu kh6ng ban nhimg san pharn chinh
cua hQ trvc tier) tai khach hang tren mpg c6 the dung Yahoo!Store nhu mOt
toy rai quang cao cho nhimg khach hang ghe tham Yahoo.
Doanh nghiep c6 the tao, thay dei va duy tri cira hang tren Yahoo thong
qua trinh duyet web. Yahoo luu tit tat ca cac trang web tren may chi' dm
Yahoo. Yahoo cling xir 1ST cac giao dich thanh toan ten mOt may chi' an
toan. Khi mOt doanh nghiep dang kSt sir dung gian hang tren Yahoo, ten
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trang web dm doanh nghiep se la ten mien cap 2 dm Yahoo. Vi du
neu ten ding ty la BoldImpression.
De nang cap va duy tri gian hang, doanh nghiep truy cap voi ten truy
cap va mat khau cila minh, sau do sir dung cac cong cu truc tuyen de sira d6i
nOi dung trang web, them vao hoac xoa bat cac muc hang va thuc hien
nhiMg thao tac khac. Doanh nghiep ding có the sir dung Manager, mot san
pharn phan mem do Yahoo cung cap a kiem tra cac thong tin thong ke,
thiet lap cac phuong thirc thanh town, chon hinh thirc giri hang phi' hop va
thay ci61 cac cai dat. Khach vieng tham Yahoo truy cap gian hang thong qua
duimg link Yahoo! Shopping tren trang chu dm Yahoo.
5.1.3. M'Ot sá giai phdp thwong mcd dren ter cho doanh nghiep Tern
5.1.3.1. Intershop Enfinity
Intershop Enfinity MultiSite la giai phap thuong mai dien tir cho phep
doanh nghiep trang bay va tim kiem san pham, gio mua hang, xir ly giao
dich vori the tin dung truc tuyen va kha nang ket not voi cac he th6ng thong
tin va co sa dit lieu khac cifa doanh nghiep. Intershop Enfinity MultiSite
gem be, cong cu ho fro cai dat, cong cu tao catalog va quan tri dit lieu, deng
thiyi phan mem nay ding cung cap nhieu mAu gian hang ducfc thiet ke san.
Viec quan tri va thay d6i s6 lieu cho gian hang duoc thuc hien qua Internet
thong qua mot trinh duyet web hoac truc tiep tren may chit. Module quan ly
hang ten kho theo doi lucmg hang ten kho va cho phdp quan ly ra soat s6
lucmg timg mix hang con san co, kiem soat va thong ke cac giao dich xuat
nhap hang. Phan mem cho phep doanh nghiep ap dung cac bien phap Vic
tien thucmg mai khac nhau, vi du nhu chit khau dirge thuc hien a dang,
nguiyi quan IS, chi can xac dinh nguyen tic chit khau va khoang thori gian
ap dung chit khau rei cap nhat vao phan mem. MOt ph'a'n quan tong dm he
th6ng nay la module quan tri co sa dit
Intershop Enfinity MultiSite co the van hanh vOi nhieu co sa da lieu
khac nhau, vi du nhu DB2 (co so M lieu dm IBM) hoac cac co so dir lieu
cifa Oracle. Phan mem nay ding tich hop cong cu giri email to dOng, co the
giri xac nhan don hang to dOng tai khach hang. Enfinity ding h6 tro d6i voi
cac cong ngh'e bao mat nhim thuc hien cac giao dich an town. Cong cu thong
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ke cho phep xay dung nhieu loai bao cao giiip theo cloi hoat deng cua
website, s6 khach troy cap ding nhu cac thao tac, hanh vi cita khach hang
tren website.
5.1.3.2. IBM WebSphere Commerce Professional Edition (Phcin mem
WebSphere Throng mgi czia IBM Phien ban Chuyen nghiep)
IBM xay dung phan mem IBM WebSphere Commerce Professional
Edition gam met s6 phan mem phit hap cho viec ban hang truc tuy6n cua
cac doanh nghiep vita va lOn. Phan mem nay bao gam: cac mlu catalog, quy
trinh cai dat va cac dog cu tien tien cho viec tao catalog de ha trg ding ty
trong viec tao ra met trang web thuang mai dien tir hap din va hieu qua.
IBM WebSphere Commerce Professional Edition dugc sir dung cho ca mo
hinh B2B va B2C, dang then c6 the ket not de dang voi cac 110 thong thong
tin hien hanh cua doanh nghiep nhu quan tri nhan su, cac ca so dit lieu hang
tan kho, he thong mua sam truc tuyen, quan tri quan he khach hang.
IBM WebSphere Commerce c6 the chay dugc tren nhieu he dieu hanh
khac nhau. Doanh nghiep co the khOi dAu yen met gian hang nho, sau do
nang cap thanh gian hang kin hon. Phan mem c6 cong cu de xay dung cac
gian hang dien tir met cach de dang. Cac chirc nan khac nhu thanh toan, ha
trg khach hang... c6 the dugc ba sung bang cach thuc hien cac lenh c6 sin
hoc viet ma. Doanh nghiep co de clang cap nhat cac san pham, gia ca va
hinh anh san pham. IBM WebSphere Commerce Professional Edition cling
cho phep dang tai cac san pham co the download dugc tir mang, nhu ban
nhac hoc phan mem.
Mac du WebSphere dua ra rat nhieu lua chon v'e cac chirc ruing,
chuemg trinh tien ich va cac lenh de doanh nghiep co the tao ra met gian
hang tut tuyen theo so thich, a sir dung dugc doanh nghiep can co lap
trinh vien viet yen ngon net JavaScript, Java hoc C++. Phan mem nay co tat
ca nhang dac thit cila met website thuang mai dien tit tieu chuan, bao gam
cac cong cu tao gio mua hang, thOng bao bang email sau khi thuc hien xong
don hang, ho trq giao dich an toan, khuyen mai va giam gia, theo dOi thuc
hien don hang, lien ket ten he thOng ke toan doanh nghiep va quail Vi
website tnirc tiep hoc tir xa qua trinh duyet web.
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5.1.3.3. Microsoft Commerce Server (cac phien ban tit 2002 den nay)
Microsoft Commerce Server cho phep doanh nghiep ban san pham va
dich vu tren mpg bang cach sir dung cac ding cu nhu: quan l5r khach hang,
xir ly giao dich, quan ly san pham va dich vu, marketing theo khach hang.
Microsoft Commerce Server thiet lap mot quy trinh huang dAn nguari dung
xay dung nen website thong qua mot s6 btrac, tuy nhien ngueyi quan lSr
website phai viet b6 sung mot s6 doan ma chuang trinh nhat dinh de dam
bao phan mem nay dap irng nhang yeu eau sir dung. Cong cu Visual
Studio.NET, dugc cung cAp kern yen Microsoft Commerce Server cho phep
doanh nghiep c6 the thud hien cac tuy bien d61 van website da xay dung.
Ngoai ra, Microsoft Commerce Server cung cAp them cac ding cu gitip
doanh nghiep g'an ket von khach hang, to dOng thud hien va ket fink don
hang va phan tich cac thong tin ban hang. Commerce Server cung cAp ding
cu cho vied quang cao, khuyen mai, ban hang, dac biet c6 the ca biet h6a cac
dich vu doi yen tong khach hang.
Microsoft Commerce Server 2002 cung cAp cac bao cao theo clang dinh
sari de phan tich hoat &Ong cua website va phan tich s6 lieu ban hang.
Microsoft Commerce Server 2002 ding cung cAp ding cu gio mua hang, xac
nhan hoan tat mua hang bang email, va ho trg giao dich an town. Phan mem
nay c6 the ket n6i voi cac he thong ke toan cua doanh nghiep, ding thin nha
quan ly ding c6 the theo doi town be, hog dOng kinh doanh thong qua trinh
duyet web.
