Dãy số và các bài toán về dãy số

'\ VÁ YŽ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô G\ VÁ 7U Q 1DP 'ậQJ 7U†ÃQJ €’L +ẵF .KRD +ẵF 7ề 1KLƒQ 7S +&0  *LÍL WKLảX &KẵQ ‡ô WŽL Yô G\ VÁ FKèQJ W„L ‡ Wề WU†ặF P°QK PÂW QKL¯P YÍ Y„ FẩQJ NKẳ NKQ EÄL ‡‚\ OŽ PÂW OàQK YềF UÊW NKẳ YŽ UÊW UÂQJ Vẽ GÍQJ QKLôX NLđQ WKẹF NK‘F QKDX FấD WR‘Q KẵF +…Q WKđ WU†ặF ‡ẳ ‡ Fẳ NK‘ QKLôX FXÁQ V‘FK FKX\ƒQ NKR Yô ‡ô WŽL QŽ\ 'ẩ YÔ\ FKèQJ W„L YÂQ PXÁQ FÁ J—QJ ‡ẳQJ JẳS PÂW VÁ NLQK QJKL¯P YŽ JKL QKÔQ FấD P°QK WKX O†ầP ‡†ầF WURQJ TX‘ WU°QK JLQJ G’\ QKéQJ QP TXD 7ÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ NK„QJ SKL OŽ PÂW JL‘R WU°QK Yô G\ VÁ O’L FŽQJ NK„QJ SKL OŽ PÂW FĂP QDQJ K†ặQJ GÂQ JLL F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ 7ÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ ‡èQJ K…Q KđW OŽ QKéQJ FẳS QKŸW FấD W‘F JL Yô QKéQJ SK†…QJ SK‘S JLL F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ FẩQJ YặL QKéQJ QKÔQ ‡ãQK ‡„L NKL PDQJ ‡ \ WảQK FKấ TXDQ FấD W‘F JL 9° YÔ\ K\ FRL ‡‚\ OŽ PÂW WŽL OL¯X PÄ +\ WLđS WÍF WULơQ NKDL OLƒQ K¯ YŽ ‡èF NđW NLQK QJKL¯P JKL QKÔQ QKéQJ F‘L KD\ YŽ JẳS ệ FKR QKéQJ F‘L FK†D KD\ WKÔP FKả FK†D FKảQK [‘F 7URQJ WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ NK„QJ SKL WÊW F F‘F YÊQ ‡ô FấD G\ VÁ ‡ôX ‡†ầF ‡ô FÔS WặL 9ả GÍ SK Q G\ VÁ YŽ EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF FK± ‡†ầF QẳL ‡đQ UÊW V… VŽL F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ PŽ WKềF FKÊW OŽ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô ‡ắQJ G† FậQJ NK„QJ ‡†ầF [âW WặL  +DL PQJ OặQ PŽ WÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ FKè ệ ‡đQ QKÊW OŽ EŽL WR‘Q W°P VÁ K’QJ W¿QJ TX‘W FấD PÂW G\ VÁ YŽ EŽL WR‘Q W°P JLặL K’Q G\ VÁ 7URQJ WÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ F‘F YÊQ ‡ô YŽ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Fẳ PẹF ‡Â NKẳ Gư NK‘F QKDX &ẳ QKéQJ EŽL F… EQ Fẳ QKéQJ EŽL NKẳ K…Q YŽ Fẳ QKéQJ EŽL UÊW NKẳ 9° YÔ\ F Q SKL OềD FKẵQ YÊQ ‡ô YặL PẹF ‡Â WKảFK KầS Yả GÍ Fẳ PÂW VÁ YÊQ ‡ô YŽ EŽL WR‘Q FK± ‡ÍQJ SKL Ä PẹF Nể WKL FKẵQ ‡ÂL WX\ơQ KRŸF TXÁF Wđ 9LđW WÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ W‘F JL ‡ Vẽ GÍQJ UÊW QKLôX QJXắQ WŽL OL¯X NK‘F QKDX WX\ QKLƒQ FK± Fẳ PÂW VÁ EŽL Fẳ JKL QJXắQ JÁF PÂW VÁ EŽL NK„QJ WKơ [‘F ‡ãQK ‡†ầF 7‘F JL FậQJ ‡ Vẽ GÍQJ F‘F EŽL JLQJ FấD F‘F WK \ 3KDQ €ẹF &KảQK 1JX\ưQ 9Q 0ÔX /ƒ €°QK 7KãQK €ŸQJ +ẩQJ 7K—QJ 1JX\ưQ 0LQK €ẹF  WURQJ EŽL YLđW FấD P°QK &XÁL FẩQJ WÔS WŽL OL¯X QŽ\ NK„QJ NKºL Fẳ QKéQJ QK P OÂQ YŽ WKLđX VẳW W‘F JL UÊW PRQJ QKÔQ ‡†ầF Về JẳS ệ FấD WÊW F F‘F WK \ F„ JL‘R 9Ž UÊW PRQJ U”QJ YặL QÀ OềF FKXQJ FấD WÊW F FKèQJ WD WÔS WŽL OL¯X Vă WLđS WÍF ‡†ầF KRŽQ WKL¯Q YŽ E¿ VXQJ  ‡ắQK QJKẳD Y• F˜F ŽắQK Oí FŒ E–Q ‡ắQK QJKẳD  '\ VÁ OŽ PÂW KŽP VÁ Wẻ L YŽR PÂW WÔS KầS VÁ L,,b,X KD\ PÂW WÔS FRQ QŽR ‡ẳ FấD F‘F WÔS KầS WUƒQ &‘F VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ VÁ WK†ÃQJ ‡†ầF Nệ KL¯X OŽ `z, 8z, ?z, rz WKD\ Y° `wzD, 8wzD, ?wzD, 8wzD %Q WK‚Q G\ VÁ ‡†ầF Nệ KL¯X OŽ \?zi 9° G\ VÁ OŽ PÂW WU†ÃQJ KầS ‡ŸF EL¯W FấD KŽP VÁ QƒQ Qẳ FậQJ Fẳ F‘F WảQK FKÊW FấD PÂW KŽP VÁ ‡ắQK QJKẳD  '\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ G\ WQJ JLP QđX YặL PẵL z WD Fẳ ?zLd a ?zw?zLd a ?z '\ VÁ WQJ KRŸF G\ VÁ JLP ‡†ầF JẵL FKXQJ OŽ G\ ‡Q ‡L¯X '\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ Eã FKŸQ WUƒQ QđX WắQ W’L VÁ WKềF - VDR FKR YặL PẵL z WD Fẳ ?z a -  '\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ Eã FKŸQ G†ặL QđX WắQ W’L VÁ WKềF E VDR FKR YặL PẵL z WD Fẳ ?z  E 0ÂW G\ VÁ YẻD Eã FKŸQ WUƒQ YẻD Eã FKŸQ G†ặL ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ G\ Eã FKŸQ '\ VÁ ?z ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ WX Q KRŽQ YặL FKX Nể > QđX ?zL> ) ?z YặL PẵL z ; L '\ VÁ WX Q KRŽQ YặL FKX Nể  JẵL OŽ G\ K”QJ ‡ắQK QJKẳD  7D QẳL G\ VÁ \?zi Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q y NKL z GÂQ ‡đQ Y„ FẩQJ QđX YặL PẵL 6 k ( WắQ W’L VÁ Wề QKLƒQ ]( SKÍ WKXÂF YŽR G\ VÁ ?z YŽ 6 VDR FKR YặL PẵL z k ]( WD Fẳ /?z  y/ QKº K…Q 6 j$8 z ?z ) y3 6 k (]( ; ] U z k ](/?z y/ c 6 7D QẳL G\ VÁ \?zi G Q ‡đQ Y„ FẩQJ NKL z G Q ‡đQ Y„ FẩQJ QđX YặL PẵL VÁ WKềF G†QJ - OặQ WXể ệ WắQ W’L VÁ Wề QKLƒQ ]( SKÍ WKXÂF YŽR G\ VÁ ?z YŽ - VDR FKR YặL PẵL z k ]( WD Fẳ /?z/ OặQ K…Q -  j$8 z ?z ) 3 - k (]( ; ] U z k ]( /?/ k -3 '\ VÁ Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ G\ KÂL WÍ '\ VÁ NK„QJ Fẳ JLặL K’Q KRŸF G Q ‡đQ Y„ FẩQJ NKL Q G Q ‡đQ Y„ FẩQJ JẵL OŽ G\ SK‚Q Nể ‡ắQK Oí  7ặQJ KLảX WẵFK WKQJ F˜F G—\ KẫL Wễ 1đX \?zi \rzi OŽ F‘F G\ KÂL WÍ YŽ Fẳ JLặL K’Q W†QJ ẹQJ OŽ y, K WK° F‘F G\ VÁ \?z L rzi, \?z  rzi \?zrzi YŽ \?zbrzi FậQJ K WÍ YŽ Fẳ JLặL K’Q W†QJ ẹQJ OŽ yL K, y K, y3K, ybK 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS G\ VÁ WK†QJ WD JL Vẽ rz YŽ K NK‘F NK„QJ ‡ắQK Oí  &KX\ơQ TXD JLặL K’Q WURQJ EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF &KR G\ VÁ \?zi Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q q QđX ]( ; L U z k ]( WD Fẳ y a ?z a K WK° y a ?z a K ‡ắQK Oí  ‡ắQK Oí N±S &KR ED G\ VÁ \?zi, \rzi, \Fzi WURQJ ‡ẳ ?z YŽ Fz Fẳ FẩQJ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q q YŽ ]( ; ] U z k ]( WD Fẳ ?z a rz a Fz .KL ‡ẳ rz FậQJ Fẳ JLặL K’Q OŽ q ‡ắQK Oí  '—\ ŽQ ŽLảX 0ÂW G\ WQJ YŽ Eã FKŸQ WUƒQ KD\ PÂW G\ JLP YŽ Eã FKŸQ G†ặL WK° KÂL WÍ 1ẳL QJ—Q JẵQ KQ KQ PÂW G\ VÁ ‡Q ‡L¯X YŽ Eã FKŸQ WK° KÂL WÍ ‡ắQK Oí  9² G—\ F˜F ŽR™Q WKœQJ OÅQJ QKDX &KR KDL G\ VÁ WKềF \yzi, \Kzi VDR FKR D z ; L, yz a Kz E zL, >yzLd, KzLdH 2 >yz, KzH F Kz  yz  ( NKL z  .KL ‡ẳ WắQ W’L GX\ QKÊW VÁ WKềF q VDR FKR  >yz, KzH ) q ‡ắQK Oí  %RO]DQR 9HLHUVWUDVV 7ẻ PÂW G\ Eã FKŸQ OX„Q Fẳ WKơ WUảFK UD PÂW G\ FRQ KÂL WÍ ‡ắQK QJKẳD  '\ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ G\ &DXFK\ QđX 6 k (]( ; L E,z k ](/?E  ?z/ c 6 ‡ắQK QJKẳD  7LŠX FKXăQ &DXFK\ '\ VÁ \?zi Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q NKL YŽ FK± NKL Qẳ OŽ G\ &DXFK\ &êS Vẩ FẫQJ '\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ NKL YŽ FK± NKL WắQ W’L Q VDR FKR z ; L, ?zLd ) ?z L Q3 Q ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ F„QJ VDL FấD FÊS VÁ FÂQJ ?( OŽ VÁ K’QJ ‡ X ?z OŽ VÁ K’QJ WKẹ z 7D Fẳ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF F… EQ VDX ?z ) ?( L zQ Cz ) ?( L ?d L N N NL ?zd ) z?( L zwz dDQb1 ) zw?( L ?zdDb1 &êS Vẩ QK‰Q '\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ PÂW FÊS VÁ QK‚Q NKL YŽ FK± NKL WắQ W’L R VDR FKR z ; ],?zLd ) R?z3 Q ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ F„QJ EÂL FấD FÊS VÁ FÂQJ ?( OŽ VÁ K’QJ ‡ X ?z OŽ VÁ K’QJ WKẹ z 7D Fẳ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF F… EQ VDX ?z ) R z?( Cz ) ?( L ?d L N N NL ?zd ) wRz  dD?(bwR  dD 1đX /R/ c d WK° \?zi ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ FÊS VÁ QK‚Q OẩL Y„ K’Q 7¿QJ FấD FÊS VÁ QK‚Q OẩL Y„ K’Q ‡†ầF WảQK WKHR F„QJ WKẹF C ) ?