Giáo trình Thương mại điện tử căn bản

Noi OAU Trong hai thap kf) qua, Cong nghe thong tin vet Thtrang mgi dien tti &Jr xeon nhap vao moi g6c cgnh czsa den sang xel h6i not chung va cica doanh nghiep not rieng. Doi v6i doanh nghiep, Thumg mgi dien ter gip phcin hinh thanh flitting mo hinh kinh doanh mot giam chi phi, ncing cao hieu qua kinh doanh. floi voi ngu-61 tieu dung, Thirang mgi dien ter giecp mua sam thuan tien cac hang hoa va dich vy tren cac thi truing moi nai tren thi gioi. Gicio trinh "Thirang mgi dien a can ban" la mOt trong nhang gicio trinh cow mon hoc nghiep vy thu6c not dung chwang trinh dao tgo Chuyen nganh Thtrang mgi dien ter va mot so chuyen nganh khcic cua truing Dgi hoc Ngogi thwang. N6i dung cica glow trinh "Thitang mgi dien ter can ban" bao gem 6 vein d'd ion: Tang quan ve Thwang mgi dien ter, Giao dich dien ter Marketing dien ter, Rui ro va phOng tranh red ro trong Thwang mgi dien ter Ong dung Thtrang mgi dien to trong doanh nghiep va Ludt Giao dich dien ter. Gicio trinh chivy viit nhcim phyc vy cho viec hoc tap vet nghien cti.0 ctia sinh vien truing Dgi hoc Ngogi thtrang. Ngogi ra, gicio trinh nay con co thi dtrac dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho sinh vien cac truing dgi hoc, cao dling tren ca nu* va cac can b6 lam cong tac quan ly, kinh doanh va thwang mgi dien to 3 MUC Luc Trang LCJI NOI DAU 3 DANH MUC cAc VIET TAT 11 DANH MUC FINN 14 DANH MUC BANG BIU 15 CHUCING 1. TONG QUAN VE THUMG MAI Do TU 16 1.1. Khai niem chung ye Thong mai dien ter 16 1.1.1. Su ra ddi va phat then cua Internet 16 1.1.2. Khai niem thirong mai dien ter 17 1.1.3. Cac phuang tien thuc hien thong mai dien ter 22 1.1.4. He th6ng cac hoat Ong co bin trong thong mai dien to 24 1.1.5. Qua trinh phat then thong mai dien ter 25 1.1.6. Cac Van de chitin loc trong thong mai dien tit 26 1.2. Dec diem, phan loai thong mai dien ter 28 1.2.1. Dec diem cua thong mai dien ter 28 1.2.2. Phan Ioai thong mai dien ter 29 1.3. Lai Ich va han ch6 cua thong mai dien to 31 1.3.1.14 ich cua thong mai dien ter 31 1.3.2. Han the cua thirang mai dien ter 34 1.4. Anh twang cua thucrng mai dien ter 35 1.4.1. -lac dOng den hoat Ong Marketing 35 1.4.2. Thay d6i mO hinh kinh doanh 36 1.4.3. -lac dOng den hoat dOng san xual 37 1.4.4. -lac citing den hoat Ong tai chinh, Ica toan 38 1.4.5. Tac Ong den hoat Ong ngoai thirang 38 1.4.6. Tac Ong cua Thuctng mai dien ter den cac nganh nghe 39 4 1.5. Ca sa vat chat, ky thuat va phap I9 de phat then TMDT 44 1.5.1. Xay dung ca sa phap I9 va chinh sach (vi mO) 44 1.5.2. Phat then ha tang ding nghe thOng tin va truyen thOng 47 1.5.3. Xay dung ha tang kien thuc - chinh sach ye dao tao nhan luc 48 1.5.4. Xay dung he th6ng bao mat trong thuang mai dien tir 49 1.5.5. Xay dung he th6ng thanh toan dien to 50 1.5.6. Xay dung chin Vac va mO hinh kinh doanh 50 1.5.7. Xay dung nguOn nhan luc cho thucing mai dien tir 51 CHIJONG 2. GIAO DICH DIEN TCI 53 2.1. Hap d6ng dien ter 53 2.1.1. Khai niem, dac diem hap d6ng then tir 53 2.1.2. K9 kel hap thing dien tir 59 2.1.3. Quy trinh thuc hien hap Tong dien ter 67 2.1.4. So sanh hap ding dien ter veil hap dong truyen th6ng 71 2.1.5. Dieu kien hieu luc cela kip dong dien to 74 2.1.6. MOt s6 diem can km 9 khi sir dung kip (long dien tir 75 2.2. Thanh toan dien ter 78 2.2.1. TOng quan ye thanh toan dien tir 78 2. 2.2. MOt s6 hinh fink thanh toan dien ter phO ben 86 2.2.3. Phan tich mot s6 tinh hu6ng thanh toan dien ter 92 2.3. Chtl k9 s6 va dich vu chi:mg thuc chit ky s6 98 2.3.1. TOng quan ve chit k9 dien ter va chic ky s6 98 2.3.2. Chang thuc chit kjr then ter va dich vu chUng thuc chit kjr dien tir 112 2.3.3. Dieu kien a dam bao cho sit phat then dich vu chang thuc CKDT 131 CHUCING 3. MARKETING Do TCI 143 3.1. TOng quan ye marketing dien tir 143 3.1.1. Cac khai niem ca ban ye E-marketing 143 3.1.2. Cac hinh fink phat trien cc ban dm marketing dien ter 144 5 3.1.3. Liu diem ciia marketing din tit so vai marketing truyen th6ng 146 3.1.4. Tac Ong coa thuang mai dian to Mr' hoat Ong marketing 147 3.1.5. MOt s6 di& kin can de ap dung marketing dian tit thanh °Ong 148 3.2. Cfng dung marketing din tit tong doanh nghiep 149 3.2.1. Nghien citu thi twang qua mang 149 3.2.2. Phan tich hanh vi mua s5m ciia khach hang qua mang 151 3.2.3. Phan doan thi twang trong marketing din tit 152 3.2.4. Cac chitin lilac marketing dien tit h6n hap (E-marketing mix) 155 3.3. ring dung marketing dian tit tong hoat Ong xuat nhap khgu 161 3.3.1. Khai thac he th6ng cac Trade Points ten Internet de gang cao 161 3.3.2. Khai thac cac san giao dich thong mai din to B2B 163 3.3.3. Tim hieu thOng tin thi twang qua Sc giao dich hang hoa ten Internet 163 3.3.4. Tim kiam thi truang va d6i tac ten Internet 164 3.3.5. He th6ng thOng tin xiic tin thuang mai ten Internet 166 3.3.6. Cac website thOng tin xilc tin thuang mai din hinh 167 3.3.7. WA s6 van de can km y khi ang dung marketing din tit 168 3.3.8. Nhitrig km y khi van dung marketing din to tong xuat nhap khgu 169 3.4. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 172 CHLIONG IV. ROI RO VA PHONG TRANH ROI RO TRONG THIJONG MAI DIN TO 175 4.1. TOng quan ye an toan va phong tranh riii ro trong thuang mai din tit 175 4.1.1. Vai to dm an toan va phOng tranh riii ro tmng thuang mai dien tit 175 4.1.2. ROI ro trong thuang mai dian tit tai Viet Nam 176 4.1.3. Vai to cila chinh sach va quy trinh bao dam an toan d6i vai TMST 177 4.2. Riii ro chinh trong thong mai din tit 177 4.2.1. MOt s6 rig ro doanh nghiap co the gap phai trong thong mai dian tit 177 4.2.2. WO s6 clang tan cong vac) cac website thong mai din tit 178 6 4.3. Xay dung Id hoach an ninh cho thong mai dien to 181 4.3.1. NhCing bien phap ca ban dam bao an toan cho giao dich TMDT 182 4.3.2. C5c ben ph5p co ban nh5m dam bio an toan cho he th6ng TMDT 186 4.3.3. MOt s6 bien phap khac nhArn dam bao an toan cho he th6ng TMDT 188 4.4. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 189 4.4.1. D6i ph6 v6i cac vu tan cong vao website thong mai dien to 189 4.4.2. Phong chong lua dao qua mang (phishing) 190 4.4.3. GA ph5p Om rui ro trong thong mai dien ter cua iPremier 192 CHUONG V. tING DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN TCI TRONG DOANH NGHlelp 197 5.1. Xay dung he their -1g thong mai dien ter trong doanh nghiep 197 5.1.1. Luu trir wesbite thong mai dien to 198 5.1.2. Ph5n mem giai ph5p thong mai dien to cho doanh nghiep 211 5.1.3. MOt s6 giai phap thong mai dien to cho doanh nghiep lan 221 5.2. Trien khai du an thong mai dien to trong doanh nghiep 227 5.2.1. Cac phong phap trien khai du an thong mai dien to trong doanh nghiep 227 5.2.2. Quy trinh xay dung ph5n mem Cmg dung thucmg mai dien to 227 5.2.3. Quy trinh mua va trien khai phan mem thong mai dien to 244 5.2.4. Ky nang quan Iy du an thucmg mai dien to trong doanh nghiep 250 5.3. lIng dung cOng nghe th6ng tin vao quan tri quan he kh5ch hang 252 5.3.1. T6ng quan ye CRM 252 5.3.2. Cac chirc Wang ca ban cua CRM 261 5.3.3. Quy trinh trien khai CRM trong doanh nghiep 262 5.3.4. Lua chop giai ph5p CRM phis hap voi doanh nghiep 263 5.3.5. Kinh nghiem erng dung CRM trong doanh nghiep 268 7 5.4. Dig dung cong ngh6 thong tin veo pan tri chu6i cung (mg caa doanh nghi6p 274 5.4.1. T6ng quan ye Quin tri Chu6i cung (mg (SCM - Supply Chain Management) 274 5.4.2. Cac lui Ich cela SCM 280 5.4.3. Cac chirc nang chO y6u cua he thong SCM 281 5.4.4. Phan tich cac bai hoc ye (mg dung SCM thanh cong 283 5.4.5. Cac phan mem ang dung trong quin l chu6i cung (mg 285 5.4.6. *rich hcrp chuoi cung (mg va quail tri nguOn luc doanh nghi6p 291 5.4.7. Phan tich bai tap tinh huting 292 5.5. (Ing dung cong nghe th6ng tin vao quan tri nguOn luc doanh nghrep 294 5.5.1. Tang quan ye ERP 294 5.5.2. Trier) khai du an ERP 295 5.5.3. Lila chon giai phap ERP ph0 hap vOi doanh nghi6p 306 5.5.4. Bai hoc kinh nghi'6m ye (mg dung ERP thanh cong 314 5.5.5. Cai dat va Set dung phen mem ERP 317 5.6. Xay dung k6 hoach kinh doanh din ter 323 5.6.1. -Icing quan ye k6 hoach kinh doanh di6n to 323 5.6.2. C6u trim Ice hoach kinh doanh di6n ter 326 5.6.3. MO to Chung ye hoat thing kinh doanh: Sir mang, tam nhin, muc tieu 333 5.6.4. MO hinh kinh doanh 342 5.6.5. Phan tich thi trudng 348 5.6.6. Phan tich canh tranh 353 5.6.7. T6 chit thuc hiOn 358 5.6.8. Phan tich hi6u qua tai chinh 363 5.6.9. Trinh bay kg hoach kinh doanh din ter mot cach hi6u qua 366 8 5.7. Xay dung quan ly website thuang mai dien to va ban hang truc tuyen 368 5.7.1 Cac cong nghe xay dung website thuang mai dien tir 368 5.7.2. May chi) web, He quan tri ca set di? lieu, NgOn ngir lap trinh web 368 5.7.3. Cai dat va quan 19 website thucrng mai dien tir 372 5.7.4. Cai dat va quan 19 cira hang truc tuy6n 380 5.7.5. Nang cap va phat trien website thuang mai dien tit 382 5.7.6. Thuc hanh sir dung hap Tong dien tir va thanh toan dien tir B2C 382 5.8. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 382 5.8.1. Case 1. Land's End Tau to vao Thuang mai dien tit 382 5.8.2. Case 2. Sear va viec ang dung thuang mai dien tit 384 Bai thuc hanh: cai dat va sir dung mot s6 phan mem CRM 386 CHUCING VI. LUAT DIEU CHINH THUCING MAI 010 ICI 395 6.1. Khai quat khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir ten the giai 395 6.1.1. Luat mAu ye thong mai dien tir cira UNCITRAL 395 6.1.2. Luat mAu ye chit k9 dien tit cira UNCITRAL 396 6.1.3. COng uac ciia Lien hdp qu6c ye sir dung chang tir dien tir trong hap Tong thuang mai qu6c t6 397 6.2. Khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir cua mot s6 nuac va khu vuc 397 6.2.1. Khung phap Ijr ye thong mai dien tir cua Hoa Ky 397 6.2.2. Khung phap Ijr ye thuang mai dien tir dm Singapore 400 6.2.3. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai then tir cira Canada 402 6.2.4. Khung phap 19 ye thong mai then tit dm EU 403 6.2.5. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai dien tir cua APEC 404 6.2.6. Khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir cila ASEAN 405 6.3. Nhiing tap quan quoc to lien quan den thuang mai dien tir 406 6.3.1. Incoterms 2010 406 6.3.2. eUCP 406 9 6.4. