Nghiên cứu các hình thức hợp tác trong chăn nuôi lợn ở miền Bắc Việt Nam

Nghien cCifu cac hinh thCfc hop tac trong chan nuoi Ion 6 mien Bac Viet Nam NGUYEN TUAN SCiN T) di vie't gidi thieu khdi qudt cdc hinh thiic sdn .xudt nong nghiep theo hap ddng dnifdc ta vd cdc nudc nen LJ the gidi, cdc hinh thiic 16 chuc sdn .xudt va hop tdc trong chdn nudi Idn, dnh hinh to chiic sdn .xudt va lieu thu sdn phdm tqi mot sd tinh dieu tra, phdn tich chi phi vd thu nhdp tii chdn nudi lan, ddnh gid ini nhuqc diem, ca hoi vd thdch thifc ddi vdi cdc hinh thifc td chifc vd hap tdc trong chdn nudi km d mien Bdc nifdc ta hien nay. qua do dua ra nhiing gqi y ve id chifc chdn nudi Ion qid mo ho gia dinh dat kit qud vd hieu qud cao trong thai gian tdi. 1. Dat van de Tren the gidi, phUdng thflc chan nuoi gia cong hdp ddng (contract farming) da dfldc nghien eflu d nhieu nUdc, ket qua cho tha'y chan nuoi gia cong hdp ddng mang lai ket qua va hieu qua cao hdn nhieu so vdi chdn nuoi doe liip qui mo hp ndng dan. 0 Viet Nam, trong nhflng nam gan day mot so' cong ty san xua't thflc an chan nudi Idn lien doanh vdi nfldc ngoai da tien hanh ap dung mo hinh chan nuoi gia cong cho cdc hp ndng dan, dac biet trong chan nuoi gia cam va gan day la trong chan nudi Idn, ngoai ra cdn mot so'hinh thflc hdp tae khac gifla ngifdi chan nudi va cac tac nhan trong nganh chan nuoi Idn. Nghien eflu nay nham phan tich cac hinh thflc td ehflc Siin xua't va hdp tae trong chan nuoi Idn d mien Bdc Viet Nam hien nay va dfla ra cac khuyen nghi ve mat chinh sdch giup cac hp chan nudi dat hieu quii cao hdn trong thdi gian tdi. De tai nay nghien eflu 3 hinh thflc td ehflc chan nudi Idn ehu yeu d mien Bac nfldc ta gdm chan nudi gia cdng hdp ddng, chan nuoi theo hinh thflc hdp tac xa va hp chan nuoi doc lap tiii 4 tinh Bac Giang, Ha Tay (cu), Thai Binh va Thanh Hda. Sdlieu tbfl cap. ve tinh binh chan nudi Idn, cung Ciiu thit Idn, sd lUdng cac trang trai chan nudi... dUdc thu thap tfl Tdng cue Thdng ke, trang web cua td ehflc Ndng lUdng the gidi (FAQ), cac bao eao, dii dn, de tai da xuat ban ve cac noi dung cd lien quan va nhflng chinh sach da ban hanh cd anh hfldng triic tiep hoac gian tiep den nganh chdn nudi Idn. So' lieu sd cap tfl cac hp chan nudi (hp chan nuoi gia cong cho cac cdng ty thflc an gia sue. hp xa vien hdp tae xa chan nudi Idn va hp chan nuoi doc lap) bang phdng van trfle tiep sif dung bp cau hdi da chuan hi trflde. Tdng sd man dieu tra d 4 tinh la 400 hp, trong dd ed: 34 bp chan nudi gia cdng cho cac cdng ty CP va Japffa, 166 hp xa vien hdp tac xa chan nudi Idn va lien ket vdi tU thifdng, va 200 hp chan nuoi doc lap. Ngoai ra, cac hp lam dich vu phuc vu chan nuoi Idn (bdn thflc an gia sue, vac xin va thuoc thu y, can bp thii y cd sd) va cae hp tU thUdng thu mua, giet md cflng difde phdng van; cac hdp tac xa dich vu chan nudi cflng dfldc phdng vd'n de danh gia mo hinh chan nudi Idn theo hdp tac xa. De tai sii dung phfldng phap thong ke mo ta vdi cac chi tieu so' binh qudn. td'c dp tang trUdng, td'c dp phat trien nham mo ta tinh hinh phat trien chan nuoi Idn eua Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua. De so sanh ket qua va hieu qua cua cac hinh thflc chan nudi Idn khac nhau, de tai dung phifdng phap phan td tho'ng ke theo cac tieu chi hinh thflc td ehflc hdp tac trong chan nudi va cac phfldng thflc chan nudi. Phfldng phap phan tich chi phi - ket qua dfldc Nguyfin Tuiin Scm, TS., Tn/dng Dili hoc N6ng nghiep Ha Ndi. 64 Ngliien cuu cac iiinii thiic sfl dung de danh gia so sanh ket qua va hieu qua ciia cac hinh thflc chan nudi Idn khac nhau. 2, Ket qua nghien ciiu va thao luan 2.1. Tdng quan tdi lieu nghien cdu Kinh nghiem tai nhieu nflde Dong Nam A da chflng to rdng, chan nudi hdp ddng la hinh thflc to ehflc thich hdp nham giup cac hp chan nuoi qui mo nhd vifdt qua dUde cac rao can ve chi phi giao dich (Tiongco and Delgado, 2007). Ngfldi.chan nudi tham gia cac hdp ddng nham: (1) tiep can thuan ldi vdi thi trUdng tieu thu san pham; (2) giam vd'n ddu tU ban dau; (3) tiep can dfldc cac thong tin ve gia ca thi trUdng, ky thuat, ky nang quan ly, vo'n dau tU, dich vu thu y va khuyen ndng. Ta't ea cdc yeu td tren ddn den ehi phi san xua't vd giao dich trong viec mua dUdc cac loai thflc an va con gio'ng cd cha't Ifldng