(bwd RD '—\ )LERQDFFL '\ VÁ )LERQDFFL OŽ G\ VÁ ‡†ầF ‡ãQK QJKàD EÄL W( ) (, Wd ) d, z ; L, WzL1 ) WzLd L Wz3 '\ VÁ )LERQDFFL Fẳ UÊW QKLôX WảQK FKÊW WKè Yã YŽ [XÊW KL¯Q PÂW F‘FK Wề QKLƒQ WURQJ QKLôX OàQK YềF NK‘F QKDX &KèQJ WD Fẳ F„QJ WKẹF VDX ‡‚\ ‡ơ W°P VÁ K’QJ W¿QJ TX‘W FấD G\ VÁ )LERQDFFL &‹QJ WKỉF %LQHW Wz ) p dL $ x 1 Qz  p d $ x 1 Qz $ x 3 1ẳL FKXQJ F‘F G\ VÁ [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL F„QJ WKẹF WUX\ KắL WzL1 ) WzLd L Wz YặL W(, Wd EÊW Nể ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ G\ )LERQDFFL PÄ UÂQJ '—\ )DUH\ '\ )DUH\ Bz YặL PÀL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ z OŽ WÔS KầS F‘F SK‚Q VÁ WÁL JLQ G’QJ ybK YặL ( a y a K a z YŽ wy, KD ) d [đS WKHR WKẹ Wề WQJ G Q 9ả GÍ Bx ) \(bd, dbx, db;, dbn, 1bx, db1, nbx, 1bn, nb;, ;bx, dbdi3 1JR’L WUẻ Bd Bz Fẳ VÁ OĐ F‘F SK Q Wẽ YŽ db1 OX„Q Q”P Ä JLéD *ẵL €bR €IbRI YŽ €IIbRII OŽ F‘F VÁ K’QJ OLƒQ WLđS WURQJ G\ )DUH\ WK° €RI  R€I ) d, YŽ€IbRI ) w€ L €IIDbwR L RIID3 6Á F‘F VÁ K’QJ ]wzD WURQJ G\ )DUH\ ‡†ầF WảQK WKHR F„QJ WKẹF ]wzD ) d L z3 >)d w>D ) d L *wzD3  0ẫW Vẩ SKŒQJ SK˜S JL–L E•L WR˜Q Y² G—\ Vẩ 3K†…QJ SK‘S JLL F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ UÊW ‡D G’QJ QK† FKảQK \ƒX F X FấD FKèQJ €ẳ Fẳ WKơ OŽ PÂW WảQK FKÊW VÁ KẵF PÂW WảQK FKÊW ‡’L VÁ KD\ PÂW WảQK FKÊW JLL WảFK '†ặL ‡‚\ FKèQJ WD Vă [HP [âW QKéQJ SK†…QJ SK‘S F… EQ QKÊW 7X\ QKLƒQ Fẳ WKơ ‡†D UD KDL QJX\ƒQ Oệ FKXQJ ‡ơ JLL F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ OŽ  €ẻQJ QJ’L YLđW UD F‘F VÁ K’QJ ‡ X WLƒQ FấD G\ VÁ  €ẻQJ QJ’L W¿QJ TX‘W KẳD EŽL WR‘Q  '—\ Vẩ WKÙF PẫW Vẩ G™QJ G—\ Vẩ ŽƯF ELảW '—\ Vẩ G™QJ ?zLd ) Ww?zD €‚\ OŽ G’QJ G\ VÁ WK†ÃQJ JŸS QKÊW WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô JLặL K’Q G\ VÁ '\ VÁ QŽ\ Vă KRŽQ WRŽQ [‘F ‡ãQK NKL ELđW W YŽ JL‘ WUã EDQ ‡ X ?( 'R YÔ\ Về KÂL WÍ FấD G\ VÁ Vă SKÍ WKXÂF YŽR WảQK FKÊW FấD KŽP VÁ Ww?D YŽ ?( 0ÂW ‡ŸF ‡LơP TXDQ WUẵQJ NK‘F FấD G\ VÁ G’QJ QŽ\ OŽ QđX y OŽ JLặL K’Q FấD G\ VÁ WK° y SKL OŽ QJKL¯P FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK ? ) Ww?D &KèQJ WD Fẳ PÂW VÁ NđW TấD F… EQ QK† VDX ‡ắQK QJKẳD  +ŽP VÁ W U ;  ; ‡†ầF JẵL OŽ PÂW KŽP VÁ FR WUƒQ ; QđX WắQ W’L VÁ WKềF R, ( c R c d VDR FKR /Ww?D WwrD/ a R/? r/ YặL PẵL ?, r WKXÂF ; ‡ắQK Oí  1đX Ww?D OŽ PÂW KŽP VÁ FR WUƒQ ; WK° G\ VÁ \?zi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?( ) y ; ;,?zLd ) Ww?zD KÂL WÍ *LặL K’Q FấD G\ VÁ OŽ QJKL¯P GX\ QKÊW WUƒQ ; FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK ? ) Ww?D &KẹQJ PLQK 9ặL PẵL z k E WK° ‘S GÍQJ ‡ãQK QJKàD KŽP VÁ FR WD Fẳ /?z  ?E/ ) /Ww?zdD Ww?EdD/ a R/?zd  ?Ed/ a N N N a RE/?zE  ?(/  7ẻ ‡‚\ /?z  ?(/ a /?z  ?zd/ L N N N L /?d  ?(/ a wRzd L N N N L dD/?d  ?(/ VX\ UD \?zi Eã FKŸQ ;âW 6 k ( 7ẻ  GR R c d YŽ /?zE  ?(/ Eã FKŸQ QƒQ WD VX\ UD WắQ W’L ] VDR FKR R] /?zE  ?(/ c 6 6X\ UD \?zi OŽ G\ &DXFK\ YŽ GR ‡ẳ KÂL WÍ 9ẵ Gễ 9L¯W 1DP  &KR G\ VÁ \?zi [‘F ‡ãQK QK† VDX ?( ) (, ?zLd )  $ L ?z3 7°P WÊW F F‘F JL‘ WUã FấD  ‡ơ YặL PẵL JL‘ WUã ?( ; w(, D ?z [‘F ‡ãQK YặL PẵL z YŽ WắQ W’L JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q j$8z ?z *LL €ơ ?d WắQ W’L WK° WD WK°   $  L ?z  ( YặL PẵL ?( ; w(, D KD\ w  dD  ?( YặL PẵL ?( ; w(, D VX\ UD   1 9ặL   1 WK° ( c ?d c $  1đX ( c ?z c $  WK°  $ L ?z k   1 $  VX\ UD ?zLd WắQ W’L YŽ WD FậQJ Fẳ ( c ?zLd c $  €ŸW Ww?D ) 0 $ L ? WK° W Iw?D ) d ; $ ? L ? 0 $ L ? 9ặL PẵL ? ; w(,$D WD Fẳ w L ?Dw  $ L ?D k w  0  L $ D  1w1  0 1 L $ 1D k d ;  7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD /W Iw?D/ a R c d YặL PẵL ? ; w(,$D WẹF Ww?D OŽ KŽP VÁ FR WUƒQ w(, $ D VX\ UD G\ VÁ ‡ FKR KÂL WÍ 9Ô\ WÊW F F‘F JL‘ WUã  F Q W°P OŽ   1 0ÂW WU†ÃQJ KầS QéD FậQJ Fẳ WKơ [âW ‡†ầF Về KÂL WÍ FấD G\ VÁ \?zi OŽ WU†ÃQJ KầS W ‡…Q ‡L¯X &Í WKơ OŽ 1đX W OŽ KŽP VÁ WQJ WUƒQ ; WK° \?zi Vă OŽ G\ ‡…Q ‡L¯X '\ VÁ QŽ\ WQJ KD\ JLP WXể WKHR Yã WUả FấD ?( VR YặL ?d 1đX W OŽ KŽP JLP WUƒQ ; WK° F‘F G\ FRQ \?1€i, \?1€Ldi OŽ F‘F G\ ‡…Q ‡L¯X YŽ QJ†ầF FKLôX QKDX 9ẵ Gễ 9„ ‡ãFK VLQK YLƒQ 0RVNYD  &KR G\ VÁ \?zi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?