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai dien ter cua Viet Nam 407 6.4.1. Luat ding nghe thOng tin 407 6.4.2. Luat giao dich dien ter 407 6.4.3. Nghl dinh s6 57/2006/ND-CP ye thong mai dien tit 408 6.4.4. Nghl dinh s6 26/2007/ND-CP ye chit q s6 va dich vu chi:mg thuc chi: 4 s6 410 6.4.5. Nghi dinh s6 27/2007/ND-CP ye giao dich dien tir trong hoat Ong tai chinh 412 6.4.6. Nghi dinh s6 3512007/NB-CP ye giao dich dien to trong hoat Ong ngan hang 414 Phu lyc 1: Cac mO hinh thong mai dien tiithanh ding tran the gidi 415 GENERAL MOTOR: Sang kien thong mai dien tit B2B 452 Phu lyc 2: Quy trinh ky ket va thuc hien hap dung dien ter bang email 455 Phu Ric 3: Luat mAu cila UNCITRAL ye thong mai dien ter (Model Law on Electronic Commerce) 475 Phyc lyc 3: UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures 486 Phu luc 4: United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 493 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 505 10 DANH MIX CAC TO VIET TAT Danh muc tir viet tat tieng Anh Chir viet tat Titng Anh Titng Vitt ADOC APEC Digital Opportunity Center Trung tam Ca hOi s6 dm APEC AFACT Asia-Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business WO d6ng Kinh doanh din tir va Thu'an lgi hOa thucmg mai APEC Asia-Pacific Economics Cooperation Digit dan hop tac kink to chau A - Thai Binh Duang ATM Automated Teller Machine May rut tin to dOng B2B Business To Business (electronic commerce) Thtrang mai din tir gifta DN va DN B2Bi Business To Business Integration Tich hop N th6ng thucmg mai din tir B2B B2C Business To Consumer (electronic consumer) Thuang mai din tir gift doanh nghi'e'p va Ca nhan C2C Consumer To Consumer (electronic commerce) Thucmg mai din tir gift ca nhan va ca than CA Cetification Authority Ca quan chirng thuc CKDT CISG Convention on International Sales of Goods C8ng trac Vial nam 1980 ve mua ban hang hoa QT CRM Customer Relationship Management Quan tri quan N lc.hach hang eCoSys Electronic Certificate of Origin System HO th6ng khai bao C/O din tir 11 Chu. viet tat . A Tieng Anh Titng VW EDI Electronic Data Interchange Trao d6i dir lieu dien tir ERP Enterprise Resource Planning Ke hoach nguon luc doanh nghiep E-SIGN Electronic Signature on Global and National Commerce LuSt CKDT trong thuong mai qu8c gia va quoc to dm Hoa KS/ EU European Union Lien minh chat' Au IDC International Data Corporation Cong ty dit lieu qu6c to ITC Information and Communication Technology Cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development To chirc phat trien hop tac kinh to Root CA Root Certification Authority Ca quan chimg thuc chit 14 dien tir g6c SCM Supply Chain Management Quan 15, chuOi cung img UCC Uniformed Commercial Code LuSt thuang mai th6ng nhSt dm Hoa KS, UETA Uniformed Electronic Transaction Act LuSt giao dich dien tir th6ng nhAt dm Hoa KS, UN/ CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Uy ban dm LHQ ve Thuan loi Ma TM va kinh doanh dien tir UNCITRAL United Nations Conference for International Trade Law Uy ban dm Lien hop qu6c ve Lust thucmg mai qu6c to UNCTAD United Nations Conference for Trade and Development Uy ban ciia Lien hop qu6c ve Thuang mai va phat trien 12 Chir viet tat Tieng Anh Tieng ViĐt UNeDocs United Nations electronic Trade Documents He tilting xfr V/ chimg tir dien tir' trong TM qut)c to dm LHQ UPS United Parcel Service COng ty dich vu chuyen phat nhanh United Parcel Service WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Tit') chirc so hill' tri tue the gieri R&D Research & Development Nghien cfru va phat tritn CMS Content Managemetn System He quan tri nili dung Xampp X-cross platform, A-Apache, M-MySQL, P-Php, P-Perl Goi ph'an mem may chil web va co so. dir lieu Danh muc tir viet tat tgng ViOt Chi? viet tat Titng Vi0 CKDT Chit IcS7 dien tir CTDT Chimg thuc dien tir HOOT Hop d'ong dien tir HDDTQT Hop d6ng dien tir queic t6 LHQ Lien hop quiic TMDT Thucmg mai dien tir CNTT Cong nghe thong tin CNTT&TT COng nghe thong tin va truyen thong 13 DANH MIX HINH Hinh 1.1. fing dung Thucmg mai dien tit trong cac giai loan ciia chu61 gia tri Hinh 1.2. Sa de phat trier' kinh doanh dien tit Hinh 1.3. Cac btrac trien khai thuang mai dien tit Hinh 1.4. Mo hinh Nganh am nhac va giai tri truc tuyen Hinh 1.5. MO hinh ciao tao truc tuyen Hinh 1.6. Mo hinh kinh doanh bao hiem khi chua c6 Internet Hinh 2.1. Quy trinh giao nhan dien tir thong qua Bolero.net Hinh 2.2. Quy trinh thanh toan dien tir bang the tin dung qua mang Internet Hinh 2.3. Minh hoa not dung cila chirng chi se; Hinh 2.4. Minh hoa quy trinh tao tao chi:mg thu dien tir Hinh 2.5. Minh hoa quy trinh ky se va xac thuc chir kY se Hinh 2.6. Thiet bi tao cha 147 dien tit va nhan dang chit 14 , dien tir Hinh 4.1. Phucmg phap ma hod khod rieng Hinh 4.2. Phuang phap ma hoa khod cong cong Hinh 5.1. Cac thanh phan cua HTTT Hinh 5.2. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chii web Hinh 5.3. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chi' web Hinh 5.4. Phucmg phap SDLC Hinh 5.5. Chien lugc van hanh song song Hinh 5.6. Chien lugc van hanh thi diem he thong mai Hinh 5.7. Chien lugc bac thang Hinh 5.8. Chien lugc thay the town b6 Hinh 5.9. Cac buac trien khai 14 Hinh 5.10. Cac buac trien khai theo phirong phap phat trien img dung nhanh Hinh 5.11. M6 hinh quan he khach hang Hinh 5.12. Minh hoa chu61 cung img Hinh 5.13. M6 hinh quan he tong the Oita ERP, CRM va SCM Hinh 5.14. Phan mem ERP Openbravo Hinh 5.15. Phan mem Compiere Professional Hinh 5.16. Phan mem Opentaps Hinh 5.17. Phan mem xTuple Hinh 5.18. Phan mem Sugar CRM DANH BANG Bib Bang 2.1. TS, le sir dung cac hinh thi.rc thanh town tai 123!Mua Bang 4.1. So sanh phuong phap ma hoa khoa rieng va ma hod *hod cong cong Bang 5.1. Danh sach cac nha cung cap dich vu Internet lem tai Viet nam Bang 5.2. Chi phi danh cho xay dung he th6ng Bang 5.3. So sanh chi phi giira phucmg phap to xay dkmg he thong Bang 5.4. Cac hot dOng trien khai he th6ng ERP Bang 5.5. Muoi van de km nhat trong trien khai du an ERP Bang 5.6. Cac giao dien ERP quan trong nhat Bang 5.7. Quy trinh trien khai he th6ng ERP 15 Churang 1 TONG QUAN VE THUONG MAI DIN TcJ 1.1. Khai ni?nt chung ye Thucrng mai dign tir 1.1.1. Scr ra va ph& tran caa Internet Internet la mang lien ket cac mpg may tinh vori nhau. Mac dir mai thuc su ph6 bien tir nhang nam 1990, Internet da co lich sir hinh thanh tir kha lau: 1962: J.C.R. Licklider dua ray tuang ket n6i cac may tinh vai nhau, tuang lien ket cac mang thOng tin vai nhau da co tir khoang nam 1945 khi kha nang hily diet dm born nguyen tir de doa x6a so nhilng trung tam lien lac quan su, viec lien ket cac trung tam vai nhau theo mo hinh lien mang se giam kha nang mat lien lac town be cac mang khi met trung tam bi tan ding. 1965: Mang giri cac dit lieu da dugc chia nho thanh tong goi (packet), di theo cac tuyen clueing khac nhau va ket hap lai tai diem den (Donald Dovies); Lawrence G. Roberts da ket ricii met may tinh a Massachussetts. - vai met may tinh khac a California qua duorng day dien thoai. 1967: Lawrence G. Roberts tiep tuc de xuat y tuang mang ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) tai met hei nghj a Michigan; Cong nghe chuyen g6i tin (packet switching technology) dem lai lgi ich to lorn khi nhieu may tinh co the chia se thong tin vai nhau; Phat trien mang may tinh thir nghiem cua Be qu6c phong my theo y tuang ARPANet. 1969: Mang nay dugc dua vao hoat deng va la tien than dm Internet; Internet - lien mang bat dAu xuat hien khi nhieu mang may tinh dugc ket n6i vai nhau. 1972: Thu dien tir bat dAu dugc sir dung (Ray Tomlinson). 1973: ARPANet lAn dAu tien dugc ket n6i ra nu& ngoai, tai tnrang dai hoc London. 1984: Giao thirc chuyen g6i tin TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol va Internet Protocol) tra thanh giao thirc chuAn dm Internet; he thiing cac 16 ten mien DNS (Domain Name System) ra dai de phan biet cac may chil; duac chia thanh sau loci chinh bao g6m .edu (education) cho linh vuc gido duc, .gov (government) thuac chinh phit, .mil (miltary) cho linh vuc quan su, .com (commercial) cho linh vuc thuong mai, .org (organization) cho cac t6 chirc, .net (network resources) cho cac mang. 1990: ARPANET ngirng hog dOng, Internet chuyen sang giai doan moi ngtrai deu c6 the sir dung, cac doanh nghiep bat dAu sir dung Internet vao muc dich thuang mai. 1991: Ngon ngir danh dAu sieu van ban HTML (HyperText Markup Language) ra ding vai giao thirc truyen sieu van ban HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), Internet da thuc su tra thanh cong cu dac luc vai hang log cac dich vu mai. World Wide Web (WWW) ra diri, dem lai cho nguai dimg kha nang tham chieu tir mOt van ban den nhieu van ban khac, chuyen tir co sa dir lieu nay sang ca sa dit lieu khac vai hinh thirc hAp dAn va not dung phong phu. WWW chinh la he th6ng cac thong diep dit lieu duac tao ra, truyen tai, truy cap, chia se... thong qua Internet. Internet va Web la cong cu quan trong nhat cua TMDT, gitip cho TMDT phat trien va hog dang hieu qua. Mang Internet duac sir dung rang rai tir nam 1994, Cong ty Netscape tung ra cac phAn mem img dung de khai thac thong tin teen Internet vao than 5 nam 1995. C6ng ty IBM giai thieu cac mo hinh kinh doanh dien tir nam 1997... Dich vu Internet bat au duoc cung cap tai Viet Nam chinh thirc tir nam 1997 ma ra co.h6i hinh thanh va phat then thuang mai dien qr. Nam 2003, thuong mai dien tir bat dAu ducyc giang day a mOt s6 tnrang dai hoc tai Viet Nam. Nam 2006, Lust Giao dich dien tir chinh thirc c6 hieu luc tai Viet Nam tao ca sa phap ly cho hog &Ong thuong mai dien tir phat trien. 1.1.2. Khai niem thwang mai dien tir Thuong mai dien tir duac biet den vai nhieu ten g9i khac nhau, nhu "thuang mai dien tir" (Electronic commerce), "thuong mai Ulm tuyen" (online trade), "thuang mai khong giay to" (paperless commerce) hoc "kinh doanh dien tir" (e-business). Tuy nhien, "thuong mai dien tir" van la ten goi ph6 bien nhat va duac diing th6ng nhAt trong cac van ban hay cong trinh nghien ciru cua cac to chirc hay cac nha nghien ciru. Thucmg mai dien tir bat &Au bang viec mua ban hang h6a va dich vu thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir va mang vin th6ng, cac doanh nghiep tin tai irng dung cong nghe 17 thong tin vao moi hoat dOng ciza minh, tir ban hang, marketing, thanh toan dan mua sam, sari xudt, ddo tao, ph6i hap hoat dOng vai nha cung cap, d6i tac, Ichach khi do thucmg mai dien tir phat trian thanh kinh doanh dien tir, va doanh nghiep img dung thucmg mai dien tir a mirc cao dugc goi la doanh nghiep dien tir. Nhu vay, co the hiau kinh doanh dien tir la mo hinh phat trian cua doanh nghiep khi tham gia thuang mai dien tir b mitt dO cao va img dung ding nghe thong tin chuyen sau trong moi hoat &Ong cua doanh nghiep. * Khdi nrem TMDT theo nghia hep Theo nghia hep, thuang mai dien tir la viec mua ban hang hod va dich vu thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir va mang vi6n thong, dac biet 14 may tinh va Internet. Cach hiau nay twang to vm mOt s6 cac quan diem nhu: - TMDT la cac giao dich thuang mai va hang hod va dich vu dugc thuc hien thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir (Dien dan d6i thoai xuyen Dai Tay Duang, 1997). - TMDT la viec thuc hien cac giao dich kinh doanh co clan ten viec chuyan giao gia tri th8ng qua cac mang vi"en thong (EITO, 1997). - TMDT la viec hoan thanh bat kStmOt giao dich nao thong qua mOt mang may tinh lam trung gian ma bao gomviec chuyan giao quyan sa hint hay quyan sir dung hang hod va dich vu (Cue th6ng ke Hoa KSI, 2000) Nhu vay, theo nghia hep, thuang mai dien tir bat Mu bang viec cac doanh nghiep sir dung cac phuang tien dien tir va mang Internet de mua ban hang hoa va dich cac giao dich co the gifra doanh nghiep vai doanh nghiep (B2B) hoac gitla doanh nghiep yeti lchach hang ca nhan (B2C), hoac giira cac cd nhan vari nhau (C2C). * Kit& 'item TMDT theo nghia rang Da c6 nhiau to chirc qu6c to dtra ra khai niem theo nghia rOng ve thuang mai dien tir, dien hinh gam CO - Lien minh Chau Au (EU): TMDT bao gom cac giao dich thucmg mai thong qua cac mang vien thong va sir dung cac phuang tien dien tir. N6 bao gam TMDT gian tier) (trao doi hang hod huu hinh) va TMDT truc tiep (trao dai hang hod v8 hinh). 