td't, giam thieu rui ro ve gia ca, nang eao ket quii va hieu qua chan nuoi (Pasour, 1998; Delgado et ai, 2003; Glover, 1984; Delgado, 1999; Simmons, 2000; Tiongco and Delgado, 2007). Ngfldi cung cap hdp ddng (chu hdp ddng) dtit dfldc muc tieu Id cd ngudn cung hang dn dinh, dam bao chat Ifldng. Theo Glover (1987) thdng qua san xua't theo hdp ddng, chit hdp ddng se kiem soat dfldc toan bp qua trinh san xua't va yen tam ve chat lifdng dau ra cua san pham cung nhfl thdi gian cung flng hang boa. Mat khac, thdng qua san xua't theo hdp ddng, hp cdn tranh dfldc viec ddi mat vdi giai quyet 6 nhilm moi trfldng gay ra tfl chan nudi, vi ngfldi nhan hdp ddng se chiu trach nhiem trong viec xfl ly chat thai va d nhiem moi trifdng do qud trinh chan nudi tao ra (Tiongco and Delgado, 2007). Tai Philippin, cac chu hdp ddng thifdng thich ky hdp ddng vdi cac hp chan nudi Idn qui md Idn (tfl 200 con trd len) hdn la ky vdi cdc hp chan nudi qui md nbd (Costales et ai. 2007). Trong nghien eflu eua Fairoze et ai, (2006), cac tac giii da chi ra rdng cac ldi ich chu yeu cua viec chan nudi theo hdp ddng lien ket chu yeu tfl giiim chi phi giao dich va ddm bao thu nhap thifdng xuyen cho cac hp chan nuoi ga Nghi4n cM Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6.2009 thit. Trong san xuat sfla, Birthal et al.. (2006) chflng minh rkng cac hp tham gia san xua't theo hdp ddng lien ket thu dfldc ldi nhuan cao hdn cac hp san xuat tfl do, vdi cac ldi ich chu yeu la giam chi phi giao dich. cac ho trd dich vu va ky thuat tfl cac ben tham gia lien ket. Chinh phu Viet Nam da c6 quyet dinh 80/2002/TTg ve thflc hien lien ket 4 nha nham hd trd nong dan san xua't va tieu thu nong san. Chinh phu cung khuyen khich thdnh lap va ho trd boat dpng cua cae hdp tac xa theo Luat Hdp tae xa ban hanh nam 1997. Bp mon He tho'ng nong nghiep (Vien Khoa hpe ky thuat nong nghiep Viet Nam) da co dfl an hd trd thanh lap cac hdp tdc xa chan nudi Idn d tinh Hai Dudng. Trong trUdng hdp khong co cac hdp dong nong nghiep chinh thflc, cac hdp ddng lien ket qua cac hdp tac xa c6 ve thich hdp nha't v6i cac nong dan nhd d mien Bdc Viet Nam (vi du nhfl trUdng hdp Nbd may dfldng Lam Sdn tai Thanh Hoa). Tai An Giang, mo binh lien ket trong san xua't ndng nghiep da xuat hien tfl nam 2001. Tdng siin Ifldng nong nghiep sfl dung hdp dong nam 2004 tang dang ke so vdi nam 2003, gan gap doi vdi san xua't lua gao va tang 30% trong nuoi trdng thuy san. Co ba van de can chu y trong viec thflc hien cac hdp ddng nong san d Viet Nam. Thii nhdt, nong dan dfldc cho la ngifdi khdng thflc hien dung cac cam ket khi cd cae thfldng nhan khac mua siin phdm vdi mflc gia cao hdn (vi du nhfl trong trfldng hdp cua cae hp trdng sdn). Thd hai, khi co mflc cung ddi dao tfl ngifdi san xua't, cac thfldng nhan thfldng dfla ra cac chuan ve chat Ifldng chat che hdn va nha che bien cd the tfl chdi cac siin phdm ho khong mud'n mua cua ndng dan. Thd ba, kien thflc ve cac nghia vu trong hdp ddng thfldng thieu nen viec vi pham hdp ddng ra't hay xiiy ra. 2.2. Cdc hinh thdc td chdc sdn xudt vd hdp tdc trong chdn nudi Idn 2.2.1. Chdn nuoi hdp ddng chinh thdng Chan nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh thdng (chiin nuoi gia cong) xuat hien d mien Bdc tfl nam 2000, cd hai phifdng thflc chan nuoi dang difdc sif dung la nuoi Idn nai cung cap con gidng cho 66 — Ngliien cuu cac hinh thuc cdc trai nudi Idn thit (nudi Idn nai ban Idn gid'ng) va nuoi Idn thit tfl Idn con cai sfla den khi xua't chudng. Doi vdi phfldng thflc nuoi Idn nai gid'ng, cdng ty chu hdp ddng cung ca'p con gio'ng (Idn nai va due gid'ng) dudi dang Idn hau bi cho ngUdi nhan hdp ddng, toan bp thflc an, thuoc va dich vu thu y, cd can bp ky thuat cua cdng ty ndm ngay tai trai de theo ddi va hfldng ddn ky thuat dam bao theo dflng tieu chuan cua chu hdp ddng de ra nham dam bao chd't lUdng san pham. Doi vdi phudng thflc nudi Idn thit, cong ty chu hdp ddng cung cap Idn con gid'ng (21 ngay tudi) cho ngfldi nhan hdp ddng, ngoai ra cdn cung ca'p todn bp thflc an, thuoc va dich vu thu y, cdng ty cdn cd cdn bp ky thuat ndm ngay tai trai de theo ddi hfldng dan ky thuat theo dflng tieu chuan cua chu hdp ddng. Theo so' lieu cua Cue Chan nuoi, den cudi nam 2005 ca mien Bdc chi cd 34 trai hdp ddng gia cdng cho CP vd Japffa