( ) dM1, ?zLd ) dbw; n?zD +\ W°P j$8z ?z *LL 7ảQK WR‘Q WUềF WLđS WD WKÊ\ ( c ?1 c d, ?n k ?1 9° Ww?D ) dbw; n?D OŽ PÂW KŽP VÁ WQJ Wẻ >(, dH YŽR >(, dH QƒQ Wẻ ‡‚\ \?ziz1 OŽ PÂW G\ VÁ WQJ YŽ Eã FKŸQ WUƒQ EÄL  GR ‡ẳ Fẳ JLặL K’Q *L Vẽ JLặL K’Q OŽ y WK° WD Fẳ y ) dbw;nyD KD\ y ) d JL‘ WUã y ) dbn OR’L GR G\ WQJ &‚X KºL 9ặL QKéQJ JL‘ WUã QŽR FấD ?( WK° G\ VÁ [‘F ‡ãQK YặL PẵL ? YŽ Fẳ JLặL K’Q" .KL QŽR WK° JLặL K’Q OŽ d" .KL QŽR WK° JLặL K’Q OŽ dbn" 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS W OŽ KŽP JLP WD Fẳ WKơ FKẹQJ PLQK G\ KÂL WÍ E”QJ F‘FK FKẹQJ PLQK KDL G\ FRQ WUƒQ FẩQJ KÂL WÍ Yô PÂW JLặL K’Q 7X\ QKLƒQ NKẳ NKQ QKÊW OŽ JŸS F‘F KŽP VÁ NK„QJ ‡…Q ‡L¯X 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS QŽ\ WD SKL [âW WẻQJ NKRQJ ‡…Q ‡L¯X FấD Qẳ YŽ Về KÂL WÍ FấD KŽP VÁ Vă Wẩ\ WKXÂF YŽR JL‘ WUã EDQ ‡ X 9ẵ Gễ 7°P WÊW  F‘F JL‘ WUã FấD y ‡ơ G\ VÁ \?zi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?( ) y, ?zLd ) 1 ?1z Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q *LL +ŽP VÁ Ww?D ) 1  ?1 WQJ WUƒQ w , (D YŽ JLP WUƒQ w(,L D 3K†…QJ WU°QK Ww?D ) ? Fẳ KDL QJKL¯P OŽ ? ) 1 YŽ ? ) d €ẳ OŽ QKéQJ Gé NL¯Q TXDQ WUẵQJ WURQJ OÃL JLL EŽL WR‘Q QŽ\ € X WLƒQ WD QKÔQ [âW U”QJ QđX y c 1 WK° GR W U w ,1D  w ,1D YŽ OŽ KŽP WQJ ?d ) 1y1 c ?( QƒQ G\ VÁ \?zi JLP 1đX G\ \?zi Eã FKŸQ G†ặL WK° Qẳ KÂL WÍ Yô QJKL¯P FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK ? ) 1 ?1 ‡LôX QŽ\ P‚X WKXÂQ Y° G\ JLP YŽ ?( c 1 9Ô\ \?zi NK„QJ Eã FKŸQ G†ặL WẹF NK„QJ Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q 1đX y k 1 WK° ?d c 1 YŽ WD FậQJ VX\ \?zi NK„QJ Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q 9ặL y ) 1, d WK° G\ VÁ Fẳ JLặL K’Q ;âW ?( ; >1, 1H 7D FKẹQJ PLQK G\ VÁ Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q NKL YŽ FK± NKL WắQ W’L z VDR FKR ?z ) 1 KRŸF ?z ) d 7KÔW YÔ\ JL Vẽ ?z Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q OŽ K YŽ ?z b; \1, di YặL PẵL z .KL ‡ẳ K ) 1 KRŸF K ) d *L Vẽ K ) 1 WK° WắQ W’L ]( VDR FKR ?z Q”P WURQJ O‚Q FÔQ 1 YặL PẵL z  ]( 1K†QJ QđX ?z ) 1 L 6 WK° ?zLd ) 1 L ;6  61 k ?z VX\ UD G\ ?z WQJ Nơ Wẻ ]( YŽ NK„QJ WKơ G Q Yô 1 1đX K ) d Nơ Wẻ z  ]( QŽR ‡ẳ ?z WKXÂF O‚Q FÔQ d ;âW ?zL1  ?z ) 1 w1 ?1zD1  ?z ) w1 ?z  ?1zDw?1z  ?z  dD 7’L O‚Q FÔQ d WK° ?1z  ?z  d c ( 9° QđX ?z c d WK° ?zLd k d YŽ QJ†ầF O’L ?z k d WK° ?zLd c d  FKèQJ WD ‡DQJ [âW WURQJ O‚Q FÔQ ‡LơP d QƒQ Fẳ WKơ JL Vẽ ?z k d .KL ‡ẳ 1  ?z  ?1z c ( VX\ UD ?zL1 k ?z 7LđS WÍF QK† YÔ\ VX\ UD d c ?z c ?zL1 c N N N c ?zL1> c N N N P‚X WKXÂQ YặL JL WKLđW K ) d 9Ô\ ‡LôX JL Vẽ OŽ 1 WẹF OŽ G\ VÁ FK± Fẳ JLặL K’Q NKL WắQ W’L z VDR FKR ?z ) 1 KRŸF ?z ) d 6DX NKL WKX ‡†ầF NđW TX QŽ\ WD Vẽ GÍQJ KŽP QJ†ầF Wdw?D ) $1 ? ‡ơ [‚\ GềQJ WÊW F F‘F JL‘ WUã y WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q ‡ X EŽL 7URQJ Yả GÍ WUƒQ WD ‡ Vẽ GÍQJ JL WKLđW WắQ W’L JLặL K’Q ‡ơ WKX JẵQ PLôQ ; Wẻ ‡ẳ PÂW KŽP Fẳ ELđQ WKLƒQ SKẹF W’S WUÄ WKŽQK PÂW KŽP ‡…Q ‡L¯X '—\ Vẩ G™QJ ?zLd ) ?z  w?zD Y• ŽắQK Oí WUXQJ EãQK &HVDUR €‚\ OŽ WU†ÃQJ KầS ‡ŸF EL¯W FấD G\ VÁ G’QJ ?zLd ) Ww?zD 7X\ QKLƒQ YặL G\ VÁ G’QJ QŽ\ YÊQ ‡ô KÂL WÍ FấD ?z WK†ÃQJ NK„QJ ‡†ầF ‡ŸW UD Y° TX‘ ‡…Q JLQ YŽ JLặL K’Q FK± Fẳ WKơ OŽ ( KRŸF  Ä ‡‚\ WD Vă Fẳ PÂW \ƒX F X FDR K…Q OŽ W°P EÔF WL¯P FÔQ FấD ?z FÍ WKơ OŽ W°P K VDR FKR ?z ) 5wz#D 9ặL F‘F G\ VÁ Fẳ G’QJ QŽ\ ‡ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR Vă Wº UD UÊW KéX KL¯X ‡ắQK Oí  7UXQJ EãQK &HVDUR 1đX G\ VÁ \?zi Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q OŽ D WK° G\ VÁ F‘F WUXQJ E°QK \?d L ?1 L N N NL ?zDbzi FậQJ Fẳ JLặL K’Q OŽ y €ãQK Oệ QŽ\ Fẳ WKơ SK‘W ELơX G†ặL G’QJ W†…QJ ‡†…QJ QK†† VDX 1đX j$8z w?zLd  ?zD ) y WK° j$8z ?zbz ) y 7D FKẹQJ PLQK ‡ãQK Oệ Ä F‘FK SK‘W ELơX  5ằ UŽQJ FK± F Q FKẹQJ PLQK FKR WU†ÃQJ KầS y ) ( 9° j$8z w?zLd  ?zD ) ( QƒQ YặL PẵL 6 k ( WắQ W’L ]( VDR FKR YặL PẵL z  ]( WD Fẳ /?zLd  ?z/ c 6 .KL ‡ẳ YặL PẵL z k ]( /?zbz/ a >/?]