18 - TO chirc Hap tac va Phat trien kinh to (OECD): TMDT gem cac giao dich thucmg mai lien quan den cac to chirc va ca nhan dua ten viec xir ly va truyen di cac da lieu da dugc se hod thong qua cac mpg ma (nhu Internet) hoac cac mang dOng c6 ceng thong vai mpg ma (nhu AOL). - Thuang mai dien tit cang dugc hieu la hog Ong kinh doanh dien tit, bao gem: mua ban hang hod, dich vu, giao hang tivc tiep trail mang vai cdc not dung se hod; chuyen tien dien tit - EFT (electronic fund transfer); mua ban co phieu dien tit - EST (electronic share trading); van don dien tit - E B/L (electronic bill of lading); dAu gia thuang mai - (Commercial auction); hop tac thiet ke va san xuAt; tim kiem cac nguen Luc true tuy'en; mua sam true tilyen - Online procurement; marketing truc tiep, dich vu khach hang true tuyen... - Uy ban cila Lien hap qutic ve Thtrcmg mai va phat trien - UNCTAD: * Tren gee de doanh nghiep "TMDT la viec thuc hien met phAn hay toan be hoat Ong kinh doanh bao gem marketing, ban hang, phan phi va thanh toan thong qua cac phuong tien dien tir". Khai niem nay da de cap den toan be hoat &Ong kinh doanh, chit khong chi giai han 6 rieng mua va ban, va toan bo cac hog &Ong kinh doanh nay dugc thuc hien thong qua cac phucmg tien dien Khai niem nay dugc viet tat bai ben chit MSDP, trong do: M - Marketing (co trang web, hoac xuc tien thuang mai qua Internet) S - Sales (c6 trang web c6 ho tra chirc n'ang giao dich, kS, ket hop deng) D - Distribution (Phan phi san phAm so h6a qua mpg) P - Payment (Thanh toan qua mang hoac thOng qua ben trung gian nhu ngan hang) Nhu vay, dOi vai doanh nghi'ep, khi stir dung cac phucmg tien dien tit va mang vao trong cac hog dOng kinh doanh co ban nhu marketing, ban hang, phan phoi, thanh toan thi dugc coi la tham gia thucmg mai dien tfr. *Oi gee dO quail ly nha nu6c, thuang mai dien tit bao gem cac finh vuc: I - Ca se ha tang cho sit phat trien TMDT (Infrastructure) M - Thong diep dit lieu (Data Message) B - Cac quy tic co ban (Basic Rules) 19 S - Cac quy tic rieng trong tang Firth vac (Specific Rules) A - Cac img dung (Applications) MO hinh IMBSA nay de cap den cac linh vac can xay dung de phat trien TMDT nhu sau: + I (Infrastructure): Ca so ha tang COng nghe thong tin va truyen thong. MCA vi du dien hinh la dich vu Internet bang thong rang ADSL va cap quang. Suy cho cling, neu khong pho cap dich vu Internet thi khong the pilaf trien thuang mai dien tir duac. Chinh vi vay, UNCTAD dua ra linh vac dau tien can phat trien chinh la Ca sa ha tang C6ng nghe thong tin va truyen thong, tao nen mong &au tien cho TMDT. + M (Message): Cac van de lien quan den Thong diep dit lieu. Thong diep dit lieu chinh la tat ca cac loai thong tin &lac truyen tai qua mang, qua Internet trong thuang mai dien tir. Vi du nhu hop 6ng dien tir, cac chao hang, hoi hang qua mang, cac chimg to thanh toan dien tir deu &rye coi la thong diem chinh xac han la "thong diep dit lieu". Tai hAu het cac nuoc va tai Viet Nam, nhUng th6ng diep dit lieu khi duac sir dung trong cac giao dich TMDT duot thira nhan gia tri phap 47. Dieu nay duac the hien trong cac Lust mh dm Lien hop que)c ve giao dich dien tir hay Lust TMDT cua the nuac, cling nhu trong Lust Giao dich dien tir dm Viet Nam. + B (Basic Rules): Cac quy tic ca ban dieu chinh chung ve TMDT. Day chinh la cac luat dieu chinh the linh vac lien quan den TMDT trong mat nuac hoac khu vac va qu6c te. Vi du: a Viet Nam hien nay la Luat Giao dich dien tir (3/2006), Lust Cong nghe Thong tin (6/2006), Hiep dinh khung ve TMDT cua cac khu vac nhu EU, ASEAN, Hiep dinh ve Cong nghe thong tin dm WTO ve viec thira nhan gia tri phap ly khi giao dich xuyen "bien giai" quac gia cua WTO. + S (Sectorial Rules/Specific Rules): Cac quy the rieng, dieu chinh tong link vac chuyen sau cua TMDT nhu chimg thuc dien tir, chit 14 dien tir, ngan hang dien tir (thanh toan dien tir). The hien duai khia canh phap luat 0 Viet Nam co the la cac Nghl dinh chi tiet ve tang firth \rue. Hay cac tap quail thuang mai queic t6 mai nhu Quy tic ve xuAt trinh chung tir dien tir trong thanh toan qu6c to (e-UCP), hay quy the sir dung van don dien tir (cum Bolero), cac quy dinh ve giao dich dien tir trong Incoterms 2000 va Incoterms đ 2010. 20 + A (Applications): Ducic hieu la cac img dung TMDT, hay cac mo hinh kinh doanh thuang mai dien tir can dugc dieu chinh, cling nhu dau tu, khuyen khich de phat trien, tren co so da giai guy& dugc 4 van de tren. Vi du nhu: Cac mo hinh C6ng TMDT qu6c gia (ECVN.gov ), Alibaba.com, cac mo hinh B2C (golmart.com.vn , Amazon.com), mo hinh C2C (EBay.com ), hay cac website cua cac cong ty XNK, den cac giai phap Lan nhu CRM, SCM va ERP... deu duce coi chung la cac (mg dung TMDT. - WTO: Thucmg mai dien tir bao g6m viec san xudt, quang cao, ban hang va phan ph6i san phAm dugc mua ban va thanh toan teen mang Internet, nhung viec giao nhan c6 the nhu truyen th6ng hoac giao nhan qua Internet clued clang s6 hoa. - AEC (Association for Electronic Commerce): Thucmg mai dien tir la lam kinh doanh c6 sir dung cac cong cu dien tir, dinh nghia nay rOng, coi hAu het cac hog d'Ong kinh doanh tir dan gian nhu mot cu dien thoai giao dich den nhUng trao d6i thong tin EDI phirc tap deu la thuang mai dien tit. UNCITRAL: Lust mAu v'e Thuong mai dien tir cua Uy ban lien hiep qu6c ve luSt thuang mai qu6c to (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, 1996) dinh Thus:mg mai dien tir la viec trao d6i thong tin thuang mai thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir, khong can phai in ra gidy bAt cir cong doan nao cua toan bO qua trinh giao dich. "Thong tin" dugc hieu la bAt cir thir gi co the truyen tai bang ky thuSt dien tir, bao g6m ca thu tir, cac file van ban, cac co sa dir lieu, cac ban tinh, cac ban thiet ke , hi.-11 do hoa, quang cao, hoi hang, dan hang, hoa don, bang gia, hop d6ng, hinh anh dOng, am thanh... "Thtrong mai" dugc hieu theo nghia rOng, bao quat m9i van a nay sinh tir m9i m6i quan he mang tinh thuang mai, du c6 hay kh8ng co hop ang. Cac m6i quan he mang tinh thuang mai bao g6m, nhung r khong giai han cac giao dich sau day: bat cir giao dich nao ve cung cap hoac trao doi hang boa hoac dich vu; dai dien hoac dai ly thuang mai; us, thac hoa h6ng; cho thue dai han; xay chrng cac cong trinh; tu van; k57 thuSt cong trinh; cfau tu cap Von; ngan hang; bao hiem; thoa thuSn khai thac hoac to nhucmg; lien doanh va cac hinh thirc khac ve hop tac cong nghiep hoac kinh doanh; chuyen ch .& hang hoa hay hanh khach bang duOng bien, duong kh8ng, dueng sat hoac &rang bO. 21 Mac dit mon hoc c6 ten ggi "Thuang mai din tir" nhung pham vi nghien ciru rOng han, bao tram len ca cac mo hinh va cac van de kinh doanh dien tir vOi muc dich trang bi cac kien thirc, ky nang ve thuang mai va kinh doanh dien tir de ngu6i hoc ap dung trong moi finh vuc kinh doanh va cac to chirc lien quan. 1.1.3. Ctic phwang tien thyv hien thtrang mai din ter Cac phucmg tien thuc hien thuang mai d*1 tir (hay can goi la phuang tien din tir) bao g6m: dien thoai, fax, truyen hinh, dien thoai khong day, cac mang may tinh co ket not \Jai nhau,... va mang Internet. Tuy nhien, thuang mai din tir phat trien chit y6u qua Internet va thuc sit troy nen quan trong khi mang Internet dugc ph6 cap. Mac dit vay, On day cac giao dich thuang mai thong qua cac phucmg tien diet tir da dang hen, cac thiet bi dien tir di Ong ding clan clan chiem vi tri quan trong, hinh thirc nay dugc biet den vOi ten goi thuang mai din tir di dOng (Mobile-commerce hay M-commerce). - Di0 thoO: la mot phuang tien ph6 thOng, de sir dung, va gait nhu xuat hien sam nhat trong cac phuang tien dien tir dugc de cap. MOt s6 dich vu c6 the cung cap truc tiep qua din thoai nhu dich vu buu dien, ngan hang, h6i dap, to van, giai tri. Vai sit phat trien cua dien thoai di (Ring, lien lac qua ve tinh, irng dung dm dien thoai dang troy nen rOng raj hcm. Nhung dien thoai c6 mot han che la chi truyen tai dugc am thanh va moi colic giao dich van phai ket thitc bang giay tg. Ngoai ra, chi phi giao dich bang din thoai, nhat la giao dich dien thoai &Ong dai, con kha dat. Thuang mai din tir van sir dung din thoai nhu mot cong cu quan trong, tuy nhien "di0 thoai" dugc hieu theo nghia rOng, khong giai han o dien thoai c6 dinh ma dugc hieu la tat ca cac hinh thirc giao tiep bang giong not thong qua cac phuang tien din tir: dien thoai qua Internet, "voice chat", "voice message" qua Yahoo Messenger (YM) hay Skype... Day cung chinh la Igi the n6i bat dm Internet vai cac img dung truyen thoai qua moi tn.ramg nay. - May fax: Co the thay the dich vu dua thu va giri cong van truyen th6ng. Tuy nhien han the cita may fax la chi truyen dugc van 'ban viet, kitting truyen tai dugc am thanh, hinh anh dOng, hinh anh ba chieu. Fax qua may tinh va Internet la mot dich vu mai dugc img dung kha rang rai 22 giam chi phi trong giao dich dien tir. Thiet bi dien tir ding khong gioi han may fax truyen th6ng ma ma !Ong ra may vi tinh va cac thiet bi dien tir khac sir dung cac phan mem cho phdp giri va nhan van ban fax. Hoat &Ong nay cling lam ma rOng khai niem thuang mai dien tir va nhcing quy dinh ve van ban g6c, hang chimg, van ban do ban gac dm fax truac day la van ban giay, ban g6c dm fax qua may vi tinh c6 the la van ban dien tir. Vi du: sir dung phan mem Winfax gui van ban word tir may vi tinh den may fax ciia doi tac. - Truyen hinh: ngay nay, truyen hinh tr .& thanh mot trong nhung ding cu dien tir ph6 thong nhAt. Truyen hinh (long vai tro quan trong trong thuang mai, that la trong quang cao. Song truyen hinh mai chi la mot cong cu truyen thong mot chieu, qua truyen hinh, khach hang khong the tim kiem dugc cac chao hang, kh6ng the dam phan vai ngued ban ve cac dieu khoan mua ban cu the. GAn day, khi may thu hinh dugc tich hop them cac tinh nang nhu may tinh thi cong dung cua no dugc ma Ring hon. Viec giao dich va dam phan bang "video conference" thuc hien qua Internet tro nen ph6 bien va dAy manh thuang mai dien tir khi tit kiem dugc thai gian va chi phi cua cac ben ma Van co hieu qua nhu dam phan giao dich tivc tiep truyen thong. Vi du: dam phan sir dung video-conference va net-meeting. - May tinh va mang Internet: thuang mai dien tir chi thuc su c6 vi tri quan trong khi c6 su biing no dm may tinh va Internet vao nhimg nam 90 cila the 14 20. May tinh va Internet giiip doanh nghiep tin hanh giao dich mua ban, hop tac trong san xuAt, cung cap dich vu, quan ly cac hoat dOng trong not bO doanh nghiep, lien ket cac doanh nghiep tren toan c'au, hinh thanh cac mo hinh kinh doanh mai. Khong chi gioi han a may tinh, cac thiet bi dien tir va cac mang vin thOng khac cling dugc Ong dung manh me vao thuang mai lam da dang cac hoat dOng thuang mai dien tir tir viec sir dung the thong minh trong thanh toan dien tir, mobile phone trong cac giao dich dien tir gia tri nho, he th6ng thuang mai dien tir trong giao thong de xir ly ye tau dien, xe bus, may bay: den giao dich chi:mg khodn, tai chinh, ngan hang dien tir, hai quan dien tir trong nuac va qutic te. Nhitng tap down toan c'au ding chia se thong tin trong hoat dOng thuang mai qua mang rieng cua minh hoc qua Internet. Vi ngan hang dien tir (e-banking), mua s'am dien tir (e-procurement). 23 1.1.4. He Mktg cac hoot d'Ong co ban trong thuong mai (lien a Theo Michael Porter, thucmg mai dien V.I. co the *rig dung vao tat ca cac giai doan trong chuOi gia tri. Tat nhien, khi img dung sau va rOng thucmg mai dien to i day dugc hieu theo nghia rOng, troy thanh kinh doanh dien tir. Hinh 1.1. 