5.1.3.4. Phein mem thwang mai align to danh cho doanh nghiep lan
(Enterprise-Class)
Tren thi tnriYng hien nay ding c6 mot s6 san pham danh cho doanh
nghiep lan van cu6ng dO giao dich cao, quy mo lern nhu IBM WebSphere
Commerce Business Edition, Oracle E-Business Suite, va Broadvision One-
To-One Commerce
Phan mem thuang mai dien tit danh cho doanh nghiep lorn cung cap cac
ding cu lien ket va ho trg cho cac hoat &Ong mua sam, san xuAt va ban hang
dia doanh nghiep. Phan lan cac ding ty thuong mai B2B d cit hang tai cac
dOi tac cung cAp von cac quy trinh da dugc thong nhAt giaa cac ben. De ban
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san pham, phan mtm thuang mai dien tir cung cap cac chuan cho giao dich
thuang mai dien tir nhu xir 15/ va hoan thien giao dich dam bao an toan,
chinh xac han. Vi du, phan mtm c6 tht twang tac voi he th6ng quan l5r hang
ton kho cua cOng ty va tien hanh nhung ditu chinh phu hop, tao dan mua
hang voi nhang mat hang c6 luting eon kho giam xu6ng mirc thap va nhap
clit lieu ke toan trong he th6ng ERP hoac he th6ng ltru
Trong trutmg hop giao dich B2C, khach hang sir dung trinh duyet web
cua minh de tim kiem catalog san pham. VOi hang s6 h6a khach hang c6 tht
tai san pham trkrc tiep tir website, hoac c6 the ditn vao dan hang a mua ban
cung. May chit dugc n6i yen cac he th6ng khac, Om he tilling quan tri ca so
du lieu, may chii ban hang va may chu cho cac img dung. Ca se dir lieu
thuang chira hang trieu dOng thong tin vt cac san pham, gia ca, *mg hang
thong tin va lich sir mua hang dm khach hang. Th6ng ke cac giao dich
mua sam cua khach hang cho phep website dua ra cac gqi 5, hay de xuat vai
khach hang thtrimg xuyen dac biet khi ho troy lai tham cac muc hang c6 lien
quan.
Cac cong ty luu frit dir lieu vt khach hang, qua trinh khach hang truy
cap web se dugc ltru vao ca str dir lieu len, sir dung nhimg cong cu chuyen
dung de phan tich nhang dir lieu nay nham cai thien m6i quan he \Teri khach
hang. Nhang dir lieu nay thutmg gom cac thong tin dm thug khach hang,
cac trang web ho xem, thai gian vieng tham teen mOi trang, cac san pham
ducrc xem va mua... quan ly to t tat ca cac hog dOng nay, cac website
thuang mai dien tir lan thuting sir dung module phan mtm quan ly quan he
khach hang (CRM). Ben canh do, cac cong ty ding six dung cong cu de tich
hop he th6ng san xuat cua minh voi he th6ng thong tin dm nha cung cap,
khi d6 website thuang mai dien tir c6 them module phan mtm quan tri cung
img (SCM).
Sir dung hieu qua cac cong cu ten cho phep doanh nghiep ket not
khach hang, doanh nghiep va nha cung cap. Chia se thong tin giaa cac ben
la mOt Ong l%rc de thu but khach hang truy cap website cua doanh nghiep,
d6ng thai nha cung cap ding co thong tin de len ke hoach cung cap bleu qua
va kip thOi han. Phan mtm thuang mai dien tir cung co them cac module
cho phep ter Ong quan l5, va thay doi thong tin tren website.
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5.1.3.5. Phcin mem quail tri quan he ved khach hang (CRM — Customer
Relationship Management)
Muc dich cua CRM la tim hieu nhu eau nhAt dinh cua tong khach hang
va sau d6 tiny bin san pham hoac dich vu a dap img nhang nhu cAu d6.
Thong thuang, khach hang se san sang tra gia cao han cho cac san phAm va
dich vu ma dap img chinh xac nhu cau cua hg. Mac di' cac cong ty co the co
cac ky thuat CRM khac nhau, song cac cong ty k'm co the d'au tu nhang
phan mem tu dOng hoa hAu het nlang hoat dOng cua CRM.
Ph'an mem CRM phai nhan so lieu tir phan mem tac nghiep thuc hien
cac hoat &Ong nhu: tu &Ong h6a ban hang, phuc vu khach hang va quang
cao. Phan mem nay ding giup thu thap dir lieu ve cac thao tac cita khach
hang tren trang web dm doanh nghiep. Phan mem CRM sir dung cac dir lieu
nay a giiip cac nha quan ly tin hanh phan tich chin lugc marketing, m8
hinh hanh vi khach hang, My bin san pham dich vu,... de dap img nhu cAu
cua mot hoac mot Whom khach hang nhAt dinh. Dan gian nhat, CRM sir
dung cac th8ng tin ve khach hang a ban cho h9 nhieu san pham han hoac
san pham co lqi ich cao han. Vai tinh nang cao km, CRM thuong xuyen
truyen dat cho khach hang nhang kinh nghiem mua hang tot va hqp 1$, nhAt.
CRM dong vai tro rat quan trong trong viec duy tri su trang thanh cita khach
hang vai doanh nghiep, dac biet trong trtrimg hqp quy trinh mua hang mat
nhieu th6i gian va phirc tap nhu thiet ke va lip dat may m6c theo yeu eau
cua khach hang, thiet ke san pham phan mem, cung cap cac giai phap tong
the ve san xuat...
MOt s6 cong ty tu viet phan mem CRM sir dung tu van tir ben ngoai va
nhan luc cita cling ty. Trong nhitng nam gar' day, cac nha san xuAt phan
mem da nang cao chAt lugng va tin ich trong phan mem CRM. Do d6, cac
cong ty lan co xu hugng mua toan bO phan mem CRM thay vi tu dau tu de
phat triln nhang phan mem nay.
5.1.3.6. Philn mem quan tri day chuy'n cung zing (SCM)
Phan mem SCM ho trg doanh nghiep trong viec phOi h9p hoat dOng
cim doanh nghiep vo7 cac nha cung cap de dugc cung img (IL vao nhanh va
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hieu qua nhat. Phan mem SCM thuang c6 hai chirc nang ca ban: len Ice
hoach va thuc hien ke hoach. HAu het cac ding ty deu cung cap phAn mem
SCM von hai chirc nang tren vai mire d6 chi tiet khac nhau. Phan mem lap
ke hoach SCM gifip cong ty dua ra cac du bao dua tren nhimg th6ng tin dm
cac thanh vien trong day chuyen cung frng. Phan mem thuc hien ke hoach
SCM gifip cong ty thuc hien cac nhiem vu nhu quan tri kho hang va phan
ph6i. Hien nay c6 hai ding ty cung cap phan mem SCM hang du la i2
Technologies va Manugistics.
San pharn i2 Technologies g6m cac b0 phan quail 15/ viec lap ke hoach ve
nhu eau, lap ke hoach cung (mg va dap frng nhu eau d6. Module lap ke hoach
danh gia luting cAu gom nhieu thuat toan khac nhau duac tuy bien phu hap
von timg thi triremg. Module nay c6 nhiem vu xem xet cach thirc mua sam cua
khach hang va dua ra nhang du bao. Module lap ke hoach ding ph6i hap
phan phan ph6i, du bao mire hang ton kho, mua hang va phan b6 hang cung
img. Module thuc hien dan hang c6 nhiem vu thuc hien viec quan tri don
hang, xac mink khach hang va thuc hien dan hang.
San phai' n Manugistics SCM bao Om module lap Ice hoach g6c von chirc
ming dieu 'chi& cac yeu t6 khac cila he th6ng; module quan tri van tai, lap Ice
hoach san xuat, lap ke hoach mua hang va quark 1y nguyen vat lieu.
Chi phi tip dung phAn mem SCM rat khac nhau tay thuc vao mOt s6
diem trong day chuytn cung frng nhu cfra hang ban 16, kho hang, trong tam
phan ph6i va cac nha may san xuat
5.1.3.7. He thong quan try nguOn luc doanh nghiep tich hop (ERP)
Nhitu website B2B phai co kha nang ke't n6i von cac he thong thong tin
not bo cua doanh nghiep, viec nay duqc thuc hien thong qua phan mem
Quin 1S, ngutn luc doanh nghiep (ERP). Phan mem ERP la he th6ng cat
module phan mem duac tich hap thanh mOt he th6ng nham quan 15 , mai hoat
d6ng cua doanh nghiep, tir ke toan, quan 15, mua hang, san xuat, marketing,
len ke hoach, quan tri du an, va cac chirc nang quan 1ST tien. Cac nha cung
cap phan mem ERP chit Ou hien nay Om Baan, Oracle, PeopleSofft (hien
nay thuc Oracle) va SAP.
226
Phat trail) h'4 &Ong
• Thiet ke he tilting
•
Xay dung 4' thong
•
Thir nghi'On 4 tilting
•
Xay chrng Tai Ruhtrang clan
VtIn Minh h§ timing
•
Cai at 4 th6ng
•
Van hanh hO thong
•
Baa tri he thOng
5.2. Trien khai dv an thiroug mai coign tir trong doanh nghib
5.2.1. Cdc phwong phdp trian khai du• an thtrang mgi dien tir trong
doanh nghtep
tritn khai du an thucmg mai dien tir trong doanh nghiep, nha quan ly
c6 the lua chan mot trong cac phuang phap sau:
- Doanh nghi'ep sir dung nguOn nOi tut de xay dung he thOng, xay dung
phan m6'm img dung thuang mai dien tir.