comfeed tap trung d hai tinh Ha Tay va Bdc Giang. Trong 34 trai nay cd 6 trai nudi Idn ndi cung ca'p con gid'ng va 28 trai nudi Idn thit. Trong trfldng hdp ngfldi nhan hdp ddng thieu lao dpng hoac dien tich chudng trai ban hep hp cd the hdp ddng vdi cdc trang trai ve tinh de cflng san xuat ra san pham cflng chat Ifldng. Cac Hdp ddng gifla cdng ty vdi hp chdn nudi la cac hdp ddng kinh te dfldi dang van ban va dfldc ky ket cd xdc nhan cua chinh quyen dia phfldng, cd gia tn phap ly. Ben nao vi pham hdp ddng se hi xif ly theo phap luat Viet Nam nham dam bao quyen ldi hdp phap cho ca ben chit hdp ddng va ngfldi ky hdp ddng. BANG 1. Dac trifng cua chu ho 2.2.2. Chdn nudi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng (a) Hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng vdi HTX Cac HTX la tac nhan cung ca'p cac dich vu ve con gid'ng, thud'c thu y va thflc an chan nuoi cho nong dan, cac vat tfl nay la'y tfl cac nha may san xua't thflc an, cac cdng ty thud'c thu y va cac trai Idn gid'ng. HTX cung ddng vai trd la ngfldi giup hp chan nudi tieu thu san pham. Thdng thfldng, hdp ddng gifla hp ndng dan vdi HTX khong phai la hdp ddng chinh thd'ng nghia Id ehi tbda thuan ehfl khong bang van ban, do vay cac hdp ddng nay khdng rang bupe ve mat phap ly. (b) Hdp ddng khong chinh thdng vdi tU thUdng Do'i vdi hinh thflc hdp tdc qua hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng vdi tfl thfldng, chu hdp ddng cung cap thfle dn chan nudi cho hp thong qua dai ly phan phdi thflc an. Cac dai ly nay ddng thdi eo the cung cap con gid'ng. Song cdc tac nhan tren khdng tham gia vao qua trinh tieu thu san pham. Hp chan nudi tfl ra quyet dinh trong tieu thu san pham euol cflng; hp chan nudi doc lap. 2.3. Td chuc sdn xudt vd tieu thu sdn phdm tqi cdc hd dieu tra 2.3.1. Thdng tin ve cdc hd dieu tra Cdc hp chan nudi tham gia hdp ddng chinh thdng cd dp tuoi trung binh eao hdn va cd trinh dp hpe van eao hdn cac hp tham gia hdp ddng khong chinh tho'ng va cac hp chan nudi tfl do (bang 1). Chan nudi Idn la boat dpng san xua't chu yeu cua hau bet cdc nam gidi tham gia phdng va'n. Dfldi 50% nfl gidi tham gia phdng van (thupc cae hp chan nudi tfl do) cho rang chan nuoi Idn Id nghe nghiep chinh cita hp. chan nuoi Itfn b dia ban nghien cufu Chi tieu Ty le chu ho Tudi chii hd Trinh do van hda chii ho Nghd chinh chii hd (%) - Ndng nghiep - Phi ndng nghiep Nhiin khiiu */( thu nhiip tu chan nudi Idn Hgfp dong chinh thong (n = 34) Nam 82,4 45,6 11,2 85,7 14,3 4,3 NDf 17,6 43,2 11,1 83,3 16,7 4.1 83.63 Hop dong phi chinh thong (n = 166) Nam 74,7 45,3 10,0 95,1 4,9 4,2 NCr 25,3 42,9 10,1 90,9 9,1 4,3 21,33 Hp chan nudi doc lap (n:.200) Nam 64,0 44,1 9,4 93.0 7,0 4,1 Niir 36.0 41,9 9.1 68,4 31.6 4,2 13.38 Ngudn: .Sd lieu dieu tra ciia ILRI-HAU-IFPRI-FAO, 2006. 66 Nghi4n cuv Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009 Nghlgn cuu cdc hinh thuc ... 2.3.2. Cdc hinh thdc td chdc sdn xudt tqi hd chdn nuoi Trong mlu dieu tra cd 4 loai hinh (LH) chan nuoi chinh phan theo loai san pham cudi cung, dd la: 1. Nuoi Idn nai ban Idn gidng (chi ban Idn con khdng gifl ]&[ nuoi thit) (LHl) 2. Nudi Idn nai ban Idn thit (toan bp Idn con de ra nuoi Idn den ban Idn thit, khong ban Idn con cho gia dinh khac) (LH2); 3. Thuan tuy nudi Idn thjt (mua con gio'ng ben ngoai ve nudi va xua't ban Idn thit) (LH3); 4. Nudi hdn hdp (ed Idn nai, Idn con vfla ban gidng ra ngoai vfla gifl lai nuoi thit va mua them Idn gidng ve nudi thit khi thieu) (LH4) Theo hinh thfle td ehflc chan nuoi, eo 3 hinh thflc: 1. Hinh thflc chan nudi co hdp ddng chinh tho'ng vdi cac chit hdp ddng Id cac cdng ty CP va Japffa comfeed (HTl); 2. Hinh thflc chan nuoi cd Hdp ddng khong chinh tho'ng gifla ngfldi chdn nuoi vdi cae hdp tac xa hoac cac tfl thfldng cung cap dich vu dau vao/tieu thu san pham cho ngfldi chan nudi (HT2); va 3. Cac hp chan nudi doc lap (HT3). Tren 80% cac hp chan nudi theo hdp ddng chinh tho'ng nudi thuan tuy Idn thit. Trong cae hp CO hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng vdi HTX chan nuoi, cd khoang 40% so' hp Idn nai ban Idn thjt va khoiing 33% sdbp nuoi hdn hdp vfla Idn nai vfla Idn thit. Phan Idn cac hp hdp ddng khong chinh thdng vdi thfldng nhan ap dung hinh thflc nuoi Idn nai ban Idn con gidng. Cac hp chan nudi doc