1Tng dung Thong mai dign tir trong cac giai (loan ciia chugi gia tri A Mua sam trip tuyen - Mua nguyen lieu truc tuyen (san xuat o to, may bay...) - Dau thAu truc tuyen de mua nguyen . lieu - Ket not ERP gifra cac cong ty va cac nha cung cap - Chia se thong tin nguyen lieu san xuat cho nha cung cap Outbound logistics - Quan tri dat hang truc tuyen - KS, kat hop cliing ttr dOng qua mpg - Cho phep khach hang truy xuat tai danh mac san phAm mai va thtri han giao hang - Quan tri qua trinh thuc hien NT (long Dich vy sau ban hang - Theo dai ban hang truc tuytn - Ho trcr khdch hang truc tuyen - Quan tri quan he khach hang - Quan tri ban phi kian/hang thay the San phAm Inbound va Dich vy Logistics 1 2 X iP ly nghiOp va 3 Outbound Marketing Logistics & Ban bang 4 Dich vy sa ban hang 6 R&D MO tie - R&D truc tuyen - Thiet ke san pham mai: quan ao, may tinh - Phat trian san phAm mai nhanh hcm (6 to) San xuat dign ter - San xuat theo dcm hang ciia khdch hang - Hop tac gift nha san xuat linh kian va lap rap - Chia se kien thirc - Ke hoach hod viac sir ding cdc nguOn lye Marketing MO ter, - Marketing theo doi Wong khach hang - Nghien ciru thi trubmg din tir - Quang cdo din tir - Tucmg tdc yeti khach hang - Ban hang truc tuyen - Xir ly giao dich truc tuyen - Dinh gia tuning tac Nguan: Marketing Management, Porter M.E. 2001 24 1.1.5. Qua trinh ph& triin thtrong mai dien Thuong mai dien tit phat trien qua 3 giai doan chu yeti, bao g6m: * Giai dogn 1: Thwang mai thong tin (i-commerce hay Information Commerce) Giai doan nay da c6 su xuAt hien cua Website. Thong tin ye hang hoa va dich vu cua doanh nghiep ding nhu ve ban than doanh nghiep da duoc dua len web. Tuy nhien thong tin chi mang tinh giai thieu va tham khao. Viec trao d6i thong tin, dam phan v'e cac dieu khoan hop d6ng, gala doanh nghiep vOi doanh nghiep hay gift doanh nghiep vai khach hang ca nhan chi' yeti qua email, dien dan, chat room... ThOng tin trong giai doan nay phAn Ian chi mang tinh mot chieu, th6ng tin hai chieu gala nguai ban va mua con han the khong dap img dirge nhu cAu thuc te. Trong giai doan nay nguai tieu dung c6 the lien hanh mua hang true tuyen, tuy nhien thanh town van theo phuong thirc truyen thong. • * Giai (loan 2: Thumg mai giao dich (t-commerce hay Transaction Commerce) NM. co su ra doi dia thanh town dien tit ma thuong mai dien to thong tin d'a tin them mot giai doan nib dm qua trinh phat trien thuong mai dien tir do la thuong mai dien tix giao dich. Thanh town dien tir ra den d'a hoan thien hoat d6ng mua ban hang true tuyen. Trong giai doan nay nhieu san phAm mbi d5 dirge ra doi nhu sach dien tir va nhieu san phAm se Ma. Trong giai doan nay cac doanh nghiep cid xay dung mang n6i b6 nh5m chia se du lieu gitta cac don vi trong nOi b0 doanh nghiep, ding nhu Ung dung the phAn mem quan ly Nhan su, K'e town, Ban hang, San xuAt, Logistics va tien harsh ky ket h9p d6ng dien * Giai dogn 3: Thwang mai Ong tac (c-Business hay Collaboration Business) Day la giai doan phat trien cao nhAt cua thuong mai dien tir hien nay. Giai doan nay doi hoi tinh cung tac, phi h9p cao giira n6i b0 doanh nghiep, doanh nghiep vai nha cung cap, khach hang, ngan hang, co quan quan ly nha nuac. Giai doan nay doi hoi viec frng dung ding nghe thong tin trong toan b6 chu trinh tix dAu vao dm qua trinh san xuat cho tad viec phan phoi hang h6a. 25 Giai doan nay doanh nghiOp da trien khai cac hO th6ng phAn rrim Quan ly khach hang (CRM), Quan tri chuOi cung ling (SCM), Quan tri ngu6n luc doanh nghiOp (ERP). Hinh 1.2. So' do phat trien kinh doanh then tir 3. Thuvrrig mai cong tac (c-Busines.$) Integrating •••• Ket not cac phan trong doanh nghiep Kk not vai cac dOi tac kinh doanh CRM. SCM, ERP 2. Thtraiw mai giao dich ft-Commerce) Kf ket lictp diing qua mang (E-contract) Thanh wan dien tir (E-payment) Ling dung cac phan mem quan Nhan sy, Ke wan:, ban hang. • Thtrang mai thong tin ( -Commerce) Meng tin ( • • • • lap trang Web, thaw gia vao cic san giao clich Trao dal, dam phan qua mpg, dat hang qua e-mail, chat, forum Thanh town giao hang truyen th6ng Ngarjn: UNCTAD, E -commerce development 2003 1.1.6. Ctic Win (I'd chitin luv'c trong thuong mai din ter Theo nghien cfru dm UNCTAD nam 2003, de phat trie'n thuong mai diOn tir cac nuot can trie'n khai 25 hoat d6ng tir thAp d6n cao. D6i vbi cac nuac phat trien c6 ha tang cong nghO thong tin tien tien thi viOc trie'n khai thucmg mai din tir se de clang va nhanh chong hon. Ngay nay a phat trien thuong mai din tir cac nuac can quan tam, chu tong vao bon yL to (4N) trong thuong mai din tir bao g6m: NhAn thirc, Nhan luc, N6i mang, va N6i dung. Thuang mai din tir la mot linh vuc hoan toan mai nen viOc nang cao nhAn thirc ve vai to cua thuong mai din tir la vo clang quan tong. Nang cao nhAn thirc ve thuong mai diOn tir se giup cho viesc trien khai va phat trien thuong mai din tir &rot nhanh ch6ng hcm. Ngoai ra thuong mai din tir la mot linh vuc rat r6ng, doi h6i su ph6i hop cao nen can phai co su ket n6i tot gala cac ben lien quan nhAm dAy nhanh hoat dOng thuong mai vai phat trien cong nghO thong tin. De lam duac di'L nay doi ,hoi phai co mot dOi gioi chuyen mon va ban than cac hoat d6ng san xuat, kinh doanh cling can phat trie'n trong qua trinh trien khai Thuang mai din 26 A• Ha tang van thong • Truy cap internet • Bei nga nhan lip • Cac thiet bi c6 kha Wang truy cap internet (nhu may tinh ca. nhan, PDA) • Chinh sich va ke hoach clia Chinh phi' ye Oat trien nganh ding nghe thong tin • Nhang mOi de doa do tg do him mang lai • Sir dung cac phan mem phii hop (hop phap va chi phi thdp) • May tinh co the hien thi nem nge dia. phwang • Nhirng nOi dung di' dulyc dia phyong hoa • Cac ding thong tin • Chinh phi' dien tir - cac ca so ha tang do chinh phii cung cap • Cac tieu chuan ve san xudt, an toan lao dOng va sue khoe. • Luat phi') ye Cong nghe thong tin (cac giao dich dien tir, chit kji dien tir, tOi pham may tinh) • Van a an ninh - thong tin, tinh he thOng, he thOng mang • Van a chirng thgc, ma hod • Truy cap internet bang bang thong rang (tai doanh nghiep, gia dinh) • Phat trien nguen nhan hp ve cong nghe thong tin • Hop tac ve he thong mang • Cdc ca hOi do tv do h6a va khu yip hoa mang lai • Cdc chq dien tir • Ca sa ha tang cho vies thus hien thanh toil' qua mang • Bao ve nguiri tieu diing • Van de chap nhan /Lac thvc lien qutic gia • Bao WO quyen so' Mhz tri tue • Van a bao mat thOng tin ca nhan V Mei quan tam dm cac imam dang phat trial va kern ghat trial Mei quan tam ciia cac nulfrc Oat trien va cac tap doin cling nghiep hang dAu Van de kho khan nhk hin nay diSi vOi thuang mai din tir Om: thanh town true tuy6n, an ninh, bao mat trong giao dich thuang mai din tir, chUng th‘rc di@l tir quiic te. Hinh 1.3. Cac imam trien khai thiro'ng mai dien tit'. Ngue•n: UNCTAD, E-commerce development 2003 27 1.2. D4c diem, phfin loci thucrng mai din 1.2.1. DOc diem ciia thwang mai dien to - Srt phat trien cua thtrcrng mai din tir gin lien va tic Ong qua lai v(ri sir phfit trien cfia ICT. Thuang mai dien tir viec img dung cong nghe thong tin vao trong mai hoat dOng throng mai, chinh vi do ma su phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin se thitc day thucmg mai dien tir phat trien nhanh chong, tuy nhien su phat trien cua throng mai dien tir ding thitc day va ggi ma nhieu linh vuc cua ICT nhtr phan cirng va phan mem chuyen dung cho cac *rig dung thucmg mai dien tir, dich vu thanh toan cho thucmg mai dien tir, ciing nhu day manh san xuat trong linh vuc ICT nhu may tinh, thiet bi dien tir, thiet bi vin thong, thiet bi mang. - Ve hinh giao dich thucmg mai dien tir co the hoan toan qua mang. Trong hoat dOng thtrang mai truyen thong cac ben phai gap gEr nhau truc tiep de lien hanh dam phan, giao dich va di den 14 ket hop dOng. Con trong hoat dOng throng mai dien tir nha viec sir dung cac phuong tien dien tir CO ket not vai mang vin thong, chil yeu la sir dung mang Internet, gia day cac ben tham gia vao giao dich khong phai gap goy nhau truc tiep ma van cal the dam phan, giao dich dugc vai nhau du cho cac ben tham gia giao dich dang a bat cir quOc gia nao. Vi du nhtr truck kia muon mua mot quyen sach thi nguai mua phai ra tan dm hang de tham khao, chon mua mat cuOn sach ma minh mong muOn. Sau khi da chon dugc cuOn sach can mua thi nguai mua phai ra quay thu ngan de tra tien mua cuOn sach do. Nhung gia day vai su ra dad cua thucmg mai dien tir thi chi can co mot chiec may tinh va mang Internet, th8ng qua vai than tac kich chuOt, nguai mua khong can biet mat dm nguai ban hang thi vAn co the mua mot cuOn sach minh mong muOn tren cac website mua ban truc tuyen nhu Amazon.com, Vinabook.com.vn . - Pham vi hoat thi twang trong thuang mai dien tir la thi tnrang phi bien gioi. Dieu nay the hien a chi) moi nguai a( tat Ca cac qu6c gia teen khap toan cau khong phai di chuyen tai bat ki dia diem nao ma vAn cat the tham gia va lien hanh giao dich dien tir bang cach truy cap vao cac website thucmg mai hoac vao cac trang mpg xa hOi. 28 - Chu the tham gia: Trong hoat Ong thuong mai dien tir phai co f(Si thieu ba chu the tham gia. D6 la cac ben tham gia giao dich va khong the thieu dugc su tham gia cua ben thin ba do la cac co quan cung cap dich vu mang va co quan chimg thuc, day la nhimg ngtrai tao moi truang cho cac giao dich thuong mai dien tir. Nha cung cap dich vu mang va co quan chimg thuc co nhiem vu chuyen di, hru gill cac thong tin gifra cac ben tham gia giao dich Thuong mai dien tir, dOng thai ho cling xac nhan d8 tin cay cua cac th8ng tin trong giao dich Thuong mai dien tir. - Thiri gian khong gi(ri han: Cac ben tham gia vao hoat &Ong throng mai dien tir deu co the tien hanh cac giao dich suOt 24 gia 7 ngay trong yang 365 ngay lien tuc 6 bat cir not nao co mang viL th6ng va co cac phuong tien dien tir ket not vOi cac mang nay, hon nira cac phuang tien dien tir co kha nang to dOng h6a cao giup day nhanh qua trinh giao dich. - Trong thtrang mai di0 tir, he thOng thong tin chinh la thi truirng. Trong throng mai truyen thong cac ben phai gap ga nhau truc tiep de tier' hanh dam phan, giao dich va 14 ket hop ding. Con trong thuong mai dien tir cac ben khong phai gap gr nhau trirc tiep ma van co the tien hanh dam phan, 14 IC& hop &Ong. Cac ben co the truy cap vao he thtmg thong tin ciia nhau thong qua mang Internet, mang extranet.... de tim hieu thong tin va tir do tien hanh dam phan ki ket hop &Ong. Vi du gia day cac doanh nghiep thuong mai muOn tim kiem cac doi tac tren khap toan car thi chi can vao cac trang tim kiem nhu google, yahoo hay vao cac cung throng mai dien tir nhu Ecvn.com, Alibaba.com, hay Ec21.com . 