- Doanh nghiep mua he thOng ben ngoai.
5.2.2. Quy trinh xay dvngphim m'dm ring dung thwang mai dien ter
5.2.2.1. Phumg phap SDLC (System Development Life Cycle)
Phucmg phap SDLC can c6 ten la phucmg phap thac nu6c (Waterfall) -
tri 'en khai du an he tilling thong tin theo tirng buac (nhu thac nu6c)
Hinh 5.4: Phtrcrng phi') SDLC
Lap ke ho#ch
•
Lap ke hoach
•
MO to N thOng
Ngudn: Trang 376, Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Cdc bit& trian khai
thuc hien phuang phap nay doanh nghiep can thuc hien lAn lucrt 9
buorc bad timg bu6c c6 mOi lien he mat thief vai nhau, btrac tnrac lam ti&n
de cho buck sau.
227
Giai don 1: Li.ip ke hoch (Definition Phase):
Buck I. Llip ke hooch (Feasibility analysis)
Trong buck dau tien nay can xac dinh cu the he thOng thong tin can xay
dung. Ba nOi dung can de cap den la pham vi dm he thOng, lqi ich kinh t6
ma he thOng se mang lai va ke hoach van hanh.
Ban ke hoach cua du an can chi ra muc dich xa'y dung he tilting thong
tin a thuc hien nhimg ding viec gi, nhang ket qua ma he thOng se mang lai,
nhang img dung nao se dugc trien khai, lam the nao de c6 dugc cac phAn
mem frng dung do va he thOng can mot ca sof du lieu nhu the nao. MOt yeu
cau het sire quan tr9ng la can phai xac dinh dugc pham vi hoat Ong dm he
thong: d6i tugng phuc vu cila he thOng, cac hoat dOng cu the dm he thong.
Ve mat kinh te, dOi du an can phan tich xem can phai dAu tu bao nhieu
cho du an, du tru nhang chi phi co the giam bat; nhiing nguOn thu c6 the tao
ra (doanh thu co dugc tir viec tang Vic dO ra quyet dinh, cai then quy trinh
lap ke hoach va quan 13'T hay c6 them nhung co hOi kinh doanh mai); ding
• nhu nhimg lgi ich khac ma N thOng co the mang lai cho boat Ong chung
dia doanh nghiep. Ben canh do, ding can luu $r rang, nhang lgi ich kinh te
ma he thOng thong tin mang lai khong chi la nhimg lgi ich co the do dem
dugc ma con c6 ca nhimg 19i ich vo hinh nhu: he tilting se gifip DN cai then
dich vu khach hang, gitip DN c6 nhfing thong tin chinh xac, ding tin cay va
day du de dua ra cac quy6t dinh kinh doanh mot cach nhanh chang, cla lieu
se dugc xu 1$r nhanh hon. Mat khac, viec danh gia nhimg lgi ich ma du an
mang lai ding can phai xem xet nhang rui ro co the gap phai. Khong nen
trien khai mot du an co mire dO riu ro cao ma lqi ich thap.
Viec xac dinh s6 tien dau tu can thiet cho du an la het suc quan trQng.
Tn.rac het can hach toan chi phi theo ke hoach thuc hien du an cu the theo
tuAn hoac theo thing va du kien .chi phi tong the cho town bO qua trinh lip
dat va van hanh he thOng.
228
Bang 5.2. Chi phi dinh cho 'Lay dtrng hg thOng
Cac hoot d9ng % tong chi phi
.
nh tie . A Tha
n
(US Dollar)
Giai down Lap ke hoach
Lap k6' hoach 5 50.000
Mo to he th6ng 25 250.000
Giai down phat trien 14' tilting
Thiet k6 N th6ng 15 150.000
Xay dung he theing 15 150.000
Kimdinh he th6ng 13 130.000
Xay chmg tai lieu huemg dan 12 120.000
Giai down van hanh 14 thong
Gem Cai dat, Van hanh va Bao
tri he th6ng 15 150.000
Total 100% 1.000.000
Trang 377, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Mat khac, ban ke hoach can xay dung ke hoach thuc hien du an bao
g6m nhiem vu, cac ngutm lac can huy dOng va khung thiri gian thuc hien.
Khung then gian thuc hien chinh la dinh ra cac m6c thuc hien du an la
nhi-mg thOi diem quan trQng danh dau nhitng nhiem vu dugc hoan thanh.
Buyit 2: Mo to h? thong (requirements definition)
Sau khi ban ke hoach da dugc thOng qua thi buoc tiep theo la mo to he
th6ng. MOt ban mo to he th6ng day du, chinh xac se guy& dinh viec doanh
nghiep xay dung dugc mot he th6ng thong tin phit hgp va co chitin lucre phat
trien he th6ng dung dan. Ngtrgc lai, neu ban m8 to he th6ng thong tin ldfong
chuan xac se dan den viec doanh nghiep phai be, ra rat nhieu chi phi de xay
dung mOt he th6ng lchong phit hop va tham chi con phai chi nhieu han s6
tindAu to ban au de sira ai he thong.
229
Do tinh chat quan tong a buck nay ma cac chuyen gia ding nghe thong
tin an tham khao y kien cua nhcmg ngoai se sir dung he thOng va nhang
nguiyi chiu trach nhiem van hanh he thOng. Co the sir dung cac phucrng thirc
da dang a lay S, tuang xay dung ban m6 to he titling dia cac ben co lien
quan. Can xin y kien chi dao cua cac lanh dao, phong van tong Ca nhan hoac
theo nhom cac dai dien cua ding dOng nhang nguai se sir dung he thOng
thong tin. Ngoai ra nen nghien ciru cac tai lieu co lien quan nhu cac ke
hoach kinh doanh, nhang y kien than phien ve he thOng hien tai, cac ban mo
to cong viec chuyen mon dm cac bo phan, hay tham chi la cac ding trinh
nghien cunt ve cac he thong tucmg tu. Nhttng nguOi thuc hien ban m8 to c6
the quan sat qua trinh tac nghiep cua cac nhan vien trong doanh nghiep tir da
c6 the nam bat dugc nhung kho khan, tra ngai va cac loi thuong gap de tir d6
xay dung dugc mot he thOng se hO trg khac phuc nhang nhugc diem d6.
Ban mo to nay nen tap trung mo to cac quy trinh, cach thirc luu chuyen
va trao dOi dir lieu han la mo to ve cach thlk lap dat va van hanh he thOng
thong tin. Ban mo to can neu dugc nhang yeu cau cu the d6i vai he thOng de
nhimg nguoi chiu trach nhiem xay dung he thiing co the theo doi va thuc
hien dung theo mo td. Trong qua trinh xay dung ban mo to c6 the nay sinh
nlifing y kien bat dOng gifra nhang ngoai se sir dung he thOng, do d6 cac
chuyen gia can dua ra nhang phan tich cu the va chinh xac de cc!) the dat
dugc su dOng thuan, ngoai ra doanh nghiep ding co the thue cac chuyen gia
tir van ben ngoai de co the nhanh chong xay dung dugc mot ban mo to he
thOng phu hop.
Ket qua cila buck nay la ban M8 to he tilting thong tin cu the bao g6m
m8 to cac yeti to dau vao va dau ra cua he thOng, va cac quy trinh dugc sir
dung de chuyen hea cac di"' lieu dau vao thanh nhimg ket qua theo yeu cau.
Ban mo to co the day hang tram tang vai cac so dO, mo hinh mieu to chi tiet
ve he thong. DOng thoi trong d6 nen dua vao phan tich chi phi ding nhu
nhang ket qua du kien thu duck tir he thOng nay va ke hoach phat trien du
an tier) theo. Sau khi lap ban mo to he thOng can yeu cau nhang nguiYi se sir
dung he thOng ky xac nhan ve nhung yeu eau dOi vai he thOng th6ng tin.
230
Giai doon 2: Phat train 14 thong (Construction Phase)
Mr& 3: Thiit kg he thiing (System Design)
Trong buck nay, cac chuyen gia he thong thong tin se dua tren Ban mo
to he thong trong buac 2 6 thiet ke ca sa ky thuAt cho he thong. Cac
chuyen gia se dua ra quyet dinh se sir dung cac thiet bi phAn ding gi va phAn
mem 14 thong nao de van hanh he thong, thiet ke cAu triic va nOi dung ca sa
du lieu, va quyet dinh dung cat thiet bi truyen thong nao cho he then.
