Monitoring environment parameters using iot and long-Range data communications, application to smart cities - Ha Duyen Trung

Nghiên cứu khoa học công nghệ Tạp chí Nghiên cứu KH&CN quân sự, Số Đặc san CNTT, 04 - 2019 65 MONITORING ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS USING IoT AND LONG-RANGE DATA COMMUNICATIONS, APPLICATION TO SMART CITIES Ha Duyen Trung1*, Nguyen Huu Trung1, Thai Trung Kien2, Doan Thanh Binh 3 Abstract: Currently, WiFi, 3G/4G mobile communications are very popular and available in almost every place. Many Internet of Things (IoT) applications based on WiFi and 3G/4G technology modules have been developed and applied directly to social life. However, for applications with WiFi also take some limitations such as short distance transmission and large power consumption. This will be limited to many applications that do not require large bandwidth but need more practical works for long data transmission distances. Therefore, to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, we propose the environmental parameters monitoring system in terms of temperature, humidity, CO concentration, PM2.5, illumination, etc., based on LoRa technologies and IoT. The designed system takes advantages of transmission operation with a maximum distance of up to 15 km and extremely low power consumption. Using the advantages LoRa module will be the perfect choice for the IoT applications to everyone, in places where Wi-Fi and 3G/4G is not available. Not only in remote rural areas but also in city applications such as smart street lighting, parking lots or applications monitoring environmental conditions in industrial/high- park zones. With the development of industrial revolution 4.0 and IoT applications, LoRa technologies will be one of the common technologies for the near future. Key words: IoT; LoRa; Environment monitoring; Smart City. 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental monitoring and management is becoming more important, as cities grow fast and often uncontrollably. The population of urban residents is estimated to increase 85 per cent by 2050. This convergence of people brings new challenges for city planners, such as the need to improve air and water quality, and control noise pollution to create a healthy and enjoyable environment for Smart Cities [1]. The Internet of Things (IoT) is network of objects (things) in everyday life, which are embedded with microcontroller, sensors/actuators and its software. In IoT, it is essential that these things can widely collect, communicate data with their surroundings and the users with low power consumption. The IoT is implemented for the development of applications that makes use of the enormous amount and the data generated by such objects. This method finds applications by enabling easy access and communication with a wide-range of devices such as home automation, e-Health, environment and many others. In this scenario, the application of the IoT paradigm to such a Smart City environment monitoring is of particular interest, as it responds to the governments to adopt information and communications technologies (ICT) solutions in the management of public affairs [2]. Though there is no yet formal and widely accepted definition of - Smart City, the aim is to make a better use of the municipal resources, increasing the quality of the services presented to the residents, while decreasing the operational costs of the municipal administrations. This objective can Công nghệ thông tin H. D. Trung, , D. T. Binh, “Monitoring environment parameters to smart cities.” 66 be tailed by the deployment of an IoT, i.e., a communication infrastructure that provides cohensive, simple, and inexpensive access to overabundance of public services, thus unleashing potential interactions and increasing clearness to the citizens. IoT has numerous benefits in managing and optimizing traditional services, such as transport and parking, lighting, observation and maintenance of public areas, protection of cultural heritage, garbage collection, hospitals, and school. Furthermore, the accessibility of different types of data, which is collected by a persistent IoT, may also be used to take advantage to increase the clearness and promote the actions of the local government toward the residents, improve the awareness of people about the status of their town, stimulate the active participation of the residents in the management of public administration, and also stimulate the building of new services provided by the IoT [3]. Therefore, the presentation of the IoT standard to the City is particularly to regional and regional administrations that may become the early implementation of such technologies, thus acting as catalyzes for the implementation of the IoT paradigm on a wider scale. IoT uses cases are characterized by requirements such as data rate, coverage, device complexity, latency, and battery lifetime. These are thus important