1.2.2. Phan logi thwang mai dien ter CO nhieu tieu chi khac nhau de phan loai cac hinh thirc/ mo hinh TMDT nhu: + Phan loai theo cong nghe ket n6i mang: Thuong mai di &Ong (khong day), thuong mai dien tir 3G. + Phan loai theo hinh thirc dich vu: Chinh phu dien tir, gido duc dien tai chinh dien tir, ngan hang dien tir, chirng khoan dien tir. + Phan loai theo mire d8 phi hop, Chia se va sir dung thong tin qua mang: Thuong mai thong tin, thuong mai giao dich, throng mai Ong tac. 29 + Phan loai theo doi tugng tham gia: CO b6n chit the chinh tham gia phAn lon vao cac giao dich thuang mai dien tir: Chinh phu (G), doanh nghiep (B), khach hang ca nhan (C), nguad lao &ling (E). Viec ket hop cac chit the nay lai yen nhau se cho chimg to nhang mo hinh thucmg mai dien tir khac nhau. Duai day la mot s6 mo hinh thucmg mai dien tir ph6 bien nhAt hien nay: 1.2.2.1. Hamm mai °lien tic giva Doanh nghiep va nguai tieu dung (B2C) Doanh nghiep sir dung cac phucmg tien dien tir de ban hang He va dich vu tai nguiyi tieu dung; nguai tieu diing thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir a urn chon, mac ca, dat hang, thanh toan va nhan hang. MO hinh B2C chit yeu la mo hinh ban le qua mang nhu www.Amazon.com , qua dO doanh nghiep thuang thiet lap website, hinh thAnh ca se( dir lieu v" hang boa, dich vu, lien hAnh cac quy trinh tiep thi, quang cao va phan ph6i true tiep tai nguai tieu dung. Thucmg mai dien tir B2C dem lai lgi ich cho ca doanh nghiep tan nguai tieu dimg: doanh nghiep tiet kiem nhiu chi phi ban hang do khong can phong trung bAy hay thue ngu6i giai thieu ban hang, chi phi quan 1T ding giam dung ke. Ngu6i tieu dimg se cam thAy thuan tien vi khong phai tai tan cira hang, ng6i a bAt cu nai dau, bAt cu khi nao ding c6 kha nang lua chon va so sanh nhieu mat hang ding mot luc, ding nhu tien hAnh viec mua hang. Hien nay, s6 lucmg giao dich theo mo hinh thucmg mai dien tir B2C rat km, tuy nhien gia tri giao dich tit hoat dOng nay chiem tS, le nh6 trong tong gia tri thucmg mai dien tir ngay nay (chiem khoang 5% - 10%). MO hinh thucmg mai dien tir B2C con ducfc goi duori cai ten khac dO IA ban le true tuyen (e-tailing) 1.2.2.2. Thizong mai dien tic grew doanh nghiep yen doanh nghiep (B2B) B2B IA loai hinh giao dich qua the phuong den dien tir girra doanh nghiep vai doanh nghiep. Cac giao dich B2B chit y6u dirge thuc hien ten cac he th6ng img dung Thucmg mai dien tir nhu mang gia tri gia tang VAN, SCM, cac sari giao dich Thucmg mai dien tir B2B (emarketplaces)... Cac doanh nghiep co the chao hang, tim kiem doanh nghiep hang, dat hang, 14 ket hop d6ng, thanh town qua cac he th6ng nay. ei mire d6 cao, cac giao dich nay cú the dien ra mot each to dOng vi du nhu www.alibaba.com . Thucmg mai dien tir B2B dem lai 19i ich rat thuc to cho cac doanh nghiep, dac biet 30 giup cac doanh nghiep giam chi phi ve thu thap thOng tin tim hieu thi twang, quang cao, tiep thi, dam phan, tang cuang cac ca hOi kinh doanh. Mac dit so luyng giao dich thucmg mai dien tit B2B nh6, nhtmg tong gia tri giao dich tir hog &Ong nay lan, chiem teen 85% tong gia tri giao dich thuong mai dien 2.2.3. Thwang mai dien tit girth doanh nghiep voi ca quan nha nude (B2G) Trong mo hinh nay, Ca quan nha ntrac dong vai tro nhu khach hang va qua trinh trao d6i thong tin ding dugc tien hanh qua cac phuong tien dien tit. Ca quan nha nuac ding co the lap cac website, tai dO clang tai nheing th8ng tin ve nhu cAu mua hang dm co quan minh va tien hanh viec mua sAm hang h6a, lua chon nha cung cap tren website. Vi du nhu hai quan dien tir, thue dien tix, chimg nhan xuat )01 dien tir , dau thau dien tix , mua ban trai phi'eu chinh phd 1.2.2.4. Thumg mai dien tic gifia nguai tieu Xing vori nguai tieu Xing (C2C) Day la mo hinh Thuong mai dien tir gicra cac ca nhan vai nhau. Su phat trien cua cac phtrcmg tien dien tit, dac biet la Internet lam cho nhieu ca nhan c6 the tham gia boat &Ong thuong mai vai to cach nguai ban hoac nguai mua. MOt ca nhan co the to thiet lap website de kinh doanh nhang mat hang do minh lam ra hoac sir dung mot website c6 san de dAu gia mon hang minh co. Gia tri giao dich tir hog dOng thuong mai dien tit C2C chi chiem khoang 5% - 10% ding gia tri giao dich tir hog dOng thuong mai dien tir. Den nay, EBay.com la mot vi du thanh ding nhat ten the gith cho mo hinh ,thuang mai dien tit C2C. 1.3. ich va h#n the cua thircrng mai din tit'. 1.3.1. Lpi ich cur: thumg mgi difn tie 1.3.1.1. Lai ich dai vai to chitc - Ma rOng thi tnrang: VOi chi phi dau to nho hop nhieu so vai thuong mai truyen thong, cac cong ty CO the ma rang thi truang, tim kiern, tiep can nguai cung cap, khach hang va d6i tac tren khap the giai. Viec ma rOng mang luai nha cung cap, khach hang ding cho phep cac t6 chirc co the mua voi gia thAp hop va ban ducic nhieu san phAm hop. 31 - Giam chi phi san xuAt: Giam chi phi gi'ay ta, giam chi phi chia se thong tin, chi phi in An, gin van ban truyen th6ng. - Cai thien N th6ng phan ph6i: Giam lucmg hang luu kho va d6 tr'e" trong phan ph6i hang. He th6ng da hang giai thieu san phAm dugc thay the hoac h6' trg bai cac showroom teen mang, vi du trong nganh san xuAt '6 to (GM, Ford Motor) tiet kiem dugc hang tST USD tir giam chi phi luu kho. - Vugt giai han ve thai gian: Viec to &Ong h6a cac giao dich thong qua Web va Internet gulp hoat d6ng kinh doanh dugc thgc hien 24/7/365 ma khong mat them nhieu chi phi bien ai. - San xuat hang theo yeu cAu: COn dugc biet den duai ten goi "Chien lugc keo", loi keo khach hang den voi doanh nghiep bang kha nang dap ling moi nhu cAu dm khach hang. M6t vi du thanh cong dien hinh la Dell Computer Corp. - MO hinh kinh doanh mai: Cac mo hinh kinh doanh mai voi nhimg loi the va gia tri mai cho khach hang. MO hinh dm Amazon.com, mua hang theo nh6m hay dAu gia nong san qua mang den cac san giao dich B2B la dien hinh dm nhung thanh cong nay. - Tang t6c c16 tung san pham ra thi twang: Vai lgi the ye thong tin va kha nang phi hop gifra cac doanh nghiep lam tang hieu qua san xuAt va giam thai gian tung san phAm ra thi tnrang. - Giam chi phi thong tin lien lac: email tiet kiem han fax hay giri thu truyen th6ng. - Giam chi phi mua sam: Thong qua giam cac chi phi quan 17 hanh chinh (80%); giam gia mua hang (5-15%). - Cling c6 quan he khach hang: Thong qua viec giao tiep thuan tien qua mpg, quan he voi trung gian va khach hang dugc ding c6 de clang han. D6ng thai viec ca biet hoa san phAm va dich vu cling gap phAn that chat quan he voi khach hang va ding c6 long trung thanh. - Thong tin cap nhat: Moi thong tin teen web nhu san phAm, dich vv, gia ca... deu co the dugc cap nhat nhanh chong va kip thai. - Chi phi clang 14 kinh doanh: M64 s6 nuoc va khu wc khuy'en khich bang cach giam hoac khOng thu phi clang 14 kinh doanh qua mang. 32 - Cac loi ich khac: Nang cao uy tin, hinh anh doanh nghiep; cai thien chit luting dich vu khach hang; doi tac kinh doanh mai; don gian hoa va chuan hoa cac quy trinh giao dich; tang nang suat, giam chi phi giay ter; tang kha nang tier) can thong tin va giam chi phi van chuyen; tang sir linh hoat trong giao dich va hoat dOng kinh doanh. 1.3.1.2. Lqi ich ddi vori nguai ti'eu dung - Vugt gioi han ve khong gian va thoi gian: Thuang mai dien tir cho phdp khach hang mua sam m9i nai, m9i bac dii v6i cac dm hang tren khap the gi6i. - Nhieu hra chgn ve san pham va dich Thuang mai dien tir cho phep nguai mua c6 nhieu lua ch9n han vi tie!) can dugc nhieu nha cung cap han. - Gia thap han: Do thong tin thuan tien, de dang va phong phu han nen khach hang c6 the so sanh gia ca gicra cac nha cung cap thuan tien han va tir do tim dugc miry gia phu hop nhat. - Giao hang nhanh han vai cac hang h6a s6 h6a dugc: Dii vai cac san pham s6 hoa dugc nhu phim, nhac, sach, phan mem.... viec giao hang dugc thvc hien de dang thong qua Internet. - Thong tin phong phil, thuan tien va chat luting cao han: Khach hang co the de clang tim dugc thong tin nhanh chong va de clang thong qua cac ding tim kiem (search engines); ding thai cac thong tin da phucmg tien (am thanh, hinh anh) gin') quang ba, thieu san pham tit han. - Dau gia: MO hinh dau gia trip tuyen ra dai cho phdp m9i nguai deu co the tham gia mua va ban tren cac san dau gia va ding thoi c6 the tim, suu tam nhfing man hang minh quan tam tai m9i nai ten the giai. - ging ding thuang mai dien Med tnxong kinh doanh TMDT cho phep moi nguai tham gia ca the phii h9p, chia se thong tin va kinh nghiem hieu qua va nhanh chong. - "Dap ung m9i nhu cau": Kha nang to dOng h6a cho phdp chap /than cac dan hang khac nhau tir mgi khach hang. - Thud: Trong giai down dau cua TMDT, nhieu nuac khuyen khich bang cach mien thud dii voi cac giao dich tren mang. 33 1.3.1.3. Lai ich dai vol xa hOi - Hoat ding truc tuyen: Thucmg mai dien tir tao ra moi truing de lam viec, mua sam, giao dich... tir xa nen giam viec di lai, o nhiem, tai flan giao thong. - Nang cao mirc sing: Co nhieu hang h6a, nhieu nha cung cap se tao ap luc giam gia, do do tang kha nang mua sarn cua khach hang, nang cao miry song. - Loi ich cho cac nuorc ngheo: Nhang nuac ngheo co the tiep can vai cac san pham, dich vu tir cac nuac phat trien horn thing qua Internet va TMDT. Ding thOj cung co the hoc tap dugc kinh nghiem, ky nang. Dao tao qua mang ding nhanh chong ginpcdc nuac nay tier) thu cong ngh'e moi - Dich vu cong dugc cung cap thuan tien hcm: Cac dich vu ding cing nhu y te, gido duc, cac dich vu ding cua chinh dugc thuc hien qua mang vii chi phi thap horn, thuan tien ham Cac loai giay phep dugc cap qua mang, dich vu tu van y te.... la cac vi du thanh ding dien hinh. 1.3.2. Hon chi cua thwang moi dien tie CO hai loai han the cua Thuang mai dien tir, mgt nhom mang tinh ky tin*, mot Whom mang tinh thuong HAN CHE CiJA THU'ONG MAI DItN T1 Han the ve kyr thuat Han the ve thirang mai 1. Chua co tieu chuan qu6c te ve chAt lugng, an toan va de tin cay 1. An ninh va rieng tu la hai can to, ve tam 13', d6i vii nguo.i tham gia TMDT 2. T6c de duang truyen Internet van chua dap img dugc yeu cAu ciia nguoi dimg, nhAt la trong Thucmg mai dien tir 2. Thiel.' long tin va TMDT va nguiYi ban hang trong TMDT do lchong dugc gap true tiep 3. Cac cong cu xay dung phAn mem van trong giai doan dang phat trien 3. Nhieu van de ve luat, chinh sach, thue chua dugc lam ro3 34 4. Kho khan khi ket hop cac phan. mem TMDT voi cac phan mem Ung dung va cac co so dit lieu truyen th6ng 4. MOt s6 chinh sach chua thuc su Ill hii trg tao dieu kien de TMDT phat trien 5 . Can c6 cac may chit thuong mai dien tit dac biet (cong suat, an town) doi hoi them chi phi dau to 5. Cac phucmg phap danh gia hieu qua dm TMDT con chua day dU, hoan thien I 6. Chi phi truy cap Internet van con cao 6. Chuyen dtii thoi quen tieu &mg tir thuc den ao can thai gian 7. Thuc hien cac don dal hang trong thuong mai dien tit B2C doi h6i he th6ng kho hang to &Ong Ion I 7. Su tin cay. d6i vai moi trikmg kinh doanh khong giay tar, khong tiep Vic truc tiep, giao dich dien tit can thOi gian 8. S6 luting nguai tham gia chua du 16m de dat loi the ve quy mo (hoa von va co lai) 9. S6 luting gian lan ngay cang tang do dac thit dm TMDT 10. Thu but von dau to mao hiem kho khan horn sau su sup d6 hang boat dm cac cong •ty dot.com 1.4. Anh huirng ciia thuong mai din tir 1.4.1. Tdc dO'ng din hogt &Ong Marketing Thuong mai dien tir la viec img dung cac phucmg tien dien tit va mang vien thong de tien hanh cac hoat dOng thuang mai, ma a day chi' yeu chinh la viec tien hanh hoat dOng thuong mai thong qua website. Chinh vi vay ma hoat dOng marketing trong thuong mai dien tir co nhieu thay d6i so voi hoat dOng Marketing truyen th6ng. Trong hoat dOng thuang mai truyen thiing chit yeu trien khai chitin lugc marketing "day" thi trong hoat dOng thuong mai dien tir chit yeti la trien khai hog dung marketing "keo". Hang h6a trong 35 thucmg mai dien tir c6 tinh ca biet h6a cao do thong qua website doanh nghiep c6 the giao tiep truc tiep von met 1u9ng khach hang lOn a ding met thai diem, nhu vay doanh nghiep se biet duqc thi hieu cua nguai tieu dung ding nhu nhcmg thay d6i ve thi hieu nguai tieu dung de tir do tao ra nhirng san phim chit lucing tot nhit dap img cao nhit nhu cAu nguai tieu dung. Dieu nay deng nghia von viec vong don san phim se rut ngin 10. Ngoai ra thuang mai dien tir con gitip cac doanh nghiep giam chi phi phan ph6i, chi phi ban hang do loai bat ducfc cac thanh phin trung gian tham gia vao hoat Ong marketing. Dac biet la dei von hang hoa se hoa thi viec mua ban, trao dei va thanh toan diL ra ding met luc cho du nguai mua va ban a cac qu6c gia khac nhau teen the gioi. 1.4.2. Thay dozi mo hinh kinh doanh MOt mat, cac me hinh kinh doanh truyen thong bi ap hrc cua Thucmg mai dien tir phai thay dei, mat khac cac me hinh kinh doanh thucmg mai dien tir hoan toan mai dugc hinh thanh. Vi du nhu: - Dell ducfc biet den la met trong se cac nha san xuit may tinh thanh ding nhit tren the gioi. Nam 1996, Dell bit &Au ban may tinh qua mang. Dell la ding ty &Au tien xay dung met he thong san xuat theo yeu cAu cua khach hang (BTO). Von me hinh kinh doanh mai, Dell da dem lai cho khach hang nhieu su ch9n hra von nhimg san phim tot nhit, va san phim mang tinh Ca biet cao. Nha viec img dung internet vao trong hoat Ong kinh doanh ma gia day cong ty da ban hang truc tiep tOi khach hang cuei ding ma Ichong phai sir dung ton cac nha phan phei trung gian. - Amazon.com: la met trong cac doanh nghiep thuang mai dien tir B2C dAu tien tren the gion. Ngay tir ngay d'au thanh lap cong ty da xay (twig cho minh met mo hinh kinh doanh do la ban hang hoan toan truc tuyen tren mang. Thay vi xay dking cac gian hang ngoai dai dux thi cong ty xay dImg cac gian hang ao teen trang web dm cong ty la amazon.com , non ma nguai tieu dung c6 the vao tim kiern thong tin san phim, Ten hanh viec mua hang va thanh Wan tai website cua cong ty. Amazon.com ducfc danh gia la website ban le lan nhit teen the giai hien nay va co earn anh huong lan tai hAu het cac cira hang ban le. 36 - Cisco: la dog ty san xuat cac thiet bi ket nOi, router va switch hang dau tren the gioi. Nam 1994, ding ty da trien khai viec ban hang true tuyen. Cong ty cling xay dung met mo hinh kinh doanh gan giOng Dell do la san xuat theo yeu cau cua khach hang bang each trien khai met he dthng he trg trkrc tuyen co ten la "Cisco Connection Online" - CCO. Dich vu he trg tr%rc tuyen nay dugc rat nhieu khach hang va d6i tac cua cling ty quan tam. Hien nay khoang 85% dich vu khach hang tArc tuyen va dugc trien khai qua he thong nay. 1.4.3. Teic aging din hogt aging san xuat Thucmg mai dien tir da lam thay dOi hoat deng san xuat tir san xuat hang boat thanh san xuat dung lirc va theo nhu cau. Trong thucmg mai dien tir, he thOng san xuat dugc tich hgp v6i he thong tai chinh, hoat Ong marketing, va cac he thOng chirc nang khac trong va ngoai to chirc. Gi& day nh& ling dung thucmg mai dien tir ma doanh nghiep co the huang dan khach hang dat hang theo nhu eau cua tong Ca nhan chi trong vai giay bang cach sir dung phan mem ERP ten nen web. Thai gian cho ra dOi san pham da dugc rut ngan khoang 50% nh& ling dung thucmg mai dien tir. Vi du nhu: - Li&Fung la met doanh nghiep thucmg mai dien tir chir yeu theo mo hinh B2B chuyen san xuat quail ao, hang det may, de thir ding, de choi, do the thao va cac san pham cho gia dinh. Thanh cong cua Li&Fung ngay horn nay c6 dugc la nh& doanh nghiep da biet ling dung thucmg mai dien tix vao trong chuei cling img nham tao ra dugc nhieu gia tri gia tang trong moi tnrong san xuat khong bien giOi. Cong ty da trien khai mang Extranet town eau cho hoat deng san xuat vao nam 1995. Viec trien khai mang Extranet d'a giup cho doanh nghiep mua va van chuyen nguyen phi,' lieu dimg buc, Iciem tra trtrc tuyen qua trinh san xuat thong qua hinh anh s6 hea ghi dugc tir nha may. Ngoai ra vao nam 1997, ding ty da xay dung dugc met mang extranet nham ket nOi cling ty v6i cac doi tac va khach hang. Mang extranet cira ding ty cho phdp phat trien san pham trtxc tuyen ding nhu theo doi don hang trkrc tuyen, xoa bo cac ding viec giAy t6. - Ford la ding ty san xuat '6 to lan thir hai tren the gi6i, hoat Ong tren 40 qu6c gia vai 114 nha may san xuat va km 350.000 nhan vien. Cong ty da 37 lien hanh thay dfii hoat Ong kinh doanh bang each img dung ding ngh'e cao va Internet vao trong hoat Ong san xuat ding nhu phan ph6i san pham va dich vu tai khach hang mot each nhanh nhat, tot nhat va hieu qua t6i da. Nha viec sir dung website de lien lac va giao tiep voi cac nha cung cap va nha phan phOi ma ding ty da tiet kiem duce khoang 25% chi phi mua sam. Ford ding cho phep khach hang thiet ke ra cac kieu xe tren web va tir do san xuat dua ten nhimg thiet ke nay. 1.4.4. Tdc citing din hogt citing tai chink, ki loan Thucmg mai dien tir la viec img dung ding nghe thong tin vao trong mgi hoat dOng thucmg mai, chinh vi le do ma hoat dOng tai chinh va ke toan trong linh vuc nay cú nhimg dac trung rieng. Khac biet lan nhat Oita hoat Ong tai chinh, ke toan trong linh yip thuang mai dien tir so vai tniyen tilting chu yeu la nam a he th6ng thanh toan dien dr. Gia day he thOng thanh toan truyen th6ng la khong con hieu qua voi hoat dOng thucmg mai dien tir, thay vao do la viec trien khai cac giai phap thanh toan trgc tuyen. Giai phap thanh toan trgc tuyen da giup cho khach hang va doanh nghiep tiet kiem dugc rat nhieu chi phi va thai gian &Ong thai day nhanh t6c dO giao dich trong hoat Ong tai chinh, ke toan. Hien nay, trong linh vuc thuang mai dien tir da xuat hien nhieu thuat ngcr mai nhu vi dien tir, tien dien Trong linh vgc ngan hang da hinh thanh va phat tritn nhieu hoat dOng mai nhu: ngan hang trgc tuyen, thanh toan the tinh dung trgc tuyen, thanh toan bang the thong minh, ngan hang di Ong.... 1.4.5. Tdc citing din hogt citing ngogi thuang Thucmg mai dien tir co mot dac diem do la thi tnxang toan eau, phi bien giai cho nen hoat Ong ngoai thucmg trong giai down nay co nhimg diem khac biet so veri hoat dOng ngoai thuang truac day. Nha viec img dung thucmg mai dien tir ma viec tien hanh cac hoat dOng ngoai thucmg ngay cang tra len a dang han, dac biet la dOi ved hoat Ong xuat nhap khau hang hem s6 hog nhu sach dien tir, ban nhac, phim, anh... hay dich vu nhu dich vu tai chinh, dich vu van Ngoai ra thucmg mai dien tir da giup cac doanh nghiep giam dugc nhieu chi phi va thoi gian bao g•Sm chi phi di lai, chi phi giao dich, chi phi cho trung gian. Hien nay thuang mai dien tir dugc xem la mOt ding cu htru hieu cho viec tien hanh cac hoat Ong xuat nhap Ichau cua 38 Nganh am nhac: sawn xuat va xuat ban Phan ph6i Trkrc tuyen Phat sang Radio Biau thin trvc beta Phvang truyan thong Kham pha Khan gia • •••0 • W. ••••••• Bieu then Ban la cac doanh nghiep vira va nhO. Trien khai thuang mai dien tir, hay viec tirng dpng web va Internet vao trong hoat Ong kinh doanh da gifip cac doanh nghiep co the tiep can nhanh chOng toi cac thi truong tren toan cau voi chi phi thap ma khong phai qua bat cir trung gian nao. Hoa ICSr la qu6c gia dau tien lien hanh cac hoat Ong thuang mai dien ttr va da thu duor nhieu lgi ich to lon trong viec thfic day hoat Ong ngoai thucmg. Hien nay, hoat dOng thong mai dien tir dm my chiem khoang 4/5 tong s6 giao dich thuang mai dien tir tren town cau. Nam 2007 tong kim nghach xuat nhap lch'au dm my chiem khoang 1/9 tong kim nghach xuat nhap khau cua town the gieri. Qua day thay rang thuang mai dien to co tac dOng to 16n tOi hoat dOng ngoai thuang cua nuac nay. 1.4.6. Mc dg'ng din Thuong mgi din a din cac nganh ngh'J 1.4.6.1. Tac dOng ceta Thwang mgi dien to din nganh am nhac, giai tri Hinh 1.4. MO hinh Nginh am Mug va giii tri trip tuyen Trong eau trim cua nganh am nhac truyan thong, tong ngha dtrot phat trian tit, ben trong nganh tong nghiep in sang bang, hoac tir nh&ng nha phan ph6i hoac cac b0 phan marketing. Tirng 130 phan c6 chirc nang rieng, luting thOng tin va nOi dung hang h6a Ong dvac chuyan tai theo mOt Wong duy nhat (dr ngha s9 tbi ngutri tieu dung). Do dd, cac Vng dung, Ong ngha va cac m6 hinh kinh doanh dau mang tinh tTnh. Han n&a, kh6ng cho phep hoan d6i vai tr6 cua nghe s9 va ngtrtri tieu dung - nh(rng ngutri 6. 2 dau cua chu trinh, va ca nghe s9 ding nhtr ngutri tieu dUng dau kheng can thiep gl ye ca mat Ong ngha va thvang mai trong chu trinh trim. Sr anh hurting cua tong ngh0 mai chi xay ra tai nhCrng khu vvc rieng biat. Cong nghe P2P chi dtrcec sir dung 6' ngoai chu trinh ten. Ng dung P2P ten nen tang Internet va mang may tlnh: Kazaa, Ovemet, Winmx Ngudn: UNCTAD, 2005, Information Economy Report Trong mo hinh ten, cau frac va quy trinh cua nganh am nhac hau nhu van gift nhu truyen th6ng, hau het hoat Ong phan ph6i duqc thpc hien 39 thong qua ban le, va marketing cita cac cong &mg nguai nghe nhac thong qua cac kenh truyen thong. Str lien b6 re, rang nhat la viec phan ph6i ban le img dung thucmg mai dien tir vai cac dia nhac nen dtroc rao ban qua mang nhung ducfc giao hang bang phucmg phap truyen th6ng (qua dich vv buu dien hoac chuyen phat nhanh). Cac nha ban le trvc tuyen ding cung cap them cac dich vu hO tro tim kiem va cung cap thong tin ve cac nghe sy thong qua web hoac email cho cac khach hang. Tuy nhien, ding von sir phat trien manh me cita cong nghe thong tin, Internet da tac dOng manh me ham teri nganh am nhac. Vai Internet, c6 2 loci may tinh, do la may chit va may khach. May chit (cac nha phan ph6i, cung cap san pham am nhac) de hru frit du lieu va thong tin, may khach (nguai tieu dung) danh cho nguai sir citing a tim kiem va tra ciru thong tin. Tuy nhien hien nay, ranh giai nay da m6 di: Thu nhat la cong nghe du6mg truyen bang thong Ong, luon trong trang thai ket n6i. Veri dia chi IP co dinh, may tinh d6 CO the tra thanh may chit trong nhung twang hop nhat dinh. Thin hai la cong nghe chia se du lieu ngang hang ding co kha nang chuyen mot may tinh ca nhan thong thuang nhat thanh mot may chit. Tinh tv do va tinh ma nay da lam nen cu6c cach mang thong tin trong th6ri gian qua. MO hinh eau trim cita nganh am nhac thay d6i. Thay d6i thir nhat, da la huong duy nhat tir san xuat to:5i viec phan ph6i da thay d6i, nghe sy, nguai tieu dung va cac b6 phan trong nganh am nhac da hoa trong mot mpg von str ho tro cita cong nghe Internet. may d6i thir hai, da la cac chuc nang cita hoat dOng san xuat, phan ph6i va marketing da "tra thanh" cac img dung, mang tinh trung lap han va it bi phv thu6c han vao str khong chic chin cua m6i quan he tucmg tac qua lai gift cac nghe si va cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh link \Ty am nhac. Cong nghe tra thanh ngu6n ltrc chung cho tat ca nhung ai tham gia vao nganh va cong nghe P2P cung dugc dp ding tren pham vi quec te, viec san xuat cac san pham An theo cita cac fan cong tang len. 1.4.6.2. Tac deing cua Thuang mgi dien tit din nganh gicio duc Vai str phat trien cita ding nghe dien tir va dac biet la str ra dal va phat then cita Internet, nganh giao dvc da cung cap nhung hinh thirc dao tao mai: ngoai dao tao Ulm tiep tren giang du6mg hay dao tao tir xa truyen thOng con 40 co hinh thirc dao tao dien tir (e-learning). Dao tao dien tir co the la dao tao true tuyen (online education) hoac h6n hop (blended learning). Dao tao dien tir la viec sir dung cac phuang tien dien tir (nhu dai, tivi, CD/DVD, may tinh hay email, web) de dux hien cac hinh thirc dao tao. Dao tao truc tuyen la mot phan ciia dao tao dien tir, tong do chu yen sir dung Internet de cung cap cac kh6a hoc tut tuyen trong do cho phep trao d6i gala giao vien va nguai h9c qua mang. Dao tao hon hgp la su ket hqp cua cac hinh thirc tren, tuy tren thuc to chu yeu la su ket hop gifra dao