Nhung not dung can thiet k6 bao gem: giao dien nguari sir dung, cach thirc
to chirc dir lieu, each thirc khai thac he thong qua mang, quy trinh xir ly dir
lieu. Thiet ke met he thing phii harp la rat quan trong bad tinh chAt ky thuAt
dia he thong khong the be sung sau nay, no phai dugc thiet ke phu hop cho
he thong ngay tir ban au.
Met he thong tot la he thing co cac cong cu quan ly dAy du nham dam
bao dir lieu dm he thong luon chinh xac va cac thOng tin ma 14 timing cung
cAp luon chuAn xac. Ben canh di, he thong nay phai co de tin coy cao, bAt
cir khi nao xay ra su c6, he thong au co the hei phuc va tiep tuc hog dOng
ma khong bi mat du lieu. He thong can hog dOng lien tuc va khong bi tac
di:mg bari cac thay dei nho tir mOi truemg ben ngoai. He thong ding cung cAp
cho may tinh cua nhang nguad dung cac img dung lien quan de dir lieu co
the dugc trao dei de dang. He thing can hoat deng hieu qua, nhanh ching
dap img cac yeu cAu dugc giri den, xir ly tot va kip thad cac dir lieu dugc giri
den va truyen dir lieu di, luu tit tot dir lieu va sir dung triet de cac tai
nguyen tren may tinh. He thong can co tinh linh hog va day di' dir lieu de
cung cAp cho nguad dung ding nhu cac chuyen vien he thong. He thong can
co cac lira ch9n de dAu vao va dAu ra cua no co the tucmg thich dugc vOi
phAn cung va molt truing cac phan mem img dung dm no va co the a clang
thay din hay bao duong. Cuei cimg he th6ng can "than thien" voi nguari
dung: a II, va sir dung.
Nham dam bao cho he thong dugc thiet k'e chinh xac va dAy du, cac
chuyen gia he thong can lien tuc thin nghiem he thong truac vai cac den
nghiep, sau do la cac nguari dung bang cach sir dung cac me hinh de h9a.
Ket qua co dugc a buo.c nay la met ban thiet ke chi tit de cung cap cho
cac lap trinh vien va cac nhan vien ky thuAt. Ban thiet ke can dirge the hien
231
duoi nhieu gOc dO khac nhau nha dugc tao ra bai rAt nhieu cac loaf cong cu,
nhu Neu di bleu thi cAu true he thong. Ban thiet ke can mieu to chi tiet cac
ca sa du lieu va cac chucmg trinh img dung cho he thing. Ding thin can
dua ra mOt ban ke hoach thtrc hien cac buac tiep theo trong giai clop nay.
Sau do, ban thiet ka nay can dugc cac nguai dung va nhung nguai quan 1ST
he thong thong qua truck khi thvc su bat tay vao xay dtmg he thong thong
tin trong doanh nghiep.
Buoy 4: Xdy &pig he thong (System Building)
Tai bulk nay cac chuyen gia se thtrc hien xay dung 110 thong mOt each
thtrc to dtra ten nhiing gi d'a dugc thiet ke a biz& truce. D6 la xay dtmg
giao dien nguai sir dung, xay dung ca sa dor lieu, xay dtmg cac thanh phAn
cua mang va viet cac chuung trinh xir ly do. lieu. Cac chuyen gia 110 thong
thong tin la nhirng nguoi se chiu trach nhiem dux hien cac hoat Ong nay.
Tuy nhien nguai diing cong dong vai to quan trong trong viec g6p y cho
nhimg thieu sot va ho trg cac chuyen gia khi can lam ro cac y'eu cau neu ra
trong ban mo to cong nhu ban thiet ke he thong.
Bwor 5: Kam dinh he thong (System Testing)
Day la btrac het size quan trong va thai gian danh cho buck nay CO the
ngang bang vai thai gian dung de thiet ke va xay dung he thong. Muc dich
dia buck nay la de dam bao he thong dugc tao ra phu hgp vai cac yeu cAu
dugc dua ra tnror do, va xem he thong hog Ong co hieu qua khong va tinh
bao mat ciia he thong co tot khong.
Tnrac hat cac chuyen vien he dicing thong tin lien hanh chay thir he
thong, sau do se chay thir cho nguai dung kiem tra.
Cac chuyen vien he thong chiu trach nhiem kiem dinh he thong de dam
bao tao ra mot 110 thong c6 chAt lugng cao va hoat Ong hieu qua. Quy trinh
kiem dinh se la: talk tien can tin hanh ki0m tra tong phAn viec, kiem tra
xem cac nhom c6 tucmg tac vai nhau khong, cu6i ding la kiem tra town bO
he thong va chay thir toan bO he thong. Cac loi cita he thong c6 the dugc
phat hien qua tat ca cac khau trong qua trinh chay thir. Tuy nhien viec sira
chi-7a cac 181 nay se rAt khO khan & khau cu6i ding khi rAt nhieu bO phan da
232
dugc IC& not vori nhau. Do do, can danh phan lan thai gian cho viec phat
hien va sira loi a khau kitm tra cuOi ding nay.
Nhang nguai sir dung he thOng ding tham gia vao hoat dOng kitm dinh
he thOng. Day lA buck kitm tra cuOi cung de quytt dinh xem nguai dung c6
chip nhan he thOng khong. Nguai dung se chay thir he thOng de danh gia
nang luc hoat dOng dm he thOng co dap Ong yeu cau cua ho khong. Viec
nguai dung tham gia vao giai down chay thir nghiem he thOng nay se dam
bao cho viec ho se chip nhan sir dung he thOng mOi va hoat dOng nay ding
se cung cap cho nguai dung kiln thirc ca ban ve he thOng dat nen ming cho
khau huan luyen nguai dung he thOng sau nay.
Bwerc 6: Xily dung tai lieu hufmg dim (Documentation)
TAi lieu huang din he thOng la nhimg thOng tin Wet sire can thitt nharn
cung c lap cho cac thanh vien trong dOi du an trong qua trinh phat tritn he
thOng boi he thong thong tin rat pht'rc tap va khong tht bitu dat htt dugc khi
mo to bang lai noi.
Giai clop 3: Lip d#t va van Minh 14 thong (Implementation Phase)
Bw4c 7: Cai dfit he thong
Cac chuyen vien he thOng va ca ngu6i dimg se cung tham gia tich cuc
vao buac nay. Cac hoat dOng can thuc hien bao gem chuytn du lieu tir he
thOng di sang he thOng mai. Nguoi dimg se phai tham gia vao viec chuytn
dOi du lieu, ben canh do, nhung di!' lieu di co tht khong chuin xac va khong
day du nen can cac nguai dimg kitm dinh lai va loai bo bat.
MOt hoat dOng khac ding rat quan trong IA t6 chirc tap huin cho nhimg
nguai se sir dung he thOng mai cling nhu nhitng ngu6i se chili anh huang
bei hoat dOng cua he thOng. Cac lap tap huin can dugc len lich sao cho dam
bao moi ngu0i da dugc trang bi day du ky nang khi he thOng dugc dua vao
van hAnh nhung cung khong nen to chirc cac lap tap huin qua sem vi nhu
vay m9i nguai se quen nhung kiln thirc da dugc h9c.
Ngoai ra, cac chuyen vien he thOng se chit' tract' nhiem lip dat phan
cung va cAi dat cac phan mem img dung va mang truytn thong.
233
Viec chuyen di sang he thong man se lA met qua trinh khO khan dei
vari nguOi dimg bbi he thong man se lAm thay dei cac hoat deng cua doanh
nghiep. Nguari dimg khong chi phai hgc each sir dung he thong mad ma con
phai thay di th6i quen lam viec cita h9. Them chi cac phan mem irng dung
có the rat hoan hao nhung viec van hanh he thong c6 the that bai neu nguari
dimg kh8ng muen dimg he thong hoac khong biet each sir dung no nhu the
nao. Vi vay qua trinh chuyen di can dugc thuc hien het sire can than.
Doanh nghiep c6 the sir dung cac chitin lugc sau de chuyen doi nguari
dimg to he thong di sang sir dung he thong mai.
