Tài chính doanh nghiệp - Chapter five: Money markets

Chapter FiveMoney Markets1McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney MarketsLiquid funds flow between short-term borrowers and lenders through money marketsMoney markets involve debt instruments with original maturities of one year or lessMoney market debtissued by high-quality (i.e., low default risk) economic units that require short-term fundspurchased by economic units that have excess short-term fundsMoney market instruments have active secondary markets2McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney Market Yields Some money market instruments are bought and sold on a discount basis (e.g., Treasury bills and commercial paper) Discount yields (idy) use a 360-day year Pf = the face value of the security P0 = the discount price of the security h = the number of days until maturity3McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney Market Yields Compare discount securities to U.S. Treasury bonds with bond equivalent yields (ibey)Convert bond equivalent yields into effective annual returns (EAR)4McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney Market Yields Money market securities that pay interest only at maturity use single-payment yields (ispy) (e.g., jumbo CDs and fed funds) since ispy uses a 360 day year, compare to bonds by converting to a 365 day yearto convert a single-payment yield to an effective annual return5McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney Market InstrumentsTreasury bills (T-bills)Federal funds (fed funds)Repurchase agreements (repos or RP)Commercial paper (CP)Negotiable certificates of deposit (CD)Banker acceptances (BA)6McGraw-Hill/IrwinTreasury Bills (T-Bills)T-Bills are short-term debt obligations issued by the U.S. governmentThe Federal Reserve buys and sells T-bills to implement monetary policyT-bills are virtually default risk free, are highly liquid, and have little interest rate risk7McGraw-Hill/IrwinT-Bill Auctions13- and 26-week T-bills are auctioned weeklyBids are submitted by government securities dealers, financial and nonfinancial corporations, and individualsBids can be competitive or noncompetitivecompetitive bids specify the bid price and the desired quantity of T-billsnoncompetitive bidders get preferential allocation and agree to pay the lowest price of the winning competitive bids8McGraw-Hill/IrwinQuantity ofT-billsBid Price1234567SCSTNoncompetitive BidsStop-outprice (PNC)T-Bill AuctionsT-Bill Auctions9McGraw-Hill/IrwinThe Secondary Market for T-BillsThe secondary market for T-bills is the largest of any U.S. money market instrument22 primary dealers “make” a market in T-bills by buying the majority sold at auction and by creating an active secondary marketprimary dealers trade for themselves and for customersT-bill purchases and sales are book-entry transactions conducted over FedwireT-Bills are sold on a discount basis10McGraw-Hill/IrwinT-Bill Prices T-Bill prices can be calculated from quotes (e.g., from The Wall Street Journal) by rearranging the discount yield equationOr by rearranging the bond equivalent yield equation11McGraw-Hill/IrwinFederal FundsThe federal funds (fed funds) rate is the target rate in the conduct of monetary policyFed fund transactions are short-term (mostly overnight) unsecured loansBanks with excess reserves lend fed funds, while banks with deficient reserves borrow fed fundsFed funds are single-payment loans and thus use single-payment yields12McGraw-Hill/IrwinRepurchase AgreementA repurchase agreement (repo or RP) is the sale of a security with an agreement to buy the security back at a set price in the futureRepos are short-term collateralized loans (typical collateral is U.S. Treasury securities)A reverse repurchase agreement is the opposite side of a repo (i.e., it is the purchase of a security with an agreement to sell it back in the future)13McGraw-Hill/IrwinRepurchase AgreementThe yield on repurchase agreements (iRA) uses a 360-day year like the discount rate, but uses the current price in the denominator like the bond equivalent yield Pf = the repurchase price of the security P0 = the selling price of the security h = the number of days until the repo matures14McGraw-Hill/IrwinCommercial PaperCommercial paper (CP) is the largest money market in terms of dollars outstandingCP is unsecured short-term corporate debt issued to raise short-term funds (e.g., for working capital)Generally sold in large denominations (e.g., $100,000 to $1 million) with maturities between 1 and 270 daysCP is usually sold to investors indirectly through brokers and dealers (approximately 85% of the time)CP is usually held by investors until maturity and has no active secondary marketYields are quoted on a discount basis (like T-bills)15McGraw-Hill/IrwinNegotiable Certificate of DepositA negotiable certificate of deposit (CD) is a bank-issued time deposit that specifies the interest rate and the maturity dateCDs are bearer instruments and thus are salable in the secondary marketDenominations range from $100,000 to $10 million; $1 million being the most common Often purchased by money market mutual funds with pools of funds from individual investors16McGraw-Hill/IrwinBanker’s AcceptanceA Banker’s Acceptance (BA) is a time draft payable to a seller of goods with payment guaranteed by a bankUsed in international trade transactions to finance trade in goods that have yet to be shipped from a foreign exporter (seller) to a domestic importer (buyer)Foreign exporters prefer that banks act as payment guarantors before sending goods to importersBanker’s acceptances are bearer instruments and thus are salable in secondary markets17McGraw-Hill/IrwinMoney Market ParticipantsThe U.S. TreasuryThe Federal ReserveCommercial banksMoney market mutual fundsBrokers and dealersCorporationsOther financial institutionsIndividuals18McGraw-Hill/IrwinInternational Money MarketsU.S. dollars held outside the U.S. are tracked among multinational banks in the Eurodollar market The rate offered for sale on Eurodollar funds is the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)Eurodollar Certificates of Deposits are U.S. dollar denominated CDs held in foreign banksEurocommercial paper (Euro-CP) is issued in Europe and can be in local currencies or U.S. dollars19McGraw-Hill/Irwin