tao truc tuyen va hu•6mg dan truc tiep. Hinh 1.5. Mo hinh ciao tao tric tuyen Ngujn: UNCTAD, 2005, Information Economy Report Dao tao true tuyen da phat trien manh. Nguyen nhan, do chinh la cong nghe Internet tao ra nhang &Ong luc cho viec dai to va phat tri'en hinh thirc dao tao nay: - Nang cao nang luc cung cap dich vu dao tao: Internet cho phep tiep can duqc voi nhieu dtd Wang h9c horn or nhimg vimg dia 1Sr xa hon, kho co dien kien sir dung dich vx.1 dao tao truyen th6ng. - Nang cao chat lugng h9c: HQC true tuyen cho phep tang cuing kha nang ca biet h6a vai timg nguii h9c, mem deo han va tang su hp ch9n cho nguoi hoc, tir dO nang cao chat lugng h9c. 41 - Tang cuOng kha nang tiep can: Dao tao dien to c6 the cung cap cac giai phap hau hieu dei \red nhilng van de ve tiep can gido vien. - Hieu qua ve chi phi: Dao tao dien tir co kha nang lam tang nang hrc cung cap dich vv va tang kha nang tiep can cua sinh vien, do d6 co kha nang tiet kiem chi phi (cung cap dich vv cho nhieu nguiyi h9c hcm vOi chi phi thap han) thong qua viec giam chi phi dei vai timg h9c vien, tir d6 nang cao vi the tai chinh cua t6 chirc dao tao. Tuy nhien, tinh kinh to quy mo cua dao tao true tuytn tren thvc to con chua the hien ro vi dau tu ban dau vao ca sO ha tang kha cao, va bulk khOi dau can nhieu th&i gian. - Tang ctr•mg kha nang nam gift cac kgr nang va co so ha tang ye cong nghe thong tin, tir do day math viec tiep can den nen kinh to tri thuc. - Chien lugc marketing va canh tranh: Vi dao tao trvc tuyen chinh dau tu cho tucmg lai, nen cac t6 chin cung cap dich vv dao tao phai dau tu vao ha tang cho dao tao trvc tuyen de co the canh tranh va eon tai dugc trong dai han. - Hien nay, rat nhieu trueng dai hoc tren the gioi, ca 6 nhung nuac phat trien va nhftng nu& dang phat trien da cung cap dich vv dao tao trvc tuyen: University of Monterrey (Mexico); Mauritius University; National University (Lesotho); Indira Gandhi Open University (An Do); UK Open University; LEAD (Anh); UN University (UNCTAD TrainForTrade); Finnish Virtual University; UK eUniversity; Malaysia University of Science and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Mt);... Doanh se dao tao trvc tuyen teen the gieri nam 2002 la 6.6 tST USD (5,6 tS, tir nu& my) va nam 2006 la 23.7 tSr USD) va se con tang cao. 1.4.6.3. Teic cl(mg cua Thttang mgi (lien tit din Chinh phzi dien tit Chinh phu cua haft het cac quec gia hien nay, yeti su phat trien manh me cua thucmg mai dien dr, cung dang c6 nhang buck di tich cvc de lien tai xay dung mOt Chinh phu dien tir, trong do cac dich vg &Ong cua Chinh phir va cac giao dich v&i Chinh phir dugc th%rc hien qua mpg, thuang mai hoac phi thucmg mai. Cac dich vv phi thuang mai thuOng bao g6m: thong tin ding cong (xuat ban cac ket qua nghien ciru khoa h9c, thong tin y to trvc tuyen, dao tao cong trvc tuyen), thuan 19i h6a viec thanh toan (nOp to khai thus dien tit, nOp phat,) hoac cac dich vu khac. Cac dich vv thuang mai cira chinh phir bao g6m: nhttng hoat dOng xac nhan danh tinh (hi) chieu, chimg 42 Ngtroi bao hiem Khich hang Trung gian Tai bao ham minh thu,...), bang cAp (bang lai xe, clang IcS7 O to xe may), ding nhu clang 14/ thu thud dien tir. TAt ca cac giao dich ten deu c6 the sir dung voi su ho trg cua phuang tien dien tir, dac biet la Internet. Thucmg mai dien tir ding c6 tac dOng manh den quy trinh mua sarn cua Chinh phu. V6i su khac biet to net trong mua sam to (kinh doanh thucmg mai) va mua sam cong, quy trinh mua sam cong can phai dam bao tat ca nhi-mg nha cung cAp ti'em nang deu phai dugc thong bao ve cuOc dau thAu, va khong co nha cung cap nao c6 the co lgi the thong tin hcm nguiyi khac. Ngoai ra, yeu t6 minh bach, trong do cac quy dinh mad than phai ro rang va de hieu de de chAm thAu, va viec guy& dinh trong thAu cong phai theo nhUng trinh to da dugc thiet lap, th6ng nhdt va ro rang tren gidy tar. Chinh phu dien tir ding phai dam bao thuc hien dugc nhimg tieu chudn teen cho viec mua sam. Hien nay, chin lugc mua sam dien tir dap ling cac yeu cAu tren dang dugc cac qu6c gia nghien ciru va nhieu nuerc d'A dua vao ap 1.4.6.4. Tac clang caa Thworg mai clien to clin nganh Bao hi'dm Clung vOi su ra dad dm Internet, nganh bao hiem ding ca hinh thirc kinh doanh Bao hiem dien tir va cAu truc cua nganh bao hiem cling thay Khi chua CO Internet, cAu trim nganh bao hiem hAu nhu theo chieu ngang, trong do, cac khach hang - nguari dugc bao hiem (ca than hoac cong ty) chuS/en rui ro sang cho nguati bao hiem hoac tai bao hiem. Viec chuyen rui ro co the thuc hien trIrc tiep hoac thong qua trung gian la cac dai 1S, hay mai gioi bao hiem. Hinh 1.6. Mo hinh kinh doanh bio ham khi chua co Internet Ngudn: UNCTAD, 2002, Information Economy Report 43 Khi thi tnrang va nganh bao hiem hoat dOng dva ten nen Internet, mo hinh ten da thay d6i. Duang chuyen dui ro va thong tin dr nguai mua bao hiem sang nguai bao hiem/tai bao hiem da khong can. Nguai mua bao hiem co the c6 nhieu cach de co dugc thong tin ve cac dich vu bao hiem va chinh sach bao hiem. Nha bao hiem va tai bao hiem ding nhu dai 15, va trung gian bao hiem ding ma rOng thi truang horn thong qua viec hien dien tren internet. MOt diem mai, do la viec sir dying cac tieu chuan trong nganh bao hiem (ACORD), tao thuan lgi hon trong giao dich va them thuan bao hiem. WA diem mai ncra la sv xuat hien dm phan mem tuong tac (middleware), cho phep chia se ngutm thong tin va dit lieu giita cac nha bao hiem von nen kinh to Internet. 1.5. Ca vat chat, ky thuftt va phap is de phat trien TMDT Theo nghien ciru dm CommerceNet (commerce.net), 10 can troy lon nhat cua TMDT tai my not rieng va cac nuac tren the giai not chung theo thin tier la: 1. De mat an toan 2. Thieu tin tuang va rui ro 3. Thieu nhan luc ve TMDT 4. Khac biet van hoa 5. Thieu ha tang ye chit 14 s6 hoe (hoat dOng cua cac to chirc chimg thuc con hen che) 6. Nh'Sn thirc cua cac t6 chirc ve TMDT con chua cao 7. Gian 1Sri trong TMDT (the tin dung...) 8. Cac sin giao dich B2B chua thvc sv than thien vai nguai dung 9. Cac rao can thuang mai qu6c to truyen th6ng 10.Thieu cac tieu chuan qu6c t6 ve TMDT V'Sy de hen the nhang rao can not tren nham phat trien thuong mai dien tir hon nita thi can phai quan tam tai nhitng van de clued day: 1.5.1. My dyng ccsd phdp ly va chinh sach (If mb) De TMDT phat trien, truac het can c6 mot he thtmg phap lust va chinh sach vfmg yang, tao mOi truang thuan 19i cho cac giao dich TMDT. Dieu 44 nay se khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep, co quan va t6 chirc tham gia vao TMDT; tao long tin va bao ve nguai tieu dung. TMDT v6i dac trung c6 ha tang cong nghe phat trien rat nhanh, do dO xay dung ca sa phap 1ST cho TMDT khong nhang phai dat dugc mac tieu tao thuan 19i cho cac hoat dOng TMDT, ma con phai mang tinh ma de tao dieu kien img dung nhttng cong nghe mai cho TMDT ngay tang phat trien hon. Xay dung co so phap 1ST va chinh sach cho TMDT phai giai guy& dugc nhOng van de chinh sau: (i) Thira nhan gia tri phap 1ST cho tat ca nhimg giao dich dugc that hien thong qua cac phuong tien dien tit. Dieu nay dam bao cho cac doanh nghiep tham gia TMDT, trong khuon kh6 cho phep, tinh Nip phap khi thuc hien nhimg hoat dOng thucmg mai dien (ii) Hai hoa h6a gift cac quy dinh co lien quan cua phap luat lien quan den TMDT: Ngoai viec thira nhan gia tri phap 151 cho cac giao dich TMDT, cac van de lien quan nhu: gia tri nhu van ban, van de ban g6c, van de chit IcST va con dau, van de gia tri lam chimg ma trong cac luat chung hoc luat chuyen nganh yeu cau dai vai cac giao dich truyen thong, phai dugc quy dinh cu the d6i vai giao dich TMDT. (iii) Co chinh sach de tao ra moi twang canh tranh nhat de phat trien nhang nen tang cho TMDT nhu• chinh sach dau tu va phat trien d6i voi thi to:mg ICT, chinh sach uu tien phat trien va ung dung cong nghe ICT vao trong hoat dOng cua cac t6 chirc, doanh nghiep va ca nhan,... (iv)Co chinh sach bao ve quyen sac hiru tri tue va bao ve nguai tieu dimg Hien nay, viec xay dtmg co sa phap 15, cho Thucmg,mai dien dang rat dugc quan tam tren Ca pham vi quoc te va pham vi quoc gia: a. Cac td auk Quoc ti - UNCITRAL - Uy ban dm LHQ ve Luat Thuang mai Qu6c te: di au trong viec dua ra Luat mAu va Thum-1g mai dien tit vao nam 1996. - OECD - T6 chirc Hop tac va Phat trien Kinh te: di dau v6' cac nghien cfru, dieu tra mot s6 rinh vac cua Thuong mai dien tir nhu thue, bao ve nguai tieu dung va rieng to ca nhan, tac Ong cita ICT den tang truang kinh ta. - WIPO - T6 chirc Bao ve SO huu tri tue: di du ve cac linh vac ban quyen, nhan hieu thuong mai va cac van de lien quan den ten mien. 45 - ICANN - giai quyet cac tranh chip ve ten mien qu6c ve. - WTO - giai quyet cac van de lien quan den rao can thucmg mai dien tir qu6c tt. - Phong Thucmg mai qu6c to ICC: ra ban phu tnrcmg cira UCP (eUCP) quy dinh cac van de lien quan den viec xuat trinh chfmg tir dien tir; Incoterms 2000, 2010 dieu chinh tap quan Thucmg mai Qu6c to co tinh den cac giao dich Thucmg mai dien b. Cac nu& Tren thi gieri va Khu vrfc: - EU: Nam 2000 dua ra hu6ng clan chung ve thucmg mai dien tir "Directive on electronic commerce". - My: Luat giao dich dien tir th6ng nhat UETA (Uniform Electronic Transactions Act). - Canada: Luat giao dich dien - Australia: Luat giao dich dien tir cac bang. - Singapore: Luat giao dich dien tir, nam 1998. c. Viet Nam - Ve chinh sach: Viet Nam ding da s&m nhan ra nhimg lgi ich ve thucmg mai dien tir dem lai cho nen kinh te, the hien sir quan tam dinh huang cua chinh phu trong chinh sach phat trien kinh to tir nhiing nam 2005 frac lai day nhu sau: + Chinh sach quan trong nhat, lien quan tryc tiep tai boat dOng thucmg mai dien tir la "Ks hoach tong the phat trien thucmg mai dien tir giai doan 2006-2010", tier, den la giai doan 2011-2015. + Chinh sach lien quan den phat trien ha tang chung ye cong nghe thong tin nhu "Chien lugc phat trien ding nghe thong tin va truyen thong Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020"( g9i tat la "Chien lugc eat earth"). + Chinh sach ho trg doanh nghiep frng dung ding nghe thong tin nhu "De an HO trg doanh nghiep img dung cong nghe th6ng tin plitic hOi nhap va phat trien giai dop 2005-2010". + Ke hoach tong the phat trien Chinh phir dien tir den nam 2010, 2015. + Ke hoach tong the frng dung va phat trien cong nghe thong tin nghanh thucmg mai an nam 2010. 46 + De an thanh toan khong dimg tien mat giai don 2006-2010 va dinh huong d6n nAm 2020 tai Viet Nam. - Ve luAt phap: Trong thin gian qua, cac ca quan nha nuOc da tich cuc xiy dtmg, hoan chinh va b6 sung cac quy dinh phap luAt lien quan tai thuong mai dien tir. Nha nuov da ban hanh rat nhieu luAt chi tit cling nghi dinh va thong tu huang dan. + Thong 12/2005 Viet Nam da ban hanh LuAt giao dich dien tir (co hieu Itrc tir 1/3/2006) + Nghi dinh s6 57/2006/ND-CP ve Thucmg mai dien tir. + Nghi dinh s6 26/2007/ND-CP qui dinh chi tier thi hanh LuAt giao dich dien tir ve Chit' ky s6 va Dich vu chimg thtrc chit lqr s6. + Nghi dinh s6 27/2007/ND-CP ve Giao dich dien tit trong hoat dOng tai chinh. + Nghi dinh s6 35/2007/ND-CP ve Giao dich dien tir trong hoat dOng ngan hang. + Thong tu s6 09/2008/TT-BCT huang an nghi dinh thucmg mai dien tit ve cung cap th6ng tin va giao ke't hop d6ng teen website thucmg mai dien dr. Ngoai ra thi Viet Nam dang dtr thao thong tu huang an ve giao dich dien tir trong linh vtrc chimg lchoan. Ben canh nhitng luAt, nghi dinh dieu chinh chi tiel cac hoat dOng trong linh vtrc thuong mai dien tit, thi thucmg mai dien tit tai nu& to con chiu sir dieu chinh cua cac nguon luAt chung nhu BO luAt Dan str, LuAt Thucmg mai, LuAt Hai quan, LuAt Cong nghe thong tin. 1.5.2. Phdt &len h9 tang cong nghe thOng tin va truybs thong TMDT la nhimg giao dich thucmg mai dugc thtrc hien chit y .eu thong qua may tinh va mang Internet. Do do, de TMDT co the phat trien dugc, yeu cau ve ha tang cong nghe th6ng tin va truyen th6ng la khong the thieu. Cac y6u t6 trong ha tang CNTT va truyen thong bao g6m: - Nganh ding nghiep thiet bi ICT (may tinh, thiet bi mang,...). Day la cac y6u t6 thuOc ve "phan cung" trong au tu cho TMDT. - Nganh cong nghiep phan mem. - Nganh van thong (cac he thAng dich vu van thong c6 dinh, di dOng,...). - Internet va cac dich vu gia tang dva ten nen Internet. 