Chien lugc van hanh song song (Parallel Strategy): Doanh nghiep van
duy tri he thong cu hoat deng song song vari he thong mad cho den khi he
thong mai chay tot va di vao en dinh. Day la chitin lugc chuyen dei "than
tong" bai no cho phep doanh nghiep sir dung he thong cu trong tnrong hgp
he thong mei gap true frac. Tuy nhien, se rat kho quan l5r cac hoat Ong dm
doanh nghiep bai nhan vien se phai ding thari sir dung ca hai he tilting va
phai so sanh ket qua vai nhau de khang dinh dugc he thong mei hoat dOng
tot. Hon nita, khi c6 su trai ngugc gitra ket qua cita hai he thong thi lai can
phai kiem tra lai xem nguyen nhan la do dau va sira lai, vi vay, viec lien
hanh sir dung hai he thong song song rat kW) khan va cang thang.
Hinh 5.5: Chien lime van hanh song song
Nguon. Trang 381, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Chiin hrov van hanh thi diem (Pilot Strategy)
Chien lugc nay rat thich hop khi c6 the sir dung he thong mei cho met
phan cua doanh nghiep. Muc dich cua chitin lugc nay IA a phat hien va giai
quy6t cAng nhieu cac van a có the nay sinh trong qua trinh van hAnh he
thong truOc khi sir dung he thong cho town be to chtrc. Vi du, tai nhimg
234
doanh nghiep c6 nhieu chi nhanh, thi c6 the sir dung thi diem he th6ng man
tai mOt chi nhanh va thu thap cac kink nghiem trong viec chuyen di dir lieu
cling nhu giai guy& cac 18i phat sinh truac khi van hanh he th6ng trong town
doanh nghiep. Neu trong qua trinh van hanh thi diem N th6ng gap lOi nang
thi di the tri hoan viec irng dung trong town doanh nghiep cho den khi giai
quyet duorc van 6 do mOt each triet de. Chien lugc thi diem nay rat pha hop
khi c6 to ngai ve nhimg rai ro 16m c6 the xay ra d6i voi t6 chirc khi van hanh
i* th6ng mOi.
Hinh 5.6. Chien hrqc van hanh thi diem h§ thong m6i
Ngudn: Trang 381, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Chian lucre b (tc thang (Phasing Strategy)
DiSi voi cac doanh nghiep co he th6ng lOn va phirc tap thi nen chuyen
di N thong timg buac mOt. Doanh nghiep se chia nho he th6ng thanh cac
N th6ng nh6 trong m6i tucmg quan von nhau va van hanh cac he th6ng nho
theo tang buOc nhat dinh mOt cach logic de cu6i cling co the lien ket cac he
th6ng nay lai voi nhau thanh mOt i* thiing moi hoan chinh. Vi du, van mOt
N th6ng xir lST dan hang va quan 1St kho hang lOn thi truac het doanh nghiep
can chuyen d6i cach thirc nhap va xir 1S, dan hang, sau do chuyen ai
phuang that quan lS, kho hang bang cac phan mem may tinh va cuoi ding
mai la lien ket hai N th6ng nay voi nhau.
Hinh 5.7. Chien hrqc Igic thang
Ngudn: Trang 382, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
235
CNA hrov thay thi toan bo (Cutover Strategy)
Trong chitin lucre nay, doanh nghiep loaf bo hoan town he thOng cu khi
van hanh he thOng mai. Day la chitin lucre có tinh ruf ro cao nhAt nhung day
la chitin lucre phit hop khi doanh nghiep gip kho khAn trong viec cling hie
van hanh Ca hai he thOng va no ding giup doanh nghiep thich nghi vai he
th6ng mai nhanh hon.
Hinh 5.8. Chien luqc thay the toin bq
Nguem: Trang 382, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Burk 8: Vgn hanh he thOng
T4i btrac nay, thong thuang dOi du an se giai tan va trach nhiem d6i vai
he th6ng thong tin se dugc chuyen giao cho dOi net van hanh may tinh va
hO to ky thuat. Trong qua trinh chuyen giao nay, de dam bao có the dua he
thOng vao hoat dOng thi dOi du an can giao lai cac tai lieu huong dart cho dOi
net van hanh he tilting. Tai lieu huang dan bao gOm cac tai lieu ky thuat
danh cho cac chuyen vien he thOng nhimg ngtrai se van hanh va bao tri he
thOng va cac tai lieu danh cho nguai dung he thOng.
Burk 9: Belo tri he thong
Muc dich cua buoy nay nhim kiem soat va ho trg he thOng mai de dam
bao no dap img dugc nhiing muc tieu khac nhau cua doanh nghiep. Cong
viec truck tien la bao tri chinh sta. Sau khi he thOng dugc dua vao hoat
dOng va phat sinh cac Van de thi phai lien hanh hoat &Ong bao tri he th6ng
de sira chfra cac 18i da lchong dugc phat hien va sira chira trong giai doan
chay thir. Hoat dOng bao tri hoan thien he thOng nhu thay d6i quy tic quart
1)", he thOng hay sir dung cac phAn mem va phAn cling mai can dugc thuc
hien nham bien d61 he thong cho phu hop vai nhang thay dOi trong moi
truang cua doanh nghiep. Ben c4nh do, sau mot thoi gian dua he th6ng vao
236
sir dung thi cac nguad dung, dac biet la lanh dao se dua ra rat nhieu y kien
cai tien he thOng to nhimg thay d6i nho den yeu eau thay the cac mo-dun
trong he thOng, do do cac ky thuat vien se phai bao tri de nang cap he thOng.
CuOi cling la bao tri ma rOng, thay d6i he' thOng ten quy ma lan de phu hap
von moi trutmg mai. Do moi trtrang kinh doanh va cong nghe thay dOi rat
nhanh nen NI phan van hanh he thOng can len ke hoach dinh kS, nang cap he
thOng. Chi phi danh cho cong tac duy tri he thOng thuang chiem khoang
70% ding chi phi cho town b6 chi phi phat trien 110 thOng.
De tao ra su thay d6i cho mOt he thOng thi cac chuyen vien bao tri he
thOng can xac dinh chucmg trinh nao can sira dOi va phan nao trong chucmg
trinh do can thay dOi va can phai hieu r8 cau trac cila he thOng thong qua
cac tai lieu huang dln. Do do khi tao ra su thay doi trong he thOng thi cling
can thay d6i dOng thai cac tai lieu huang dan Wang img. Neu kh8ng sira d6i
tai lieu huang clan thi se clan den nhimg hau qua rat to lon do thong tin trong
tai lieu bi cu va khong chinh xac se clan den nhirng chi clan sai cho cac ky
thuat vien trong qua trinh van hanh va duy tri he thOng. Hon ara, khi thuc
hien cac thay dOi d6i von he thOng thi co the xay ra hieu img lien hoan do la
nhcmg thay d6i nay có the tao ra nhimg tac dOng khong the du tinh trirac dOi
yeti mOt so phan trong he thOng.
2.1.1.2. Dank gici phwmg phap SDLC
(I) UZI diem
- Quy trinh trien khai cif) cau trim het sirc chat the tir ma to yeu cau doi
von he thong, thiet ke, phat trien, kiem dinh he thOng va cuOi cling la van
hanh he tilting. He thOng cac buck tri6n khai rat lb rang, cu the von viec
phan deg nhiem vu rat ro rang cho cac chuyen gia cong nghe thong tin va
nguai sir dung; de ra cu the cac moc hoan thanh cac nhiem vu, cac nguyen
tac can tuan thu, cac yeu cau chi tiet ve ket qua se dat dugc. Do do, dOi du
an co the xay dung dugc mOt he thOng thong tin hoan chinh dung thtri gian
von chi phi khong vugt qua ngan sach dugc cap.
- Nguai sir dung tham gia tich cut vao qua trinh thiet ke va xay dung
he tilting do de h9 se chii d6ng va de clang sir dung he thOng mai;
237
(ii) Nhuac diem
- Thai gian de trien khai du an fat dai va chi phi cho du an lam. Do vay
c6 the xay ra tinh tang cac yeu cau dua ra d6i voi he th6ng a bulk mo Ca,
thiet ke he th6ng khong con phil hop vai mOi truing cua doanh nghiep von
luon thay doi rat nhanh chOng, trong khi cac buac phat trien he thOng luon
phai thuc hien dung cac yeu cau da dugc dat ra a buck tn.rac. Neu mu6n
dieu chinh cac yeu cau thi phai quay 10 cac bulk ban dau de sira dOi nen rat
mat thai gian Ting nghia voi ton kem them nhieu chi phi va lien dO du an se
bi charn lai.