( /L /?](Ld  ?](/L N N NL /?z  ?zd/Hbz c /?]( /bz L wz](D6bz3 *Lé FÁ ‡ãQK ]( WD Fẳ WKơ W°P ‡†ầF ]d k ]( VDR FKR /?](/b]d c 6 .KL ‡ẳ YặL PẵL z k ]d WD Vă Fẳ /?zbz/ c 16 9Ô\ j$8z ?zbz ) ( €ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR Fẳ QKLôX ẹQJ GÍQJ TXDQ WUẵQJ WURQJ YL¯F W°P JLặL K’Q G\ VÁ YŽ Fẳ WKơ SK‘W ELơX FKR F‘F WUXQJ E°QK NK‘F QK† WUXQJ E°QK QK‚Q WUXQJ E°QK ‡LôX KáD WUXQJ E°QK Oậ\ WKẻD 7X\ QKLƒQ Ä ‡‚\ WD FK± NKDL WK‘F F‘FK SK‘W ELơX  FấD ‡ãQK Oệ ‡ơ ‘S GÍQJ FKR F‘F G\ VÁ Fẳ G’QJ ?zLd ) ?z  w?zD  €ơ W°P VÁ # VDR FKR ?zbz# Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q WKHR ‡ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR WD FK± F Q W°P / VDR FKR ?zLd  ?z Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q y .KL ‡ẳ j$8z ?zbz ) y VX\ UD j$8?zbz  d ) y  d  WẹF OŽ # ) db 9ẵ Gễ &KR G\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?( ) db1, ?zLd ) ?z  ?1z &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ j$8z z?z ) d *LL 7URQJ EŽL QŽ\ # ) d GR ‡ẳ WD Vă WKẽ YặL  ) d 'ư GŽQJ FKẹQJ PLQK ‡†ầF j$8z ?z ) ( 7D Fẳ db?zLd  db?z ) w?z  ?zLdDb?zLd?z ) ?1zbw?z  ?1zD?z ) dbwd ?zD d3 7ẻ ‡ẳ ‘S GÍQJ ‡ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR VX\ UD q7Edbz?z ) d VX\ WD j$8z?z ) d 9ẵ Gễ &KR G\ VÁ \?zi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?( ) d, ?zLd ) R$tw?zD &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ j$8 $ z?z ) $ n *LL '\ VÁ ‡ FKR NK„QJ Fẳ G’QJ ?zLd ) ?z  w?zD " QK†QJ NđW OXÔQ FấD EŽL WR‘Q JầL FKR FKèQJ WD ‡đQ ‡ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR 9° # ) d QƒQ WD Vă WKẽ YặL  ) 1 'ư GŽQJ FKẹQJ PLQK ‡†ầF U”QJ j$8?z ) ( ;âW db?1z  db?1z ) >?1z  R$t1w?zDHb?1z R$t1w?zD dbn 'ẩQJ TX\ W—F /n+RSLWDOH 7ẻ ‡ẳ WKHR ‡ãQK Oệ WUXQJ E°QK &HVDUR j$8 dbz?1z ) dbn VX\ UD j$8 j$8 $ z3?z )$ n 1K† YÔ\ WD Fẳ WKơ W°P  QđX ELđW # 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS NK„QJ ELđW # WK° WD SKL Gề ‡R‘Q 9ẵ Gễ &KẵQ ‡ÂL WX\ơQ 9L¯W 1DP  '\ VÁ \yzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL yd ) d YŽ yzLd ) yz Ldb $ yz  +\ W°P WÊW F F‘F VÁ WKềF # ‡ơ G\ VÁ wyzD#bz Fẳ JLặL K’Q KéX K’Q NK‘F ( *LL 7U†ặF KđW WD FKẹQJ PLQK yz G Q WặL Y„ FẩQJ NKL z G Q WặL Y„ FẩQJ 7KÔW YÔW WD Fẳ y1zLd ) y 1 z L 1 $ yz L dbyz k y 1 z L 1 6X\ UD y 1 zLd k d L 1z VX\ UD ‡SFP 7UÄ O’L EŽL WR‘Q [âW y nb1 zLd  ynb1z ) wyz L db $ yzD nb1  ynb1z ) wd L dbynb1z Dnb1bwdbynb1z D €ŸW ? ) dbynb1z WK° ?  ( NKL z   'R ‡ẳ j$8z wynb1zLd  ynb1z D ) j$8?(wdL?Dnb1b? ) nb1 4X\ W—F /n+RSLWDOH 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD OLP y nb1 z bz ) nb1 9ặL # k nb1 VX\ UD JLặL K’Q E”QJ  YặL # c nb1 VX\ UD JLặL K’Q E”QJ ( 9Ô\ # ) nb1 OŽ JL‘ WUã GX\ QKÊW WKR PQ \ƒX F X EŽL WR‘Q &‰X KÁL  /ŽP VDR Fẳ WKơ Gề ‡R‘Q ‡†ầF JL‘ WUã #"  YŽ # Fẳ PÁL TXDQ K¯ J°"  '—\ Vẩ QJX\ŠQ '\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ OŽ PÂW SK Q TXDQ WUẵQJ WURQJ Oệ WKX\đW G\ VÁ 1JRŽL F‘F YÊQ ‡ô FKXQJ QK† W°P VÁ K’QJ W¿QJ TX‘W FấD G\ VÁ W°P F„QJ WKẹF WảQK W¿QJ Q VÁ K’QJ ‡ X WLƒQ  F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô G\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ FáQ TXDQ W‚P ‡đQ WảQK FKÊW VÁ KẵF FấD G\ VÁ QK† FKLD KđW ‡ắQJ G† QJX\ƒQ WÁ FKảQK SK†…QJ QJX\ƒQ WÁ FẩQJ QKDX  &‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô G\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ UÊW ‡D G’QJ 7URQJ QKLôX WU†ÃQJ KầS G\ VÁ FK± OŽ F‘L Eô QJRŽL FáQ EQ FKÊW EŽL WR‘Q OŽ PÂW EŽL WR‘Q VÁ KẵF 7URQJ F‘F SK Q G†ặL ‡‚\ FKèQJ WD Vă ảW ‡ô FÔS ‡đQ QKéQJ EŽL WR‘Q QK† YÔ\ PŽ FKX\ơQ FKèQJ YŽR SK Q EŽL WÔS  1JX\ŠQ Oí 'LULFKOHW Y• G—\ Vẩ QJX\ŠQ 1JX\ƒQ Oệ 'LULFKOHW OŽ PÂW QJX\ƒQ Oệ KđW VẹF ‡Q JLQ QK†QJ O’L Y„ FẩQJ KéX KL¯X WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q FKẹQJ PLQK ‡ŸF EL¯W OŽ FKẹQJ PLQK Về WắQ W’L FấD PÂW ‡ÁL W†ầQJ WKR PQ PÂW ‡LôX NL¯Q QŽR ‡ẳ 6ẽ GÍQJ QJX\ƒQ Oệ QŽ\ QJ†ÃL WD ‡ FKẹQJ PLQK ‡†ầF QKLôX NđW TX UÊW P’QK Yả GÍ QK† ‡ãQK Oệ )HUPDW(XOHU Yô W¿QJ KDL E°QK SK†…QJ ‡ãQK Oệ :HLO Yô SK‚Q EÁ ‡ôX  Ä ‡‚\ WD QƒX UD KDL NđW TX OLƒQ TXDQ ‡đQ G\ VÁ ‡ắQK Oí  :HLO Y² SK‰Q Eẩ Ž²X 1đX OŽ VÁ Y„ W± WK° G\ \z iz)d SK‚Q EÁ ‡ôX WUƒQ NKRQJ w(, dD ‡ắQK Oí  9² VÙ WXĐQ KR•Q FẹD F˜F Vẩ G &KR G\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ \?zi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL F„QJ WKẹF WUX\ KắL ?zL> ) yd?zL>d L N N N L y>?z YŽ > VÁ K’QJ ‡ X WLƒQ QJX\ƒQ .KL ‡ẳ YặL PẵL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ ]  G\ VÁ G† FấD ?z NKL FKLD FKR ] Vă WX Q KRŽQ 7LđS WKHR WD [âW PÂW YŽL Yả GÍ Yô YL¯F Vẽ GÍQJ QJX\ƒQ Oệ 'LULFKOHW WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ 9ẵ Gễ &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ QđX d a yd, y1, 333, yzLd a 1z WK° WắQ W’L 7 c i VDR FKR y7 / yi  *LL 0ÀL VÁ y7 Fẳ WKơ YLđW G†ặL G’QJ y7 ) 1X7„7 YặL „7 OŽ VÁ OĐ &‘F VÁ „7 FK± Fẳ WKơ QKÔQ z JL‘ WUã Wẻ d, n, 333, 1z d 9° Fẳ z L d VÁ QƒQ WKHR QJX\ƒQ Oệ 'LULFKOHW WắQ W’L 7 c i VDR FKR „7 ) „i YŽ W†…QJ ẹQJ WD Fẳ y7 / yi  9ẵ Gễ 7’S FKL $00 ;âW z VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ yd c y1 c N N N c yz a 1z VDR FKR >y7, yi H k 1z YặL PẵL 7 W) i &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ yd k 1zbn *LL 1đX yd a 1zbn WD [âW z L d VÁ 1yd, nyd, y1, 3 3 3 , yz &‘F VÁ QŽ\ ‡ôX NK„QJ OặQ KQ 1z YŽ NK„QJ Fẳ VÁ QŽR OŽ EÂL FấD VÁ QŽR €LôX QŽ\ P‚X WKXÂQ YặL NđW TấD EŽL WR‘Q WUƒQ 9ẵ Gễ &DQDGD  &KR \ ) wyd, y1, 333, yzD OŽ G\ F‘F VÁ QJX\ƒQ WKXÂF ‡R’Q >d(((, d(((H *L Vẽ W¿QJ F‘F VÁ K’QJ FấD \ E”QJ d &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ WắQ W’L PÂW G\ FRQ FKẹD ảW QKÊW  SK Q Wẽ FấD \ Fẳ W¿QJ E”QJ ( *LL 7D Fẳ WKơ JL Vẽ WURQJ \ NK„QJ Fẳ SK Q Wẽ QŽR E”QJ  Y° QđX QJ†ầF O’L WK° EŽL WR‘Q KLơQ QKLƒQ 7D V—S [đS G\ \ WKŽQK G\ 4 ) wKd, 333, K1((( E”QJ F‘FK FKẵQ G Q Wẻ F‘F VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ \ WKHR TX\ W—F VDX Kd k (, K1 c ( 9ặL  PÀL 7  n FKẵQ K7 OŽ VÁ Fẳ GÊX QJ†ầF YặL GÊX FấD W¿QJ X7d ) Kd L N N N L K7d Y° VDR OX„Q WKềF KL¯Q ‡†ầF" %”QJ F‘FK [‚\ GềQJ QK† WKđ WD ‡†ầF 1((( VÁ Xd, X1, 333, X1((( Q”P WURQJ ‡R’Q >, d(((H 1đX WURQJ VÁ X7 Fẳ PÂW VÁ E”QJ  WK° EŽL WR‘Q ‡èQJ 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS QJ†ầF O’L WKHR QJX\ƒQ Oệ 'LULFKOHW WắQ W’L 7 c i VDR FKR X7 ) Xi  .KL ‡ẳ K7Ld L N N NL Ki ) (  +ả ŽàP FŒ Vẩ Y• G—\ Vẩ QJX\ŠQ +¯ ‡đP F… VÁ Fẳ WKơ GẩQJ ‡ơ [‚\ GềQJ QKLôX G\ VÁ Fẳ WảQK FKÊW UÊW WKè Yã 1K°Q WUƒQ SK†…QJ GL¯Q FấD PÂW F… VÁ NK‘F Fẳ WKơ UÊW NKẳ QKÔQ UD TX\ OXÔW QK†QJ QđX FKẵQ ‡èQJ F… VÁ WK° EŽL WR‘Q WUÄ QƒQ Y„ FẩQJ ‡…Q JLQ ;LQ QK—F O’L OŽ YặL K OŽ PÂW VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ OặQ K…Q KD\ E”QJ  WK° PẵL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ ] ‡ôX Fẳ WKơ ELơX GLưQ PÂW F‘FK GX\ QKÊW G†ặL G’QJ ] ) yd333y>wKD ) ydK>d L N N NL y> YặL d a yd a K d, ( a y1, 3 3 3 , y> a K d3 €ẳ OŽ ‡ãQK QJKàD K¯ ‡đP F… VÁ G’QJ F… EQ QKÊW 7X\ QKLƒQ Fẳ WKơ OÊ\ PÂW G\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ EÊW Nể Fẳ WUã WX\¯W ‡ÁL WQJ QJKLƒP QJŸW OŽP K¯ ‡đP F… VÁ Yả GÍ K¯ ‡đP F… VÁ w1D K¯ ‡đP F… VÁ )LERQDFFL n ) ; 1 L d, d ) dn L n L d333 &‘F K¯ ‡đP WK†ÃQJ Vẽ GÍQJ QKÊW OŽ K¯ ‡đP F VÁ  YŽ F VÁ  '†ặL ‡‚\ WD [âW PÂW YŽL Y° GÍ 9ẵ Gễ ,02  &KẹQJ PLQK KRŸF SKấ ‡ãQK P¯QK ‡ô VDX 