47 - Bao met, an toan va an ninh mang. - Xay dung ha tang CNTT va truyen thong de TMDT phat trier' phai dat dugc nhung mac tieu sau: - Cho phdp ngueri dan va cac to chic, doanh nghiep co the sir ding cac thiet bi CNTT va truyen thong nhu may tinh va cac thiet bi xi 1Sr. - Cho pile') ngtrai dan va cac to chic, doanh nghiep tiep can va sir dung dich vu vien thong co ban va Internet von gia re. Ngoai ra, mgi doanh nghiep, cong ding va cong dan deu dugc ket not va tiep can ton co sa ha tang bang ring. - Thiet lap dugc cac he thing mang vien thong c6 dinh va khong day manh. Nang cao nang lac duemg tuyen von he thing bang th8ng ring, cho phep cac t6 chic va doanh nghiep co the. sir dung cac dich Nrki chit lugng cao vao cac img dung TMDT dia minh yen chi phi chip nhan dugc. Ngoai viec dau to mori cho cac thiet bi, viec nang cap cac he thing thiet bi hien theri la dieu khong the thieu, vi cac img dung TMDT ngay cang phirc tap, dung lugng dir lieu can truyen tai ngay cang lan hon, do do, yeu cau ve met thiet bi va cong ngh'e ding cao hon. 1.5.3. Xtsly dung lig tang kiln that - chink Rich ve dao tgo nhan hfc TMDT lien quan den viec img dung cong nghe th8ng tin vao cac giao dich thuong mai. Do do, de co the trien lchai dugc boat ding thuong mai dien tir thi doi heti nguin than lvc cho boat ding nay can phai hieu ro nhung kiln thirc co ban ve thuong mai dien tir. Dieu nay ding ngifia yen viec phai co chinh sach ve tuyen truyen va dao tao nguin nhan lvc cho TMDT, phi bien kiln thirc chung cho mgi ngued dan ve viec sir dung ding nhu yen hanh cac phan mem TMDT. Thucmg mai dien tir lai la mot finh vac can rat mai nhung lai phat trien nhanh chong do vey dao tao nhan lac nham phat trier' thuong mai dien to hon nua la rat can thiet. Ngoai ra, trong hoat Ong thuong mai dien tir thi truing la town cau, va chi co duy nhat mot gia cho mot loai sari pham a tat ca cac thi truing lchac nhau, do Vey ma con nguoi la than to guy& dinh tao su khac biet gala cac doanh nghiep. Chinh vi Vey ma dao tao nguin lvc thuong mai dien tit la mot yeti to tii quan trgng d6i vai sir thanh cong cua timg doanh nghiep not rieng ding nhu ton su phat trien ciia boat Ong thuong mai not chung. 48 1.5.4. Xay dying he titling bdo mgt trong thwo'ng mgi clien ter Trong b6i canh lugng thong tin va giao dich trao d6i qua mang tang nhanh, van de an toan, an ninh mang not Chung va cho diming mai dien tir not rieng dang ngay cang dugc cac t6 chirc, doanh nghiep quan tam. Viec xay dung he th6ng bao mat trong TMDT phai dat dugc nhimg muc tieu co ban: - Chtmg 10 cac cuOc tan ding voi muc dich lay cap th8ng tin: Thong tin trong cac giao dich TMDT rat nhay cam va can phai dugc bao ve. Co rat nhieu dang tan cong nham lay not dung thong tin: tan ding tren duang truyen dit lieu , ngan chan cac thong bao gala may chic va may khach, hoac truy cap vao may chi/may khach a d, dugc not dung ciia cac thong bao. Du dang nao, cac he th6ng cling can phai co nhimg bien phap thich hop de phan irng va ngan chan cac cuOc tan cong tren. - Bao dam tinh bi mat dm th8ng tin: chi nhitng nguai c6 quyen mai dugc phep xem va sira ai not dung thong tin. Tren thuc te, nhieu thong tin nhay cam co the bi xam pham bat hop phap va dieu nay c6 the gay ra nhimg hau qua rat lan neu khong dugc ngan chan. Vi du, cac th6a thuan hop d6ng gitra cong ty A va cong ty B la hoan toan rieng to va chi nhiing nguiyi c6 tranh nhiem lien quan a hai cong ty dugc biet. Truang hop met nguiii cua cong ty d6i thu canh tranh vori cac deg ty ten bik dugc va mutm gay hai, ho c6 the doc va sir dung th6ng tin nay trong va co the gay thiet hai ion cho ca hai cong ty A va B. Nhfing tn.rang hop tuang to can dugc loai bo trong mot he th6ng TMDT. - Bao dam tinh tinh toan yen ciia thong tin: Thong tin di tir ngutin tai dich khong bi sira doi. Tren thuc te, nhieu thong tin nhay cam bi d61 thu chan lai tren duOmg di, tim cach sira d6i nOi dung r6i tiep tuc gun dEn dia chi dich ma nguai nhan hoan toan khong biet ve viec sira d6i nay. Do vay, he th6ng TMDT can c6 nhang giai phap kiem sok thong tin, nha.m phat hien ra su mao danh ding nhu su khong toan yen ciia thong tin. - Bao dam tinh sgn sang cilia di khi nguai sir dung can den thong tin, Chung phai co va a tang thai co the khai thac dugc. Tren thuc te, tin tac c6 the dimg nhieu hinh thirc de lam giam tinh s'An sang dm he th6ng, hoac nghiem tong hon, lam te liet he th6ng cach thirc dan gian nhat la tao ra 49 mOt so lucmg lem cac goi tin yeu eau dugc xir 151 trong cong mOt theri gian, lam cho he thOng kh6ng c6 kha nang dap ling. De dat dugc nhitng mix tieu tren, mot to chirc hay ca nhan deu phai nghien ciru dau tu, xay dung mOt chien lugc an toan mang cho chinh minh. Buoy &Au tien cho chi& lugc nay, do chinh la xac dinh nhang "tai san" hay nhUng thong tin gi can phai bao mat. Sau do, xac dinh quyen truy cap nhimg thong tin do thuc ve nhung ai trong cong ty hay t6 chirc cua minh, va cu6i cling, tim kiem nhimg nguon luc va giai phap de bao ve nhung thong tin Ay. Nhimg nguifin luc Ay c6 the la: tu xay dung hoac mua cac phAn mem bao mat, phan cling, cac thiet bi bao ye... 1.5.5. Xay dung he thong thanh loan dien to MOt trong nhirng khau ca ban trong quy trinh thuc hien thucmg mai dien tir la khau thanh toan. Su phat trien cua hoat dOng thanh toan trong thuang mai dien tir da giup cho hoat dOng thuang mai tra len de dang va IA mOt chu trinh hoan chinh. Thanh toan dien tir co sir dung den cac phucmg den dien tir ket not mang vign thong cho nen thanh toan trong thucmg mai dien tir cling co nhitng dac thu rieng, trong do hoat dOng thanh toan dien tir khong nhat thiet phai gan lien voi mOt ngan hang hay to chirc tai chinh truyen thtmg ma c6 the thOng qua mOt to chirc trung gian cung cap dich vu thanh toan qua mang. Thanh toan dien tir phat trien giup day nhanh hoat dOng ngoai thucmg gicra cac qu6c gia voi nhau, khong chi trong hoat &ling xuat nhap khau giita cac doanh nghiep voi nhau ma con thilc day hoat dOng mua ban gitra cac ca nhan voi ca nhan. 1.5.6. Xay difng chiin lure va ma' hinh kinh doanh Moi hoat dOng trong deri song kinh to muOn phat then deu phai CO chi& lucre cu the cho tong busk di. Vay mu6n phat trien thucmg mai dien tir thi truck het doanh nghiep thuang mai dien tir can phai xay dung cho minh mOt chien lugc cu the. De xay dung mOt chien lugc thuang mat dien tir thanh cong truerc het phai )(Sy dkrng mOt chien lugc cho phat trien cong nghe thong tin, ma a day chinh la xay dung ca sa ha tang cong ngh'e thOng tin, dao tao ngu6n luc cho nghanh cong nghe thong tin nham ho trg cho hoat dOng thucmg mai dien tir. Phan lorn cac giao dich thuang mai dien tit chit yeu la thuc hien qua 50 Internet thong qua cac website. Do vay de phat trien thuang mai dien tir, truck hat cac doanh nghiep can phai co chitin lugc xay di,rng va quang ba website. Ngoai ra cac doanh nghiep thucmg mai dien tit ding can phai xac dinh dugc m8 hinh kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep de kinh doanh hieu qua sao cho phiz hop vOi kha nang va nguan luc cua doanh nghiep. Vi du nhu xac dinh xem doanh nghiep se huong m8 hinh hog dOng dau gia C2C (eBay.com) hay huang toi mO hinh hog dOng ban hang tr%rc tuyen B2C (Amazon.com), B2B (Dell.com).... 1.5.7. My dy.ng nguan nhan 4rc cho thwong moi CO hi. So voi nhiau hoat dOng kinh to thi thuang mai dien tix con rat non tre. Thuang mai dien to mai chi hinh thanh trong khoang 20 nam tr6y lai day. Chinh vi le do ma xay dung va phat trien nguan nhan luc cho thuang mai dien to la rat can thiat. Nguan nhan luc cho linh vuc thucmg mai dien tir doi hOi kh6ng chi nam yang kin thirc ve kinh to ma con can phai nam vimg kin thirc ve cong nghe thong tin. Tom lai hoat dOng thuang mai dien tir tren the gioi da dat dugc nhitng thanh tuu not bat trong nhiau linh vuc. Tuy nhien, thuang mai dien tir tai Viet Nam den nay van trong giai clop dau phat trien. Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam da trien khai dugc mot so ung dung thucmg mai dien tix nhu trong mua ban hang h6a dich vu, cung cap dich vu cong cho du ket qua dat dugc con khiem tan. Cau hei on tap 1. Thucmg mai dien tir la gi? Cho Nat cac loai hinh chinh cua thucmg mai dien tir. 2. Thugng mai dien tir khac gi so vai kinh doanh dien tir? 3. Neu dae diem cua cac giai doan phat trien cua thucmg mai dien 4. Neu nhtmg dac diem chinh cua thucmg mai dien tir trong giai doan hien nay tai Viet Nam? 5. Thucmg mai dien tir co de dOng nhu the nao tbi doanh nghiep va xa hOi. 6. Neu nhang loi ich cua thucmg mai dien tir dai vai doanh nghiep, nguoi tieu dung va xa hOi. 7. Neu nhitng mat con han the cua thuang mai dien 51 8. Neu qui trinh mua ban hang tren amazon.com, qui trinh dau gid teen eBay.com. 9. Neu thirc trang thuang mai dien tit tren the giai va tai Viet Nam hien nay. 10. Cho biet 3 cong ty ban le true tuyen hang dau tren the Odd hien nay. Neu nhang thanh cong va each thirc ma 3 cong ty ban le nay da lien hanh de dat dugc ket qud do. Thu;at ngfr I: Infrastructure - Cu sa ha tang Cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong. M: Message - Cdc van de lien quan den Thong diep du lieu. B: Basic Rules - Cdc quy tac co ban dieu chinh chung ve TMDT. S: Sectorial Rules/Specific Rules - Cdc quy tac rieng, dieu chinh tong firth virrc chuyen sau cua TMDT. A: Applications - DUVC 111611 la cac img dung TMDT, hay cac mo hinh kinh doanh thuong mai dien tir can dugc dieu chinh. Internet: ld mdng may tinh dirge ket not vbi nhau ten khap town cau. MO hinh ngtriri ban (Sell-side): mot nguoi ban nhieu nguad mua - nguad ban se ban hang thong qua cac catalog dien tir, hay lien hanh ban thong qua hinh thirc dau gid tang. MO hinh nguiri mua (Buy-side): mot ng-uad mua nhieu ngued ban - thong qua hinh thirc dau than dien tir , mua hang ten cac san giao dich dien tir. San giao dich di?n tfi. (Electronic Exchange): nhieu nguari ban nhieu nguari mua - san giao dich do. MO hinh thuro°ng mai dien tir cong tic (Collaborative Commerce): niang trang web thucmg mai dien tir B2B kieu nay chit yeti tap trung vao hoat dOng tuong tac gift ngtrad ban va mua hon la viec lien hanh cac hoat demg mua va ban. Chinh pha din tir (e-gorvement: G2C, G2B, G2G,...): mo hinh thucmg mai dien tir trong do chinh phu se sir dung cac phucmg tien dien tir (chit yeu la may tinh va mang internet) de lien lac voi doanh nghiep, nguaci clan va cac to chirc cua chinh phu , cung nhu cung cap cac dich vu cong cho cac thanh phan nOi teen. 52