- Tinh phu thuOc giira cac buac thuc hien du an rat cao nen neu a buck
truck co su thieu chinh xac thi se clan den sai sot a cac buac sau va de sira
dOi thi phai lam lai tir dau. Ngoai ra, do dp luc phai thuc hien dimg tien dO
da dat ra a btrac tn.rac nen c6 the clan den tinh trong day nhanh tic dO bang
cach lam cau tha; hau qua la chat luting ciza he thing se khOng duoc dam bao.
5.2.2.2. Phumg phap dui nghiem (Prototyping Methodology)
Phuong phap xay dung he th6ng thir nghiem la qua trinh xay dung mOt
he thing thir nghiem that nhanh ch6ng nham me) to va danh gia he thOng de
nhUng nguai sir dung c6 the xac dinh cac yeu cau cu the va chinh sira trong
qua trinh sir dung he thong thir nghiem do.
Neu nhu phucmg phap SDLC rat phi' hop khi can xay dung mOt he
thong lan va phirc tap thi phucmg phap thir nghiem nay lai la giai phap khi
kh6 mo to ro rang, cu the chirc nang cua he th6ng hay can ngay mOt he
th6ng de dimg thir nham thich nghi vai su thay dOi cua moi twang.
Cele buoy trljn khai du an he thong thong tin theo phuang phap thti
nghiem
Bwor 1: Xdc djnh cac yen au co' ban et& yeti hf thong
Cac chuyen gia ding nghe thong tin va ngutri sir dung cimg nhau xay
dung cac yeu cau co ban d6i vai he th6ng: sir dung nhang dir lieu nao de
nhap vao he th6ng, quy trinh xir 157 dir lieu, va cac lc& qua dat duoc. Nhung
yeu cau nay chi la nhang diem chinh, la diem khai dau de xay dung he
thOng chir 'thong phai la ban mo to hoan chinh he thong.
238
Bu6C trien hg th6ti
thit nghiem ban dAu
& chi ra thay dot cArt thief
Dirdc 3 - Sir thing h thong thug n‘ghiem
13 - u6c Danh gia he thong de ctua
.vao van hanh
13trrc 4 - cto' i he thOng
Hinh 5.9. Cac bink trien khai
Nguem: Trang 388, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Bu or 2: Phtit trim,: hg thong tiin nghrem ban dal,
Dua teen cac yeti eau ca ban dugc at ra, cac chuyen gia se xay dung hg
th6ng thir nghiOm ban du. Buac phat trien hg th6ng nay c6 the dien ra trong
vai ngay hoc vai tuan thuOc vao quy mo va dO phirc tap dm hg
Sau khi hoan thanh, hg th6ng thir nghiOm ban du se dugc dua vao sir dung
thin nghiOm.
239
Burk 3: Sir dyng thir nghiem he theing
Trong qua trinh sir dung thir nghiem he thong, nguai sir dung can ghi
lai nhang diem can be sung ciia he thong, nhimg diem hg thAy chua phu hgp
va an sira dei va trao ai von cac chuyen gia ve nhimg nhAn xet nay.
Mr& 4: Chinh sira he thOng
Cac chuyen gia dua teen nhang y kien dong gop lien hanh chinh sira he
thong thir nghiem. He nguai sir dung tich cuc tham gia dong g6p thi cac
chuyen gia can dam bao cac yeu cau do se nhanh cheng dugc thgc hien. Voi
nhang yeu eau don gian, chuyen gia co the ngay lAp tirc chinh sira hien, dei
veri nhimg yeu cau phirc tap thi c6 the thgc hien trong vai ngay hoctuAn.
Buac 3 va buac 4 se dien ra lien tuc cho den khi nguai sir dung hai
long vai he thong.
Buor 5: Ddnh gia he thong di duct vao vrin hdnh
Truoc khi dua he thong va sir dung an phai lien hanh danh gia tinh kha
thi cua he thong khi dua vao van hanh. Khong phai vat ca cac he thong thir
nghiem au co the dua vao van hanh. Can phai xem xet cac yeu t6 nhu chi
phi van hanh va bao tri he thong, cac lqi ich cling nhu rui ro khi van hanh he
thong,... truac khi guy& dinh chinh thirc dua he thong thir nghiem vao hoat
&Ong.
Buor 6: Holm thin he thong
Sau khi he thong thir nghiem dA dugc lua chgn, cac chuyen gia can tien
hanh cac thay dei can thiet de nang cao hieu qua hoat dong dm he thong
ding thai xay dimg cac tai lieu huang clan sir dung hO thong.
Burk 7: Chi 44 v(ln hanh va bdo tri he thong
He thong mai se dugc cai dAt va chuyen sang the de van hanh. Giai
down nay c6 the lien hanh de clang bori nguai sir dung da phAn nao quen von
viec hoat &Ong cua he thong.
240
fldnh gid phwang phdp the'. nghiem
(i) Liu diem
- Nguai sir dung chu dOng tham gia trong qua trinh thitt ke va phat
tritn he tilting.
- Thai gian phat tritn he thtmg ngan do mirc dO v't cac yeu cau va giai
phap phat tritn he th6ng thap.
- Khac phuc dugc cac van dt nay sinh doi von phucmg phap SDLC.
Phuong phap nay khuytn khich dugc su tham gia tich cvc cua nguati sir
dung vao qua trinh phat tritn he th6ng; nha vay ma loci 1)6 dugc nhang sai
sot thitt ke va ling phi thuamg xay ra khi cac yeu cau chua dugc xac dinh
mOt cach chinh xac ngay tai thai ditm ban dAu.
(ii) Nhiror diem
- Nguari sir dung co the tra nen gin b6 vai he th6ng thir nghiem va
khong co mong mutin sir dung N th6ng mai vi vay c6 tilt gay ra nhang bat
cap trong qua trinh van hanh he thtng
- Doi h6i cac chuyen gia cong nghe thong tin can phai CO cac ky nang
dac biet. Ntu chuyen gia khong CO kinh nghiem lam viec yen nguoi sir dung
thi rat kho phat trie'n he thtng.
- Kha nang hoan thanh thap, phu thuOc nhitu vac nguai sir dung.
- Kho ap dung cho cac he th6ng can tinh town nhitu va co nhitu thu tuc
phirc tap.
- Kho xac dinh cach thirc xay chmg mOt he thtng lan hoic cac phan
cua he th6ng. Kho kitm scat trong qua trinh phat tritn.
5.2.2.3. Plutcmg phap phat trian zing dung nhanh (Rapid Application
Development)
Day la phucmg phap ktt hgp gicra phuong phap SDLC va phuong phap
thir nghiem. Muc dich cua phucmg phat nay IA xay dung dugc he thtng
thong tin chi trong vOng kh6ng dtn mOt nam. Phuomg phap phat trit'n zing
dung nhanh thuang c6 dac ditm giong phucmg phap thir nghiem nhitu hcm,
do la tao ra mOt he th6ng rieng biet, do do su phu thuOc lan nhau gifra cac he
thtng khong can dugc xem xet.
241
Cac bizac trien khai he thong thong tin theo phuang pluip ph& trien
zing dung nhanh
Hinh 5.10. Cac buirc trien khai
theo phirang phitp phat trien vng ding nhanh
Ngu an: Trang 391, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
Bit& 1: LOp ke hogch
Budfc lAp ke hoach nay duqc thoc hien tuang to nhu cac giai doan lap
ke hoach trong phuang phap SDLC nhung dan gian hon va thoc hien trong
thoi gian ngan horn.
Burk 2: That ke hg thong
De thiet ke hg tilting thong tin, dOi do an se tien hanh t6 chirc cac cuOc
hop de nguisi dung va cac chuyen gia cimg nhau trao dOi y kien. DOng tigyi
cac cac cong co phAn mem to dOng ding duac sir dung de thitc dAy tien dQ
cong viec. Cac cuOc hop thuang dien ra a cac dja diem xa noi lam viec cua
242
nhQng nguori tham du a moi ngu6i co tht tap trung hoan toan vao ding
vitc. Cac cuOc hop nay can dat dirge su ding thua'n gala nhimg ngu6i tham
gia. Dt cac cuOc hop clan ra mOt cach nhanh chong va hitt' qua can m6t
ngu6i chit tri gi6i. D6 phai la nguoi khong chi am hitu vt phan tich 116
th6ng ma con phai c6 ky nang quan 1S/, ditu hanh nh6m lam vitc dt co tht
h6a giai cac mau thuan va huang moi nguei tap trung vao thitt kt he thOng.
Ngoai ra, cac phan m'em ho trg cac tac vu ding can dua vao sir dung m6t
cach hitu qua.
