Tài chính doanh nghiệp - Chapter 15: Nonbank thrift institutions: Savings & loans, savings banks, credit unions, and money market funds

Chapter 15Nonbank Thrift Institutions:Savings & Loans, Savings Banks, Credit Unions, and Money Market Funds Learning Objectives To see the significant roles that thrift institutions play in the functioning of a modern economy and financial system.To learn about the types of services that thrift institutions offer to the public and who their principal competitors are.To understand the principal similarities and differences among the major types of thrift institutions.IntroductionNonbank financial institutions play a vital role in the flow of money and credit within the financial system, especially the home mortgage market and the market for personal savings.Recently however, both bank and nonbank financial institutions are “converging” in terms of the services they offer and the markets they serve.Savings and Loan AssociationsSavings and loan associations (S&Ls) are among the largest of all thrift institutions, accepting deposits and extending loans and other services primarily to household customers.S&Ls emphasize longer-term loans, especially mortgage loans.Savings and Loan AssociationsS&Ls began essentially as a single-product industry in the early 19th century, accepting savings deposits from middle-income individuals and families and lending those funds to home buyers.Later, competition from other financial institutions, deregulation, and many failures, forced S&Ls to diversify their operations and aggressively solicit new customers.Savings and Loan AssociationsSavings and Loan AssociationsSavings and Loan AssociationsThe size of the savings industry peaked in 1988, when total financial assets reached $1,640 billion.The sharp decline that followed was the result of large numbers of failures and the conversion of some S&Ls into other kinds of financial institutions, most notably commercial banks and savings banks.Savings and Loan AssociationsOne primary cause for the low profitability of S&Ls during the 1980s and 1990s was that many S&L assets (fixed-rate mortgage loans) were interest-rate insensitive while most of their liabilities (deposits) were highly sensitive to interest rates.So, during periods of rapidly rising market interest rates, the industry’s net interest margin were often severely squeezed.Savings and Loan AssociationsS&Ls needsound diversification decisions,carefully managed loan portfolios,risk management, andfurther relaxation of government regulations.Today, more aggressive S&Ls are branching out in at least three different directions – real estate models, family financial centers, and diversified models.Savings BanksSavings banks began in Scotland in the early 19th century, and then took root in the U.S. about 150 years ago to meet the needs of the small saver.Like S&Ls, they play an active role in the residential mortgage market. However, they are more diversified in their investments, purchasing corporate bonds and common stock, making consumer loans, and investing in commercial mortgages.Savings BanksThe number of savings banks operating today is small – at most a few hundreds.They are scattered throughout the United States. Massachusetts leads the list, followed by New York.The distinction among S&Ls, savings banks, and commercial banks is becoming blurred, especially because they are readily convertible from one form to another.Savings BanksThe savings bank industry faces a number of problems that will significantly affect its future as a conduit for savings and investment.In particular, savings banks have inflexible asset structures and face competition from other financial institutions.Their future growth depends on their ability to gain the necessary changes in government regulations to allow them to respond to changing financial market conditions.Credit UnionsCredit unions are cooperative, self-help associations of individuals, and savings deposits and loans are offered only to members of each association.Credit unions came to the U.S. in 1909, and their long-run survival stems mainly from their being able to offer low loan rates and high deposit interest rates and from their relatively low operating costs.Credit UnionsCredit unions are organized around a common affiliation or bond among their members. Most members work for the same employer, or for one of a group of related employers.There is a strong shift today toward fewer, but larger, credit unions. The decline is due primarily to mergers, failures, and a structural shift in the U.S. economy from manufacturing industries toward more service industries.Credit Union StatisticsSource: Credit Union National Association, Credit Union Report 2002,World Council of Credit Unions, Inc., 2002 Statistical Report; and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Flow of Funds Accounts.Credit UnionsU.S. credit unions are under intense pressure to develop new services and penetrate new markets due to increasing competition from other financial institutions and a decline in the demand for their historically most important credit service – automobile loans.However, the industry has repeatedly shown its capacity for service innovation and its ability to compete successfully for both consumer loans and savings accounts.Credit UnionsMoney Market FundsIn 1972, the first money market mutual fund – a financial intermediary pooling the savings of individuals and businesses and investing those monies in short-term, high-quality money market instruments – opened for business.The fund offered share accounts whose yields reflect prevailing money market rates. In contrast, the interest rates on most bank deposits were then restrained by government regulation.Money Market FundsMoney Market Funds:Assets Held and Total Shares Outstanding, 1980–2004* ($ Billions)Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Flow of Funds Accounts;Financial Assets and Liabilities, selected issues.*2004 figures are for first quarter of the year.Money Market FundsOn the whole, money market funds hold high-quality assets. The short maturity of the assets results in a highly liquid security portfolio that can be adjusted quickly to suit changing market conditions.They are mostly “no load” funds – there is no commission charge for opening an account, purchasing more shares, or redeeming shares. The accounts can be accessed easily too.Money Market FundsAn Example of Typical Money Market Fund Information Reported Daily by Security Brokers, Dealers, and in Daily Newspapers Money Market FundsToday, money market funds serve as cash-management vehicles where market rates can be earned on funds used for daily transactions;tax-sheltering vehicles (when tax-exempt funds are chosen);a temporary repository for liquid funds; anda safety haven for savings.Money Market FundsHowever, note that money market fund share accounts are not government insured.The differential between the yield on the accounts and the rate of return on money market deposits at banks has also narrowed in recent years.The money market fund industry has recently shown itself to be vulnerable to low market interest rates too.Markets on the NetCredit Union National Association at www.cuna.orgFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation at www.fdic.govInvestment Company Institute at Market Funds at www.encyclopedia.comMarkets on the NetNational Credit Union Administration at www.ncua.govOffice of Thrift Supervision at www.ots.treas.govSavings and Loan Industry at www.encyclopedia.comU.S. Treasury Department at www.treasury.gov/press/releases/report3070.htmMarkets on the NetWorld Council of Credit Unions at www.woccu.orgChapter ReviewIntroduction to Thrift InstitutionsSavings and Loan AssociationsOrigins of S&LsHow Funds Are Raised and AllocatedTrends in Revenues and CostsPossible Ways to Strengthen the S&L Industry in the FutureChapter ReviewSavings BanksNumber and DistributionHow Funds Are Raised and AllocatedCurrent Trends and Future ProblemsCredit UnionsCredit Union MembershipSize of Credit UnionsNew Services OfferedA Strong Competitive ForceChapter ReviewMoney Market Funds