lap tham gia kha ddng deu d Cii 4 LH chan nudi vdi ty le xa'p xi 25% cho moi LH. 2.3.3. Ngudn ddu vdo cho chdn nuoi tqi cdc ho dieu tra • Ngudn Idn gidng Gidng va chat lifdng gio'ng gifl vai trd diic biet quan trpng trong chan nudi Idn. Cac hp nudi Idn nai ban Idn gidng hoftc ban Idn thit deu tfl cung tfl cap gidng. Toan bd cac hp chan nuoi Idn thit thuan tuy theo hdp ddng chinh thong phu thupc vao cac ngudn cung cap thfldng xuyen ben ngoai, va 100% trong sdnay la cac chit hdp ddng. Cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng phi chinh thd'ng va chan nuoi tfl do CO xu hfl6ng mua Idn gidng tfl cac ngudn khac nhau va khdng thfldng xuyen. Ly do chu yeu la: (i) cac hp chan nuoi kho tim ngudn gidng dn dinh va thfldng xuyen do cac ehu ky khdc nhau; (ii) hp chan nudi thich ehu dpng trong viec chpn gio'ng to't khi cac ngudn cung thifdng xuyen khdng dap flng dfldc nhu eau cua hp. • Ngudn cdm cong nghiep Cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh thong deu la'y cam cong nghiep tfl cac cong ty hp lien ket, cac cong ty nay cung co the la cac nha san xua't thflc an cong nghiep. Cac hp chan nudi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc chu yeu la'y cam cdng nghiep tfl cac HTX. Dac biet so vdi cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp dong khong chinh thfle, phan ddng cac hp chan nuoi tfl do cung lay cam cong nghiep tfl cac HTX. Hau het cae hp chan nudi theo hdp dong khong chinh tho'ng mua cam dam diic tfl HTX, trong khi do hau het cac hp chan nuoi tfl do mua tfl ciic nha phan phd'i hay cac dai ly. • Ngudn thudc thu y Trong so'cac dau vao cho san xuiVt thi thuoc thu y dfldc mua nhieu nhat tfl ngifdi ban quen thupc, dac biet vdi cac hp chan nuoi tfl do va theo hdp ddng khong chinh thdng vdi hdn 2/3 trong sd cac hp nay mua thuoc thu y tfl nha cung ca'p thfldng xuyen. Toan bp cae hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh thdng mua thudc thu y tfl nha cung ca'p thfldng xuyen Cac hp chan nuoi tfl do vd theo hdp ddng khong chinh thong hau bet mua thuo'c thu y tfl cac nhan vien thu y, cdc nhan vien nay cung cung ciVp ea dich vu kham chfla benh cho Idn va tfl van ky thuat chan nuoi. • Ldi ich khi mua ddu vdo tii ngiidi cung cap thiidng xuyen Viec mua cac dau vao tfl nhflng ngifdi cung ca'p thfldng xuyen co the mang lai nhflng ldi Nghi4n cuv Kmh 14 s6 373 • Thing 6/2009 67 Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc ich kinh te cho ngfldi chan nuoi. Dang ke nha't la cac ldi ich nhfl dfldc van chuyen ddu vao tdi cdng trai ma khdng ma't chi phi van chuyen (tren 80% so' hp), dam bao ngudn dau vao dn dinh, dfldc mua chiu cdc dau vao va dfldc tfl van ky thuat (tren 2/3 sd'hp). Ngoai ra cac nha cung cap nay cdn la ngudn thdng tin gia san pham cho hp va dam bao cha't Ifldng san pham cho ngfldi mua. Dieu nay cho tha'y cac hp chan nudi nhan thflc ro rang ve cac ldi ich khi hdp tac. • Tieu thu sdn phdm Cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng cung ca'p todn bp san pham chan nudi cho chu hdp ddng, trong trfldng hdp cac hdp ddng chinh thdng, hp khong thflc sfl "ban" md dfldc hodn tra mot khoan tien cong cho viec san xua't ra cac san pham nay. Khoang 40% cac hp chan nudi theo hdp ddng khdng chinb tho'ng va cac hp tfl do ban san pham cho ngfldi mua cd' dinh/thfldng xuyen. 2.4. Chi phi vd thu nhap trong chdn nudi Idn 2.4.1. Chi phi trong chdn nudi Idn phdn theo loqi hinh chdn nudi vd loqi hinh lien kit Nhdm 1: Chdn nuoi Idn ndi bdn Idn gid'ng Trong chan nudi Idn nai ban Idn con, chi phi thflc an chiem phan Idn nha't trong tdng chi phi (tren 74%). Dd'i vdi cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc, gia thanh san xua't cita mot ddn vi san pham cao hdn do'i vdi nhom sfl dung gid'ng ngoai so vdi gid'ng hon hdp (15.670 ddng vd 14.300 ddng tfldng flng). Gia thanh trung binh cho 1 ddn vi san pham eua cac hp chan nudi tfl do thfldng cao hdn cac hp chdn nudi theo hdp ddng khoang 8-10% (15.690 ddng va 14.300 ddng tfldng flng vdi gio'ng hon hdp), chu yeu do cbi phi thflc an cao hdn. Nhdm 2: Chdn nudi Idn ndi, bdn Idn thit So vdi LH nuoi Idn ndi ban Idn eon, chan nuoi Idn nai ban Idn thit sfl dung nhieu thflc an hdn vdi ty trpng chi phi thflc dn chiem khoang 86-94% trong tdng chi phi. Khac biet chi phi gifla gio'ng hdn hdp va gid'ng ngoai (khoang 20%) do chi phi thflc dn va kha'u bao eho Idn nai cao hdn. Cac hp chan nudi tfl do cd gia thanh san xua't/ddn vi san pham cao hdn cdc hp chan nudi theo Hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc khoang 6% (11.870 ddng vd 11.060 ddng tfldng flng eho gid'ng hdn hdp, 14.280 ddng va 13.320 ddng tfldng flng vdi gio'ng ngoai - bang 2). BANG 2. Chi phi t rong chan nuoi Idn thit cua cac loai hinh, h inh thifc hdp tac va gio'ng nuoi (Ddn vi: 1.000 ddng/kg thi t hdi) Khoan muc IGlfing 2. Thifc §n 3.Thueicthuy 4. PM)i grang 5. Bi6n, ninJc 6. Khau hao, dung cunho 7. Kha'u hao ton nSi 8, Thu6 lao ddng Tdng Gio'ng hon hcfp' Hctp dong khong chinh thilt LH1 0 10,49 0,31 0,22 1 0,96 1,15 0 14,13 LH2 0 10,43 0,07 0,04 0,16 0,11 0,25 0 11,06 LH3 3,5 6,24 0,07 0 0,55 0,19 0 10,55 LH4 3,54 8,14 0,18 0,08 0,64 0,43 0,49 0,00 13,55 Chin nudi tiT do LH1 0 12,28 0,28 0,2 0,95 0,93 1,05 0 15,69 LH2 0,1 10,96 0,08 0,04 0,16 0,31 0,22 0 11,87 LH3 5,28 10,91 0,08 0 0,36 0,21 0,03 16,87 LH4 4,18 10,55 0,14 0,08 0,42 0,31 0,41 0,02 16,11 Lon ngoai Hop dong khong chinh thirc LH1 0 12,34 0,21 0,16 1,01 0,26 1,69 0 15,67 LH2 0 11,89 0,13 0,06 0,35 0,19 0,68 0,02 13,32 LH3 0 15 0,2 0 0,32 0 0 15,52 LH4 4,49 8,50 0,25 0,08 0,55 0,56 0,99 0,05 15,47 Chan nudi tu do LH1 0 11,96 0,19 0,10 0,27 0,48 1,25 0,10 14,35 LH2 0,56 12,34 0,09 0,04 0,2 0,27 0,68 0,1 14,28 LH3 LH4 3,44 13,20 0,21 0,05 0,49 0,31 0,68 0,00 18,38 Chii ihieh: ' Gidng hdn hdp: gidng dia phudng x gid'ng lai, gid'ng dia phudng x gid'ng ngoai, gidng lai x gidng ngoiii. Ngudn: Sd lifiu dieu tra ciia ILRI-HAU-IFPRI-FAO, 2006 68 Nghien ci/v Kinh 14 s6 373 - Thing 6/2009 — Nghien cijfu cdc hinh thiirc Nhdm 3: Chdn nudi Idn thit thuan tuy Trong chan nudi Idn thit thuan tuy, viec sfl dung cac gid'ng Idn ngoai it phd bien nha't (cflng vdi nudi Ipn nai, ban Idn con). Chi con gid'ng va chi thflc an chiem khoang 92-97% tdng chi phi. Chi phi san xuat 1 kg Idn giet md eao hdn ddi vdi cac hp sfl dung gidng Idn ngoai so vdi cdc hp sfl dung gidng hdn hdp (15.520 ddng vd 10.550 ddng vdi cdc hp theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc), chu yeu do chi phi thflc an cao hdn. Cac hp chan nudi tfl do cd chi phi 16.870 ddng/kg cao hdn nhieu so vdi cac hp theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc (bang 2). Nhdm 4: Loqi hinh chdn nuoi hdn hdp Gia thdnh san xua't cua cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thdng tha'p hdn khoang 16% so vdi cac hp chan nuoi doc lap, chu yeu do ehi phi thflc an va eon gid'ng cua nhom hp sau cao hdn (16.110 ddng va 13.550 ddng tfldng flng vdi gidng hdn hdp, 18.380 ddng va 15.470 ddng vdi gio'ng Idn ngoai). 2.4.2. Thu nhap tii chdn nuoi Idn cua cdc hd dieu tra Nhdm 1: chdn nudi Idn ndi bdn Idn gid'ng Trung binh thu nhap tren 1kg san pham eua cac hp chan nuoi hen ket vdi HTX la 1.960 ddng, con so' nay lan Ifldt la 4.440 ddng va 1.480 ddng cho cac hp hdp tac vdi tfl thfldng va cac hp chan nudi doc lap vdi gio'ng hon hdp (bang 3). Do'i vdi cac gio'ng Idn ngoai, sfl khac biet thu nhap cho lao dpng cung khong dang ke gifla cac hp chan nuoi tii do va cac hp chan nuoi lien ket vdi cac HTX. Thu nhap tao ra tfl chan nuoi Idn gio'ng ngoai cao hdn giong hon hdp do gia ban cao hdn, bu dap phan chi phi thfle an va gid'ng. BANG 3. Thu nhap tif chan nuoi Idn theo cac loai hinh, phfldng thiJfc chan nuoi va giong (Ddn vi: l.OOOdong/kg thit hdi) Chi tieu Nhdm 1 Giii biin Chi phi TTiu nhap Nhdm 2 Giii biin Chi phi Tliu nhiip Nhdm J Giii biin Chi phi Tliu nhiip Nhdm 4 Giii biin Chi phi Tliu nhiip (iidng hon hop Tham gia HTX (n=13) 18,1 16,14 1,96 14i8 11 3,8 14,2 10,51 3,69 14,98 13,84 1.14 Hop tac vdi tu thuong (n=23) 17,43 12,99 4,44 13,05 11,23 1,82 11,5 10,72 0,78 14,62 12,1 2.52 Hp nuoi due lap (n=29) 17,17 15.69 1,48 13.96 11,86 2,1 13,62 16,87 -3,25 14,91 16,11 - 1.2 Lgn ngoiii Tham gia HTX (n=3) 23,26 15.66 7,6 17,8 13,25 • 4,55 11,04 15,52 - 4,48 19,42 15,67 3,75 Hop tac vdi tu Ihuung (n=0) 16,83 14,09 2,74 17,67 12.88 4.79 Hd nuoi ddc lap (ni:3) 24.27 14.35 9,92 17.65 14.29 3.36 tf 17,5 18,38 - O.HS Ngudn: Dieu tra ciia ILRI-IFPRl-HAU-FAO. 2006. '"Chi phi .Siin xuit khdng bao gdm chi phi lao ddng gia dinh. '-' Thu nhiip lao ddng gia dinh = Giii .siin phim - Chi phi trung