Bulk 3: Phdt triln he thjng
Dua tren cac yeu cau dugc dat ra b btx6c 2, cac phan mtm img dung se
dugc sir dung dt phat tritn 116 th6ng. Sau khi dirge hoan thanh, cac nhan
vien kinh doanh se giiip kitm tra thitt ke giao din va cac thitt ke khac. Ntu
c6 yeu eau sira d6i gi thi se tip tuc sir dung cac phan mtm ho trg dt chinh
sira va 10 yeu cau cac nhan vien kinh doanh kitm tra nhu tren. Quy trinh
nay dien ra lien tuc cho den khi xay dung dugc he th6ng dap img yeu cau
cilia ngtroi dimg.
Buhr 4: qui hanh thong
Phircmg phap nay sir dung chitin lugc thay di toin bq he th6ng cu bang
he th6ng moi. Do dO, khau kitm dinh he th6ng can tranh thit thvc hitn cling
litc vei cong tac huan luytn nguon dimg va cac ding tac chuan bi khic cita
doanh nghitp Bang dugc hoan tat. Cac mtic thuc hitn va ra soat 10 du an
gi6ng nhu trong phuang phap SDLC ding dugc chit tong trong phtrang
phap nay. Tuy nhien CO mOt sit khac Mk la sau khi nhung ngutri sir dung da
14 chap nhan ban thiet kt 116 th6ng, ho van tich cur tham gia vao giai clop
phat tritn he th6ng va van co guy& dua ra cac yeu cau b6 sung ye vitc thay
d6i thitt kt cita he th6ng.
Ddnh gid phtrong phdp phdt trien ling dyng nhanh
(i) Liu diim
- Phtrcrng phip nay phit hqp vori cac t6 chirc chiu tic Ong cita moi
truing thay dOi nhanh va lien tuc. Phuang phap nay doi h6i chi phi thip
243
nhat do de xay dung du an chi can dOi du an nho gon va thai gian trien khai
du an ngan. Ngoai ra viec tang cuimg sir dung cac phan mem ho tra cling
giup tang t6c dO trien khai du an mOt cach clang ke.
- Phuang phap nay rat linh hoat, cho phep thuc hien nhttng thay d6i dOi
yeti thiet ke du an mOt cach nhanh chOng theo yOu cau cua ngu6i dung.
(ii) Nhitoc di'jm
- Chat luong dm he th6ng khong dam bao do thai gian trien khai rat
ngan.
- Phu thuc nhieu vao nguai sir dung nen neu nguai sir dung khong
tham gia tich cuc vao qua trinh trien khi thi du an kho hoan thanh.
5.2.3. Quy trinh mua vd trien khai phan mem thurmg mgi den ti
Doanh nghiep thut hien mua he th6ng ben ngoai khi:
- Doanh nghiep bi giii han ve ca hOi de khac biet hia cac hoat dOng
dich vu cita no nh6 he thong thong tin.
- Viec ngung tee dich vu he thong thong tin khong anh huang nhieu den
cac hoat &Ong cua doanh nghiep.
- Viec sir dung ngu6n luc ben ngoai khong tuck mat cac bi guy& ky
thuat quan tong can cho phat trien he thing thOng tin trong tucmg lai cua
doanh nghiep.
- Kha nang cita he thong thong tin hien co cua doanh nghiep bi han che,
khong co hieu qua va yeu kern v'e mat ky thuat.
5.2.3.1. Ccic &roc doanh nghiep can trien khai
Cac btr6c doanh nghiep can thuc hien de mua ngoai he thing thong tin
thuong Om 3 buck: Lap ke hoach, Phat trien he thOng va lap dat he thong.
Giai dogn 1: Velp ke hogch (Definition Phase)
Tucmg to nhu bu6c lap Ice hoach trong mO hinh SDLC, doanh nghiep
can xac dinh cac muc tieu, yeu cAu cu the dei vOi he th6ng. Ding thei, dua
tren cac yeu cAu do a xac dinh cac nha cung cap tiem nang va cac giai
phap, sau do se Wen hanh thu thap cac thOng tin can thiet de co the dua ra
244
danh gia chinh xac. Giai down nay cling trai qua 7 buac, trong do hai buac
dau tuang to nhu cac buac trong mo hinh SDLC, nhung 5 buac tier) theo co
nhimg khac biet de phil hop vai viec thvc hien mua sam cac he thOng.
Buoy 1: Lap lci hoach (Feasibility Analysis)
Trong buck dau tien nay doanh nghiep can xac dinh cu the he th6ng
thong tin can dugc xay dkrng. Ba n6i dung can de cap den IA pham vi cua he
thOng, lgi ich kinh to ma he th6ng se mang lai va ke hoach van hanh. Ben
canh do, can xac dinh tinh kha thi cua viec mua he thOng, dieu tra thi twang
ve san pham va kha nang nha cung cap tiem nang.
Buoy 2: MO to he thong
De có the dat mua dugc he thOng phii hop vai yeu eau cua doanh
nghiep thi nguei mua can dua ra dugc cac yeu cau cu the vi chinh xac vi
vay day IA buac rat quan trong. Neu doanh nghiep chi dua ra cac yeu cau
chung thi ngutri cung cap khO nam het dugc muc dich cua nguai mua va clan
den viec kh6ng dap ling &mg nhu cau cua doanh nghiep va he thong khong
thgc str phit hgp vai doanh nghiep.
Bin mo ta can neu dugc nhltng you dm cu the ve cac vai tro cua he
th6ng a mirc d6 co the sir dung ban m6 ta nay de dua ra bin hei.hAng (RFP-
Request for Proposal) chinh xac, day du de cung cap cho cac nha cung cap
tiem nang.
Buoy 3: Lap danh sach cac san phOm phit h9p
Trong buac nay, doanh nghiep sir dung cac m6 to ve he thOng 6 buac 2
de loai be, bat cac san pham tiem nang a buac 1. Ben canh do can xem xet
rang lkrc cua cac nha cung cap vi loai bat cac nha cung cap da timg co van
de truc tr.& vai Idiach hang truac do. Doanh nghiep CO the thue cac chuyen
gia trong nginh cua minh de to van nharn chon lkra ra dugc cac nha cung cap
co du nang birc cung cap he th6ng phi hap vai dieu kien cua doanh nghiep.
Buck 4: Xdy dung cac tieu chi Ala chpn
Trong busk nay cac thinh vien cua d6i dkr an can dua ra cac tieu chi Ikra
chgn cu the ve d4c tinh cua he thOng cling nhu nhimg tieu chi d6i vai cac
245
nha cung cap de lya chgn dugc he thOng hgp nhat. DOi dy an can xac
dinh nhOng tieu chi nao la bat buOc va nhang tieu chi nao c6 the linh hoat.
D6i vai nha cung cap, cac tieu chi bat buOc c6 the bao
- Nha cung cap' d6 da co bao nhieu nam kinh nghiem trong linh vyc nay;
- Quy mo cua nha cung cap, doanh nghiep cua hg co bao nhieu nhan
vien, trong do co bao &lieu chuyen gia trong linh vyc nay;
- Xem xet ban bao chinh cua doanh nghiep trong 5 nam nhat;
- Cac mat hang chinh, doanh thu hang nam cua cac mat hang do;
- Try s6 va chi nhanh cua cong ty cung nhu dia chi cila bO phan hO trg
khach hang;
- Cac hinh thirc va mirc dO ho trg khach hang tnr6c, trong va sau khi
mua hang;
DOi vai he thong, cac tieu chi bat buec bao
- Chirc nang cua gOi he th6ng: he th6ng can c6 the thyc hien da chirc
nang va de dang dieu chinh de phi' hgp that vai khach hang.
- Cac yeu cau ve ky thuat bao gom cac tieu chi mi vai p. pan cling va he
thong cac phan mem a trien khai he thOng va cac yeu cau co s6 dit lieu
can thiet. Cling can dua ra cac yeu cau ve loai hinh, s6 lugicg va nei dung
cua cac tai lieu huong clan lien quan den phan cung va phan mem dm goi he
th6ng a sir dung trong qua trinh lip dat, van hanh, bao tri ding nhu de huan
luyen nguei dung.
&roc 5: Xdy dwng ban mai thdu (RFP)
Day la van ban dugc sir dung de giri den cac nha cung cap tiem nang
yeu cau hQ dua ra cac ban chao hang trong d6 mo to chi tiet goi san pharn
cta hQ cling nhu giai thich san pham cua h9 phi hgp vo7 cac yeu cau do
doanh nghiep dua ra nhu the nao.