performance metrics. Furthermore, according to [4], IoT traffic is forecast to have compounded annual growth rate of 23 percent between 2015 and 2023. It is therefore important to ensure that 3G/NB-IoT has good capacity to support such growth in the years to come. The rest of paper is organized as follows: a monitoring proposed system, especially from the perspective of environment is first given in Section II. We then present the results and discussion details of the IoT implementation for environmental monitoring in Section III. The summary is concluded in section IV. 2. PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IoT cloud server Ethernet Smart phone Computer Laptop WiFi, 3G, 4G WiFi, 3G, 4G LoRa LoRa LoRa gateway 3G/NB-IoT Sensor #1 Sensor #2 Sensor #N Figure 1. A diagram of LoRa/3G and IoT networks-based environmental monitoring systems. A diagram of LoRa/3G/NB-IoT and IoT networks-based environmental monitoring systems is illustrated in the Fig. 1. LoRa is one of the prominent cadidates for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) [4], providing wide communication coverage with low power comsumption, at the expense of data Nghiên cứu khoa học công nghệ Tạp chí Nghiên cứu KH&CN quân sự, Số Đặc san CNTT, 04 - 2019 67 rate, supporting a multitude of IoT use-cases through a digital wireless communication technology. LoRa enables a long communication distance as a LoRa receiver can decode transmissions at 19.5 dB below the noise floor. Operating in license-free ISM bands, LoRa provides several physical layer parameters that can be customized and developed. These parameters include: spreading factor (SF), Bandwidth (BW), transmission power (TP), and code rate (CR). The LoRa PHY layer uses a chirp spread-spectrum (CSS) modulation where different SFs tune the chirp modulation rates. Lower SFs such as SF7 allow for higher data rates but reduced transmission range, whereas higher SFs such as SF12 provide longer trangmission range at lower data rates. Currently, LoRa technology is used for monitoring purposes in Europe and America, it however has not been applied for such applications in Vietnam. In the study, we use of LoRa/3G and IoT infrastructure for monitoring the air quality environment in terms of temperature, humidity, CO concentration. Preamble Header Payload CRC (Optional) CR=4/8 CR=4/(4+N) Figure 2. The structure of a LoRa message frame. Fig. 2 shows the LoRa physical message frame. It starts with a preamble, whose duration can be configured between 10.25 and 65,539.25 symbols. An optional header follows that is always transmitted with a CR of 4/8. The header contains the following information: payload length in bytes. CR is used for payload, and whether a CRC is present. The length of the payload size is stored in 1 byte; hence the maximum payload is 255 bytes. The header field is optional; it is more energy- efficient to disable the header in situations where payload length, CR, and CRC presence are known in advance. The frame ends with an optional 16-bit CRC field. Payload and CRC are transmitted with a CR of 4/(4+N), where N=1,2,3,4. A more detailed discussion of LoRa digital wireless communication can be found in [5]. (a) (b) Figure 3. Hardware implementation of smart sensors (a) and packed node (b). Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a new cellular technology introduced in 3GPP Release 13 for providing wide-area coverage for IoT. NB-IoT addresses key IoT requirements such as deployment flexibility, low device complexity, long battery lifetime, support of massive numbers of devices in a cell, and significant coverage extension beyond existing cellular technologies. We also share the various design rationales during the standardization of NB-IoT in Release 13. 68 is an asynchronous publish/subscribe protocol that runs on top of the TCP stack [7]. Publish/subscribe protocols meet better the M2M communication than request/response since clients do not have to request updates thus, the network bandwidth is decreasing and the need for using computational resources is dropping. In MQTT there is a broker (server) [8] that contains topics. Each client can be a publisher that sends information to the broker at a specific topic or/and a subscriber that receives automatic messages every time there is a new update in a topic which is subscribed. MQTT was released by IBM and targets lightweight M2M communications. It Figure H. D. Trung, , D. T. Binh 4. Displaying environmenta 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION , “Monitoring environment parameters to smart cities l parameters using IoT and LoRa network Công ngh requirements ệ thông tin . .” Nghiên cứu khoa học công nghệ Tạp chí Nghiên cứu KH&CN quân sự, Số Đặc san CNTT, 04 - 2019 69 The designed sensors for monitoring environmental parameters using IoT and LoRa network is shown in the Fig. 3. In the experiments, the distance between the monitoring node that the LoRa IoT gateway is 500 