gian. Nghi4n cM Kinh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009 69 Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc .. Nhdm 2: chdn nudi Idn ndi, bdn Idn thit Ddi vdi cac hp chan nudi Idn nai, ban Idn thit sfl dung gio'ng hdn hdp, thu nhap eho lao dpng gia dinh cua cac hp chan nudi hdp tae vdi HTX, eao hdn cdc hp chan nudi tfl do vd cac hp chan nuoi hdp tac vdi thfldng lai, vdi thu nhap/lkg Idn thit lan Ifldt la 3.800 ddng, 1.800 ddng, vd 2.100 ddng (bang 3). Sd di thu nhap cua hp eao hdn la do gia bdn san pham vdi gid cao hdn (hdn 12%) nhflng chi san xua't lai tha'p hdn. Trong chan nudi Idn nai, ban Idn thit sfl dung gidng Idn ngoai, 3 nhdm hp chdn nuoi cd gia ban gan nhfl nhau. Cac hp hdp tac vdi HTX cd ve CO thu nhap/lao dpng gia dinh cao hdn 2 nhom hp cdn lai, song khdng ddng ke. So sdnh gifla cac gidng, gia trung binh nhan dfldc cua cac hp chan nudi Idn gid'ng ngoai cao hdn eae hp sfl dung gio'ng hdn hdp. Dfldng nhfl thi thifdng thit Idn da cd sfl phan biet ve cha't Ifldng san pham ciia cdc gio'ng Idn khac nhau. Nhdm 3: chdn nudi Idn thit thuan tuy Ddi vdi hinh thflc chan nudi Idn nai ban Idn thit. chi CO cac hp hdp tac vdi HTX la sfl dung gio'ng ngoai. Bang 3 trinh bay so sanh chi phi va thu nhap cua cac hp chan nuoi. Trong cae hp sfl dung gidng hdn hdp, thu nhap cho lao dpng gia dinh cho 1 ddn vi siin pham cua cac hp hdp tac vdi thfldng lai va HTX cao hdn nhieu so vdi cac ho tfl do, lan lifdt la 3.690, 780 vd - 3.250 ddng (Id). Thu nhap cua nhdm hp chan nudi hdp tac cao hdn mot each dang ke so vdi nhdm hp chdn nudi tfl do. Ldi the cua nhdm hp hdp tdc khdng chinb thdng vdi HTX la do chi phi tha'p hdn tren 1 ddn vi san pham (tha'p hdn 38%). Nhfl vay, ldi ich trong hdp tac vdi cae HTX la gian tiep thdng qua viec eat giiim chi phi mua cac dau vao chat Ifldng to't, va do do san pham cung cd chat Ifldng cad. Nhdm 4: chdn nudi hdn hdp Trong LH san xua't nay, viec diin giai cac chi phi va thu nhap khd khdn hdn do nhieu loiii Siin pham. Bang 3 trinh bay chi phi va thu nhap mang liii cua LH san xua't nay. Trong sd cac hp chdn nudi sii dung gidng hdn hdp, nhdm hp hdp tae vdi thifdng lai cd thu nhap/lao ddng gia dinh cao hdn (cd y nghia thdng ke d mflc 1%) so vdi cac hp chdn nudi tfl dd lan Ifldt la 2.520 ddng va - 1.200 ddng/kg san pham, chu yeu do chi phi san xuat cua cac hp hdp tac tha'p hdn. Thu nhap/lao dpng gia dinh cua nhdm hp hdp tac vdi tfl thifdng cung cao hdn nhdm hp hdp tac vdi HTX, cu the la 2.520 ddng va 1.140 ddng/kg san pham. Trong nhdm cac hp chan nudi dflng gio'ng Idn ngoai cung cd xu hfldng tfldng tfl. Nhdm hp hdp tdc vdi tfl thfldng cd thu nhap eho lao dpng gia dinh cao hdn so vdi nhdm hp chan nuoi tfl do vd cae hp hdp tac vdi HTX, lan Ifldt Id 4.790 ddng, - 880 ddng va 3.750 ddng/kg san pham. Mac dfl cdc hp hdp tac vdi HTX ed the ban san phdm vdi mflc gia cao hdn (khoang 9%) song chi phi san xua't cua cac hp nay cung cao hdn (khoang 18%) cac hp chan nudi tfl do. So sanh chi phi vd thu nhap gifla cae hp sii dung gid'ng Idn ngoai vd gid'ng hon hdp cho tha'y, ta't ca cac hp sii dung gid'ng Idn ngoai nhan difdc mflc gia ban cao hdn cac hp sfl dung gid'ng hdn hdp. Dieu nay cd the cho tha'y rang thi trfldng tieu thu san pha!m da cd sfl phan biet mot each dinh tinh cac san pham bdn ra. Tuy nhien ve mat chi phi thi chan nuoi Idn gio'ng ngoai doi hdi cbi phi cao hdn, trfl cac hp hdp tae vdi tfl thifdng. Tom lai, chan nuoi Idn gid'ng ngoai mang lai thu nhap eho lao dpng gia dinh (tren 1 ddn vi san pham) cao hdn so vdi chan nuoi gio'ng hdn hdp d tat ca cac dang hdp dong, mac dfl thua Id dd'i vdi cae hp chan nudi tfl do. 2.5. Lfu nhudc diem, cd hoi vd thdch thiic ddi vdi cdc hinh thdc td chUc vd hdp tdc trong chdn nudi Idn d mien Bdc nudc ta hien nay Chan nudi Idn Id bp phan ehii yeu dong vai tro quan trpng trong nganh chan nuoi nifdc ta. Nganh chan nuoi Idn dap flng khoang 80''o nhu cau ve thit cho ngfldi tieu dflng Viet Nam. Thflc tien san xuat da chflng td ngimh chan nuoi Idn nfldc ta ngdy cang phat trien vdi tdc dp cao va dn dinh. • Ngdnh chdn nudi Idn nUdc ta cd mot sd diem mqnh chu yeu nhU sau: 70 Nghien CM Kinh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009 Nghien ciiu cac hinh thuc ... Thd nhdt, nhan ddn cd truyen thdng va kinh nghiem chan nudi