DOi du an Oa tren cac tieu chi da dugc xac dinh a tren de xay dyng
RFP. Ban RFP gitip cac nha cung cap nam dugc myc tieu xay dyng he thong
cling nhu cac yeu cau dat ra dOi voi he thong; mo to ve gia cua goi he thing
cling nhu cac phi phi lien quan den cong tac tap huan va to van, dac diem
cua doanh nghiep sir ding he thOng, cac tieu chi danh gia ban chao hang va
246
cac diEu kien de du thau. Buerc 5 ket thilc khi ban mai thau nay dugc hoan
tat va gun dEn cac nha cung cap.
Bic& 6: Danh gici cac ho sa du thdu va Iva ch9n goi san phdm phit
h9p nhcit
D'O du an danh gia cac hO sa du thau dip ten muc tieu cua doanh
nghiep dal ra d6i von he thOng va cac tieu chi cu thE da dugc xac dinh. Ben
canh do, doanh nghiep ding can yeu cau cung cap cac ban thir nghiem de
cai cut dung thir. Ngoai ra, ding can tin hanh khao sat Sr kin cua nguili dung
a cac cung ty da triEn khai g6i he thOng. Nha cung cap c6 nghla vu cung cap
cho doanh nghiep cac tai lieu tham khao dung nay Oa tren chinh nhting yeu
cau cua doanh nghiep: vi du phai cung cap thong tin tham khao cua nhi -mg
doanh nghiep c6 cung quy mo, nganh nghe, co vi tri dia ly gun nhau...
Day IA khau rat quan tong quyEt dinh su thanh c8ng cua he thOng, vi
vAy, dOi du an can danh nhiEu thai gian va nhan luc vao khau nay a co
nhimg danh gia chinh xac nhat, dua ra lua chon cu6i ding ye he th6ng se
mua de triEn khai tai doanh nghiep minh.
Buck 7: Dam phan 14'2 ky kit hqp citing
Sau khi lua chgn dugc nha cung cap va gOi san pham phu hop thi dOi
du an tin hanh dam phan von nha cung cap de tim ra ckh thirc giam thiEu
nhimg khac biet gifra yeu cau cua doanh nghiep va he thOng va kha nang
dap Ung cua g6i he thOng cua nha cung cap.
NOi dung cua hap &Ong bao gOm: diEu khoan gia ca, s6 Bang ky, diEu
khoan thanh town, m8 to chirc nang cua he thOng, quy trinh nghiem thu he
thOng, quy trinh chuyEn giao he thong, nghia vu sira chira va bao tri he
thOng, diEu khoan giai quytt tranh chap, cac van ban can chuyEn giao. MOt
diet' khoan nua rat quan tang la nglila vu cua nothi ban gill') ngu&i mua
nang cap he thong trong tucmg lai.
B. Giai dogn 2: My d(rng he thong (Construction Phase)
Trong phuong phap SDLC, giai down nay bao gOm 3 buesc: thiet ke he
thong, xay dung he thOng va kitm dinh he thing. Khi doanh nghiep tin
hanh mua gal he thOng thi viec thuc hien 2 busk dau hay khong phu thuOc
vao gOi he thOng dugc mua co can chinh sira hay khong.
247
Truing hop goi he thong mua ve khong can chinh sira thi doanh nghiep
c6 the ngay lap tirc trien khai kiem dinh he thong. Viec chay thir nghiem
nham dam bao he then phu hop voi hoat &Ong cua doanh nghiep va nguai
dimg c6 the su dung thuan lien. Nha cung cap se co nglifa vu chuyen giao
cac tai lieu huong clan sir dung cho nguoi dung va tai lieu ky thuat cho
nhang ngu6i tien hanh lap dat he thong.
Truing hop gad he thong can thuc hien met se thay del cho phu hgp
veri yeu cau cua doanh nghiep. Trong timing hop nay, doanh nghiep c6 the
co met se lua chin de thuc hien nhang thay dei do, bao gem: 14 hop deng
voi chinh nha cung cap, 14 him ding vii met ben thu ba, hoac sira dei he
thong dua vao chinh nguen luc trong doanh nghiep.
C. Giai dogn 3: Giai dogn hip dill viz v(in Huth he thtmg
(Implementation Phase)
Cac busk trong giai doan 3 nay hoan toan tucmg to nhu giai doan 3
trong phucmg phap SDLC.
Burk 1: Lip cilt he thong
Trong bu6c nay nhfing hoat &Ong can thuc hien bao gem: len ke hoach
lap at he thing, ra soat va loai be nItimg cla lieu Idling phit hgp, chuyen
dOi sang sir dung he thong va gip ban cho nguoi dimg sir dung he thong.
Met y6u t6 het sirc quan trong quyet (firth su thanh cling cita quy trinh lap
at he thong la su ho trg tir phia nha cung cap.
Viec lap dat va sir dung 14 thong mei co the clan den nhting thay dei rat
16n trong cach thirc lam viec cua doanh nghiep, do do doanh nghiep co the thue
cac chuyen gia quan ly su thay d6i de ho trq cho h9 giai quyet nhcmg phin
img fieu cut tir phia nguoi dung khi he' thong mei dugc dua vao sir dung.
Buoy 2: V(in hiznh he thing
Nham dam bao cho he thong van hanh tot ngay tir nhang ngay dau tien
thi doanh nghiep can gia mei lien he lien tic va mat thiet v6i nha cung cap
de co the !than dugc hO trg ttic thi cita h9 trong tieing hQp xay ra su co.
Buck 3: ado tri he thong
Nha cung cap se chiu trach nhiem bao tri he thong cho doanh nghiep.
248
Doanh nghiep nen quy dinh ngbia vu nay cita nha cung cap trong hgp d6ng
gicra hai ben, nhu vay doanh nghiep se tranh dugc nhfing chi phi khong can
thiet trong su6t qua trinh sir dung he thOng.
Liu diem va nhuov die'm cilia phumg phap mua he thing
(i) ZIu diem
- Phucmg phap mua he thOng giup doanh nghiep tiet kiem dang ke thoi
gian so vai phuang phap doanh nghiep to phat trien he thOng, mac du thOi
gian de có the dua mot he thOng vao van hanh cling Ice° dai tir vai thong den
vai nam tuy vao quy mo cua h0 thOng.
- Doanh nghiep co the sir dung phucmg phap nay khi ngutm kinh phi
danh cho he thong bi han che.
Bing 5.3. So sinh chi phi gifta phtrung phip tg xay dung hg thOng
va phyong phip mua hg thOng
Dan vi: US Dollar
Cic giai do#n Chi phi ter lay dtrng h? thOng
Chi phi mua
14 thOng
Giai doon 1(tp ke hottch
Lap ke hoach 50.000 50.000
MO to he thOng 250.000 200.000
Giai dokm xay dm HT
Thiel ke he thOng 150.000 -
Xay dung he thOng 150.000 -
Chay thir he thOng 130.000 100.000
Tai lieu huOng dart 120.000 25.000
Giai down lop d4t va van hinh HT 150.000 275.000
Wong cong 1.000.000 650.000
Nguin: Trang 391, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition,
Pearson International Edition
249
Mua he thOng ben ngoai gitip doanh nghiep tiet kiem duqc
cac chuyen gia he thOng cua doanh nghiep se c6 the danh thiyi gian nghien
ciru va phat then cac irng dung quan trong cho rieng doanh nghiep nham tao
nen lgi the earth tranh cho doanh nghiep.
Chat Wong he thOng tot hcm do he tilling nay &roc phat then ben doanh
nghiep chuyen hoat di:mg trong link vvc thiet ke he thOng, ho se danh nhieu
thai gian va tap hop duor d8i ngu cac chuyen gia gioi tham gia vao qua
trinh thiet ke. Ngoai ra, he thOng cua doanh nghiep se lien tvc ducfc nang
cap theo nhang thay dOi ve cong nghe dien ra het sire nhanh chong.
(ii) Nhuvr di'jm
Do khong to thiet ke ra 116 thOng nen trong qua trinh van hanh doanh
nghiep de rai vao tang thai bi dOng do kh6ng hieu het ve 116 thOng. De tranh
truang hop nay can thvc hien tap huan ky cang cho cac chuyen gia he thong
cua doanh nghiep va nhan vien, do do se lam tang chi phi lap dat he th6ng.
Ben canh do, do khong hieu het ve he thOng nen trong qua trinh van hanh
doanh nghiep co the khong sir dung het nhfing tinh nang cua he thong.
Phucmg phap nay cong ton tai cac nhuoc diem d6 la doanh nghiep mat
di sv to chir, mat kha nang kiem soat; bdt on v6 an toan thong tin, thong tin
cira doanh nghiep rat a
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