m. Other parameters conditions such as CR = 4/5, BW = 125 kHz, SF = 7, Tp = 17 dBm. Each node sends 100 monitoring data packets to the server. Then, the other parameters are fixed and change only SF = 9 and SF = 12. We observe the monitoring parameters’ results presented in Fig. 4, including: Temperature, humanity, CO, PM2.5, smog, light illumination. We observed that, by using the IoT and LoRa data communication, the longer the transmission distances, the lower the packet loss rate. This is because the gateway only processes data from one node at a time, there is a loss of packet due to two nodes transmitting at the same time, which node is forwarded to the node that will be received. However, because there are only two nodes and the processing time of information from one node is very fast, the loss of packets is very rare. It can be also seen that the higher the spread, the greater the distance, but the obstacle is very important, because the area has many trees and houses, so the distance measurement should not be far. 4. CONCLUSION In this paper, the environmental sensor monitoring system for smart cities is designed and tested based on IoT and Long-Range infrastructure. An accurate and stable monitoring system is implemented with low power consumption, long-range data transmission distances. The system also employed multiple monitoring nodes to collect multiple environmental surveillance areas. By using such system, extremely tests are expandable and with various sensors, not just CO, temperature and humidity (e.g., brightness sensor, distance sensor, water sensors). Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology has supported under the KC.01/16-20 program. REFERENCES [1]. P. Bellavista, G. Cardone, A. Corradi, and L. Foschini, "Convergence of MANET and WSN in IoT urban scenarios," IEEE Sens. J. 13 (2013) 3558– 3567. [2]. H. Schaffers, N. Komninos, M. Pallot, B. Trousse, M. Nilsson, and A. Oliveira, "Smart cities and the future internet: Towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation," The Future Internet, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 6656 (2011) 431– 446. [3]. D. Cuff, M. Hansen, and J. Kang, "Urban sensing: Out of the woods,"Commun. ACM. 51 (2008) 24-33. [4]. “Ericsson Mobility Report, on the Pulse of the Networked Society,” Ericsson White Paper, June 2016; https://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2016/er [5]. N. Sornin, M. Luis, T. Eirich, T. Kramp, and O. Hersent, “LoRaWAN Specifications," LoRa Alliance, San Ramon, CA, USA,” 2015. Công nghệ thông tin H. D. Trung, , D. T. Binh, “Monitoring environment parameters to smart cities.” 70 [6]. Augustin, J. Yi, T. Clausen, and W. M. Townsley, “A Study of LoRa: Long Range and Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things,” Sensors. 16 (2016). [7]. Qualcomm, Inc., “Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT),” RP-151621, 3GPP TSG RAN Meeting #69, Sept. 2015. [8]. Banks, A. and Gupta, R, “MQTT version 3.1.1,” OASIS Standard, 2014. [9]. N. De Caro, W. Colitti, K. Steenhaut, G. Mangino, and G. Reali, "Comparison of two lightweight protocols for smartphone-based sensing," in 2013 IEEE 20th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT). (2013) 1–6. TÓM TẮT GIÁM SÁT THÔNG SỐ MÔI TRƯỜNG SỬ DỤNG INTERNET KẾT NỐI VẠN VẬT VÀ TRUYỀN DỮ LIỆU TẦM XA, ỨNG DỤNG CHO THÀNH PHỐ THÔNG MINH Hiện nay, các chuẩn WiFi, 3G/4G rất phổ biến và có sẵn ở hầu hết mọi nơi. Nhiều ứng dụng Internet of Things (IoT) dựa trên các mô-đun WiFi và 3G/4G đã được phát triển và áp dụng trực tiếp vào đời sống xã hội. Tuy nhiên, đối với các ứng dụng WiFi có một số hạn chế như truyền khoảng cách truyền dẫn ngắn và tiêu thụ năng lượng lớn. Điều này sẽ được giới hạn ở nhiều ứng dụng không yêu cầu băng thông lớn nhưng cần có khoảng cách truyền dữ liệu dài. Do đó, để khắc phục những nhược điểm này, trong bài báo này, chúng tôi phát triển hệ thống giám sát các thông số môi trường về nhiệt độ, độ ẩm, nồng độ CO, PM2.5, chiếu sáng, v.v., dựa trên công nghệ LoRa và IoT. Hệ thống được thiết kế tận dụng lợi thế của hoạt động truyền dẫn với khoảng cách tối đa lên tới 15 km và mức tiêu thụ điện năng cực thấp. Sử dụng các ưu điểm của mô-đun LoRa sẽ là lựa chọn hoàn hảo cho các ứng dụng IoT ở những nơi không có Wi-Fi và 3G/4G. Không chỉ ở các vùng nông thôn hẻo lánh mà cả trong các ứng dụng ở thành phố như đèn đường thông minh, bãi đỗ xe hoặc các ứng dụng giám sát các điều kiện môi trường trong khu công nghiệp / công viên cao. Với sự phát triển của cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0 và ứng dụng IoT, công nghệ LoRa sẽ là một trong những công nghệ phổ biến cho tương lai gần. Từ khóa: IoT; LoRa; Giám sát môi trường; Thành phố thông minh. Nhận bài ngày 29 tháng 12 năm 2018 Hoàn thiện ngày 12 tháng 3 năm 2019 Chấp nhận đăng ngày 25 tháng 3 năm 2019 Địa chỉ: 1Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội; 2Viện KHKTQS; 3Đại học Điện Lực. * Email: trung.haduyen@hust.edu.vn.