Idn tfl lau ddi; Thii hai, he thdng dich vu phuc vu cho chan nudi Idn (gidng, thflc an. ky thuat chan nudi, dich vu thu y, thudc chfla benh) tfldng ddi phat trien vdi mang Ifldi rpng khap d tat ca cac vung mien trong ca nfldc; Thii ba, cd nhieu gidng Idn dia phfldng cha't Ifldng td't dfldc ngfldi tieu dflng fla chupng eo the dung lam nen de lai tao vdi cdc gidng Idn ngoai cao san cho ra cac gidng lai thich flng vdi dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet, dieu kien chan nudi eua cae dia phfldng nhflng van dap flng dfldc thi hieu tieu dung cua ngfldi ddn. Thd tu, da xud't hien cac md hinh chan nuoi, cac hinh thflc lien ket trong trong chan nuoi Idn td ra CO hieu qua, cd tac dung thuc day chan nuoi Idn phat trien, nhd't la hinh thflc chan nuoi gia cong/hdp ddng cho cdng ty CP cua Thai Lan d cac tinh Ha Tay (cu), Bac Giang va cac tinh vung Ddng Nam Bp. Cac hinh thflc td ehflc chan nuoi hdp tac xa, nhdm hp cung da phat huy tac dung trong viec cflng td ehflc thu mua dau vao de tiet kiem chi phi va cflng ban siin pham de CO sflc manh trong viec dam phan/mac cii gia vdi tif thifdng. • Tuy nhien, cd the thdy ngdnh chdn nuoi Idn niidc ta con bdc Id nhieu diem yeu kem: Thd nhdt, chan nudi Idn van phd bien la chan nuoi qui mo nhd, tan dung trong cac hp gia dinh, gio'ng Idn dfldc sfl dung ehu yeu la Idn lai CO ty le nae tbd'p. Chan nudi qui mo Idn theo hfldng cong nghiep (chan nuoi trang trai) con chiem ty le nhd ea ve so' diiu con cung nhfl tdng trpng lifdng xua't chudng: Thd hai, do chdn nudi qui md nhd nen viec kiem soat djch benh, kiem soat ve sinh an toan thflc pham rat khd khan, lam eho chat Ifldng thjt cdn tha'p chfla dat tieu chuan xua't khiiu: Thd ba, do gia thflc an chan nudi cao hdn rat nhieu so vdi cac nfldc trong khu vflc va do gid'ng Idn chfla tot, nen tdc dp tang trpng tha'p, lam cho gia thanh chan nudi eao, nen chan nuoi Idn chifa the hien ldi the so sanh va ldi the ciinh tranh, khd khan cho xuat khau ra thi trfldng the gidi: Thd tu, trinh dp ky thuat cua ngfldi chan nuoi cdn tha'p va chfla ddng deu, y thflc cua ngfldi dan chfla cao, nen khi co dich benh chan nuoi xay ra rat de lay lan, anh hfldng den nganh chan nudi cflng nhfl sflc khde cong ddng. • Trong bdi cdnh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te, ngdnh chdn nuoi Idn nUdc ta co nhieu thdi cd vd van hdi mdi: Thd nhdt, thue nhiip khau nguyen lieu che bien thfle an chan nuoi giam, nen chi phi dau vao cho chan nuoi Idn se giam. tao thuiin ldi cho nganh chan nudi Idn phat trien: Thd hai, chung ta co dieu kien de nhap dfldc cae gidng Idn ngoai nang sua't cao. cha't Ifldng td't de tang nang sua't chan nudi ha gia thanh san pham; Thd ba, thi trfldng xua't khdu md rpng, chung ta eo dieu kien de xuat khau san pham sang nhieu nfldc tren the gidi; Thd tii, nhieu cong ty nifdc ngoiM se diiu tu vao Viet Nam ca trong hnh vflc chan nuoi va che bien thflc pham, vi vay se eo nhieu cd hpi cho nong dan Viet Nam co dfldc hdp ddng vdi cac cong ty nifdc ngoai; Thd ndm, do kinh te phat trien, thu nhap ngfldi dan ngay cang tang, lam cho cau ve thflc pham ma dac biet la thit Idn ngay cang tang len, tao cd hpi thuan ldi cho nganh chan nuoi Idn phat trien manh trong thdi gian tdi. • Mac du tqo ra nhieu cd hdi nhiing chinh qud trinh hdi nhdp qudc te cung tqo ra nhieu thdch thdc ddi vdi ngdnh chdn nuoi Idn niidc ta: Mot Id, do qua trinh cong nghiep hda va do thi boa nen dien tich dii't danh cho chan nuoi Idn thu hep, chan nudi tap trung lam cho moi trifdng d nhiem va dich benh de lay lan biing phqit thanh dich; Hai Id, do ldi nhuan tfl san xua't cong nghiep tang nhanh nen cdc nha dau tu se khong man ma dau tfl vao nganh chan nuoi Idn, lam cho cd hpi dfldc hdp tac vdi ciic nha dau tfl Idn giam xudng; Ba Id, do thue nhiip khiiu giiim nen nguy cd thit Idn gia re tfl cac nifdc cd nen chan nuoi tien tien se canh tranh gay gat vdi thit Idn siin xuii't trong nfldc. Nghi6n CM Kinh t4 so 373 - Thang 6.2009 71 Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc ... 3. Ket luan va k ien nghi 0 mien Bac Viet Nam da va dang tdn tai 3 hinh thflc hdp tac chan nudi Idn chu yeu. Thd nhdt, hinh thflc chan nuoi cd hdp ddng chinh tho'ng vdi chu hdp ddng Id cac cdng ty CP (Thai Lan) va Japffa comfeed (Inddnexia). Thd hai, hinh thflc chdn nuoi cd hdp ddng khdng chinh thdng gifla ngfldi chan nuoi vdi cac hdp tac xa hoac cac tfl thfldng cung ca'p dich vu dau vao/tieu thu san pham cho ngfldi chdn nudi. Thd ba, cac hp chan nuoi doc lap vdi nhieu qui mo khac nhau tfl chan nuoi tan dung (1-2 eon/chu ky); den chdn nudi ban tan dung 3-10 con/ehu ky, chan nuoi theo xu hfldng thi trfldng (tfl 10 den dfldi 100 con/chu ky) va chan nuoi trang trai (tfl 100 con/chu ky trd len). cac hp tham gia lien ket vdi tfl thfldng cd thu nhap cao hdn ban cac hp lien ket vdi HTX va chan nuoi doc lap trong phfldng thflc nuoi Idn nai, ban Idn gio'ng va nuoi Idn ket hdp. Lien ket vdi HTX ed flu the hdn bdn lien ket vdi tfl thfldng vd vdi cac hp chan nudi doc lap d phfldng thflc nuoi Idn nai ban Idn thit va nuoi Idn thit thuan tuy. Ngoai ra, hdp tac lien ket eon chia se rui ro gifla cac ben tham gia lien ket va dam bao ldi ich eho ngfldi chan nuoi. Trong 3 hinh thflc td ehflc chan nudi, hinh thflc chan nuoi gia cdng cho cac cdng ty lien doanh vdi nfldc ngoai dat ket qua vd hieu qua cao nhifng ddi bdi vd'n dau tfl Idn, kha nang quan ly cao nen khdng phai hp gia dinh nao cung dap flng dfldc. Hinh thflc chan nuoi Idn theo HTX cd nhieu flu diem, nhflng cdc mo hinh hien tai chfla thu hut ngfldi chan nuoi va chi tap t rung vao cac hp qui md t rung binh trd len. Cac hp chan nudi doc lap de ddng thay ddi qui mo chdn nuoi de thich flng vdi dieu kien thi trfldng (gia ea, dich benh..) nhflng khd khdn khi ky ket hdp ddng tieu thu san pham, vi khdi Ifldng san pham khong cd thfldng xuyen.Ngoai ra, do khd khan trong viec ky ket diiu ra vdi nfldc ngoai nen cac cong ty CP, Japffa comfeed khong md rpng hdp ddng ma chi duy tri sd Ifldng hien cd. Chan nudi Idn ngoai chi phfl hdp vdi cdc hp qui mo trung binh trd len va td ehflc thanh mang Ifldi lien hodn (HTX, nhdm nong dan cung sd thich) neu chdn nudi d qui mo nhd (3-5 nai ngoai/hp nhfl d Thai Binh) thi hieu qua tha'p./. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Cheung, S. 1969. "Transaction Cost. Risk A\'ersion. and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements." Journal of Law and Economics, 12: 564-591. 2. Coulter. J. A. Goodland. and A. Tallomire. 1999. Marrying Farmer Cooperation and Contract Farming: Provision in a Liberalizing Sub-Saharan Africa. Overseas Development Institute, ISSN 1356-9338. 3. Giao. H.K. 2004. "Situation of Livestock Development in Vietnam: Policies and Solutions in the Future". Presentation at the MARD Department of Agriculture - ILRI Workshop on Enhancing Small-Scale Livestock Development. 13-14 July 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam. 4. Hudson. D. and J. Lusk. 2004. "Risk and Transactions Costs in Contracting: Results from a Choice- Ba.sed Experiment," Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization, 2 (Article 2). 5. Huong, Nguyen Thi. 2005. Vietnam Livestock and Products Update 2005. USDA-Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN) Report No. VM5056. 6. Huong. Nguyen Thi. 2006. Vietnam Livestock and Products Annual 2006. USDA-FAS GAIN Report No. VM6054. 7. IFPRI. 2001. Policy options for using livestock to promote rural income diversitlcation and growth in Viet Nam. Final Report submitted to the Royal Embassy of Denmark and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Hanoi. 8. Key, N. and W. McBride. 2003. "Production Contracts and Productivity in the U. S. Hog Sector." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85: 121-133. 9. Lapar, L., Binh. V.T., Ehui, S., 2003. Identifying barriers to entry to livestock input and output markets in South-East Asia. The Case of Vietnam. ILRI. Nairobi. Kenya. 10. Tiongco, M. and C. Delgado. 2007. Maintaining Smallholder Competitiveness through Contract Farming: A Look at Monogastric Livestock Production in India, the Philippines, and Tliailand, a working paper for submission as IFPRI Discussion Paper Series. 11. Tung, D.X., N.T. Thuy imd T.C. Thang. 2005. "Pork and poultry markets in Vietnam". NIAH and ICARD. Annex to Report: 'An appropriate level of risk: Balancing the need for safe livestock products with fair market access for the poor' B. Perry, A.N. Pratt. K. Sones, and C. Stevens. PPLPI Working Paper No. 23. 72 Nghi4n cuv Kinh 14 so 373 - Thing 6 2009