7ẻ WÔS KầS  VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ ‡ X WLƒQ OX„Q Fẳ WKơ FKẵQ UD PÂW WÔS FRQ JắP  VÁ VDR FKR NK„QJ Fẳ ED VÁ QŽR OÔS WKŽQK PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ *LL 7D FKẹQJ PLQK P¯QK ‡ô W¿QJ TX‘W 7ẻ nz VÁ Wề QKLƒQ ‡ X WLƒQ OX„Q Fẳ WKơ FKẵQ UD 1z VÁ VDR FKR NK„QJ Fẳ ED VÁ QŽR OÔS WKŽQK PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ 7KÔW YÔ\ [âW WURQJ K¯ ‡đP F… VÁ  WÔS KầS WÊW F F‘F VÁ Fẳ a z FKé VÁ &KẵQ F‘F VÁ PŽ WURQJ ELơX GLưQ WDP SK‚Q FấD Qẳ FK± FKẹD FKé VÁ 1 YŽ FKé VÁ ( .KL ‡ẳ Fẳ 1z VÁ QK† YÔ\ YŽ NK„QJ Fẳ ED VÁ QŽR WURQJ FKèQJ OÔS WKŽQK PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ 9ẵ Gễ 6LQJDSRUH  &KR G\ VÁ \Wzi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL Wd ) d, W1z ) Wz YŽ W1zLd ) W1zLd L 7ảQK - ) 8s-\Wd, 333, Wd;i LL 7°P WÊW F F‘F JL‘ WUã z d a z a d; VDR FKR Wz ) -  *LL .LQK QJKL¯P PÂW FKèW WD WKÊ\ QJD\ Wz FKảQK OŽ W¿QJ F‘F FKé VÁ FấD z WURQJ K¯ ‡đP QKã SK‚Q 7ẻ ‡‚\ GR d; c 1(;M ) 1dd VX\ UD - ) d( 9ẵ Gễ '\ VÁ \Wzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL Wd ) d, W1z ) nWz, W1zLd ) W1zLd +\ WảQK Wd(( *LL Wz ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK QK† VDX ;âW ELơX GLưQ QKã SK‚Q FấD z UắL WảQK JL‘ WUã FấD VÁ QKã SK‚Q QŽ\ WURQJ K¯ WDP SK‚Q 9° d(( ) 1E L 1x L 11 QƒQ Wd(( ) nE L nx L n1 ) Md 9ẵ Gễ '\ VÁ \yzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ( a y( c d, yz ) 1yzd  QđX 1yzd c d YŽ yz ) 1yzd  d QđX 1yzd  d +ºL Fẳ EDR QKLƒX JL‘ WUã y( ‡ơ yx ) y( *LL 3K‚Q WảFK .KL WảQK yz WKHR yzd WD Fẳ WKơ OềD FKẵQ PÂW WURQJ KDL F„QJ WKẹF 7ÊW QKLƒQ YặL y( ‡ FKẵQ UắL WK° WÊW F F‘F E†ặF WLđS WKHR ‡ôX [‘F ‡ãQK PÂW F‘FK GX\ QKÊW 7X\ QKLƒQ WD Fẳ WKơ FKẵQ y( QK† WKđ QŽR ‡ẳ ‡ơ VDX ‡ẳ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF WảQK WKHR ‡èQJ NãFK EQ ‡ FKR &ẳ 1x ) n1 NãFK EQ QK† YÔ\ 9ả GÍ YặL NãFK EQ wd, d, 1, d, 1D WD Fẳ ?d ) 1?(, ?1 ) 1?d ) ;?(, ?n ) 1?1  d ) M?(  d, ?; ) 1?n ) dE?(  1, ?x ) 1?;  d ) n1?(  n *LL SK†…QJ WU°QK ?( ) ?x WD ‡†ầF ?( ) nbnd 7ÊW QKLƒQ ‡ơ Fẳ ‡†ầF PÂW OÃL JLL KRŽQ FK±QK WD F Q SKL OÔS OXÔQ FKŸW FK㠇ơ WKÊ\ U”QJ F‘F ?( WKX ‡†ầF OŽ NK‘F QKDX YŽ YặL PÀL ?( WKX ‡†ầF G\ VÁ Vă o‡Lp ‡èQJ QK† NãFK EQ ‡ ‡ãQK 7X\ QKLƒQ SK‚Q WảFK QŽ\ JầL FKèQJ WD K†ặQJ ‡đQ K¯ QKã SK‚Q 9Ž WD Fẳ OÃL JLL ‡êS P—W VDX 1đX y( ) (, QdQ1Qn333 OŽ ELơX GLưQ QKã SK‚Q FấD y( WK° yd ) (, Q1QnQ;3333 7KÔW YÔ\ QđX 1y( c d WK° Qd ) ( YŽ yd ) 1y( ) (, Q1QnQ;333 FáQ QđX 1y(  d WK° Qd ) d YŽ yd ) 1y(  d ) (, Q1QnQ;333 +RŽQ WRŽQ W†…QJ Wề y1 ) (, QnQ;Qx333, 333, yx ) (, QEQQM333 1K† YÔ\ yx ) y( NKL YŽ FK± NKL y( OŽ SK‚Q VÁ QKã SK‚Q WX Q KRŽQ FKX Nể x &ẳ 1x ) n1 FKX Nể WX Q KRŽQ QK† YÔ\ WURQJ ‡ẳ FKX Nể ddddd FKR FKèQJ WD y( ) d OR’L 9Ô\ WÊW F Fẳ nd JL‘ WUã y( WKºD PQ \ƒX F X ‡ô EŽL €ẳ OŽ (, w(((((D, (, w((((dD, 3333, w(, dddd(D 7ảQK VDQJ K¯ WKÔS SK‚Q ‡ẳ OŽ F‘F JL‘ WUã (, dbnd, 1bnd, 333, n(bnd  6ẩ SKỉF Y• G—\ Vẩ QJX\ŠQ 6Á SKẹF Fẳ QKéQJ ẹQJ GÍQJ UÊW TXDQ WUẵQJ WURQJ WR‘Q KẵF QẳL FKXQJ YŽ WURQJ Oệ WKX\đW G\ VÁ QẳL FKXQJ 1Kà VÁ SKẹF FKèQJ WD Fẳ WKơ WKÊ\ ‡†ầF PÁL TXDQ K¯ JLéD KŽP O†ầQJ JL‘F YŽ KŽP Pậ 1Kà VÁ SKẹF PẵL ‡D WKẹF EÔF z ‡ôX Fẳ ‡ấ z QJKL¯P YŽ Y° YÔ\ ‡ãQK Oệ 9LâW PặL SK‘W KX\ ‡†ầF W‘F GÍQJ '†ặL ‡‚\ WD [âW PÂW VÁ Yả GÍ Yô ẹQJ GÍQJ FấD VÁ SKẹF WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q WảQK W¿QJ YŽ G\ WUX\ KắL 9ẵ Gễ 9ặL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ z K\ WảQK \wzD ) g(z L g n z L N N NL gn>zbnHz 3 *L–L &ẳ WKơ ‡ŸW 4wzD ) gdz L g ; z L N N NL gwzD ) g1z L gxz L N N N UắL Vẽ GÍQJ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF \wzD L 4wzD ) 4wz L dD, 4wzD L gwzD ) gwz L dD, gwzD L \wzD ) \wz L dD ‡ơ W°P F„QJ WKẹF WảQK \wzD 7X\ QKLƒQ GềD WKHR F‘FK WảQK g(zLg 1 zLN N NLg1z>zb1H E”QJ F‘FK WKD\ ? ) d, r ) d YŽ ? ) d, r ) d YŽR F„QJ WKẹF QKã WKẹF 1HZWRQ  WD Fẳ F‘FK JLL NK‘F NK‘ ‡êS QK† VDX *ẵL 6 OŽ VÁ WKºD PQ SK†…QJ WU°QK 61 L 6 L d ) ( 'R 6n ) d QƒQ WD Fẳ wd L dDz ) \wzD L 4wzD L gwzD wd L 6Dz ) \wzD L 64wzD L 61gwzD wd L 61Dz ) \wzD L 614wzD L 6gwzD 7ẻ ‡‚\ VX\ UD n\wzD ) 1z L wd L 6Dz L wd L 61Dz 7ẻ ‡‚\ GẩQJ F„QJ WKẹF 0RLYUH WD W°P ‡†ầF \wzD ) >1z L 1 {BRwz€bnDHbn3 9ẵ Gễ 7ảQK W¿QJ Czw?D ) g(z L g d z {BR? L N N NL gzz {BRz?3 *LL €ŸW xzw?D ) ( L gdz R$t? L N N N L gzz R$tz? WK° Czw?D L 7xzw?D ) g(z Lg d zw{BR?L 7 R$t?D L N N NLgzz w{BR ?L 7 R$t?Dz ) wd L {BR?L 7 R$t?Dz ) 1>{BRw?b1D>{BRw?b1D L 7 R$tw?b1DHHz ) 1z {BRzw?b1D>{BRwz?b1D L 7 R$twz?b1DH 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD Czw?D ) 1z {BRzw?b1D {BRwz?b1D 9ẵ Gễ $00 &KR G\ VÁ \`zi [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL `( ) n, `d ) (, `1 ) 1, `zLn ) `zLd L `z &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ `€ OX„Q FKLD KđW FKR € QđX € OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ WÁ *LL 3K†…QJ WU°QK ‡ŸF WU†QJ FấD G\ VÁ Fẳ G’QJ ?n  ?  d ) ( 1đX SK†…QJ WU°QK ‡ŸF WU†QJ QŽ\ Fẳ QJKL¯P QJX\ƒQ WK° WD Fẳ WKơ Vẽ GÍQJ ‡ãQK Oệ QKº )HUPDW ‡ơ FKẹQJ PLQK NđW OXÔQ FấD EŽL WR‘Q 7X\ QKLƒQ F‘F QJKL¯P QŽ\ NK„QJ QJX\ƒQ WKÔP FKả SK†…QJ WU°QK FK± Fẳ  QJKL¯P WKềF 7D SKL F X FẹX ‡đQ Về WUầ JLèS FấD VÁ SKẹF *ẵL `, 8,j OŽ ED QJKL¯P FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK WK° `L8Lj ) (, `8L8jLj` ) d VX\ UD `1 L 81 L j1 ) w` L 8 L jD1  1w`8 L 8j L j`D ) 1 7ẻ ‡ẳ WD Fẳ WKơ NđW OXÔQ `z ) `z L 8z L jz 9ặL € OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ WÁ OĐ WK° `€ ) w8LjD€ ) 8€j€€d7)d g7€87j€7 7†…QJ Wề 8€ ) j€  `€  7 ) d€dg7€j7`€7 j€ ) `€  8€  €d 7)d g 7 €` 78€7 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD nw`€ L 8€ L j€D ) €d7)d g7€w87j€7 L j7`€7 L `78€7D %‚\ JLà FKè ệ U”QJ g7€ FKLD KđW FKR € YặL d a 7 a € d7 Y° € OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ WÁ YŽ 87j€7 L j7`€7 L `78€7 OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ ELơX WKẹF ‡ÁL [ẹQJ ‡ÁL YặL `, 8, j QƒQ Yđ SKL OŽ PÂW VÁ QJX\ƒQ FKLD KđW FKR € 9Ô\ YặL € QJX\ƒQ WÁ € k n EŽL WR‘Q ‡ ‡†ầF FKẹQJ PLQK &XÁL FẩQJ FKè ệ `1 ) 1, `n ) n WD Fẳ EŽL WR‘Q ‡èQJ YặL PẵL €   '—\ Vẩ G™QJ >z H '\ VÁ G’QJ ?z ) >z H Fẳ QKLôX WảQK FKÊW VÁ KẵF WKè Yã 1đX D ˜  WK° \>z Hizd OŽ G\ F‘F VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ SK‚Q EL¯W Fẳ Về ELđQ WKLƒQ J Q JLÁQJ PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ QK†QJ O’L NK„QJ SKL OŽ PÂW FÊS VÁ FÂQJ '\ VÁ QŽ\ ‡ŸF EL¯W WKè Yã NKL y OŽ VÁ Y„ W± EÔF KDL 7D Fẳ PÂW NđW TấD TXHQ WKXÂF VDX ‡‚\ ‡ắQK Oí  1đX y, K OŽ F‘F VÁ Y„ Wễ G†QJ WKR PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q dbyL dbK ) d WK° KDL G\ VÁ ?z ) >z H, rz ) >z#H, z ) d, 1, n, 333 OÔS WKŽQK PÂW SK‚Q KR’FK FấD WÔS KầS F‘F VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ &KẹQJ PLQK ;âW KDL G\ VÁ , 1 , n , 333YŽ #, 1#, n#, 333 .K„QJ PÂW VÁ K’QJ QŽR WURQJ F‘F VÁ K’QJ WUƒQ OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ 9ặL PÀL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ ]  Fẳ >]b H VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ WKẹ QKÊW Q”P EƒQ WU‘L ] YŽ >]b#H VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ WKẹ KDL 1K†QJ ]b L ]b# ) ]  Y° , # OŽ F‘F VÁ Y„ W± SK Q OĐ FấD F‘F VÁ ]b YŽ ]b# OŽ F‘F VÁ G†…QJ Fẳ W¿QJ E”QJ  GR ‡•QJ WKẹF WUƒQ 6X\ UD Fẳ >]b H L >]b#H ) ]  d VÁ K’QJ FấD F KDL G\ Q”P EƒQ WU‘L ]  9° EƒQ WU‘L ] Ld Fẳ ] VÁ K’QJ FấD F KDL G\ QƒQ JLéD ] YŽ ] Ld Fẳ ‡èQJ PÂW VÁ K’QJ FấD PÂW WURQJ KDL G\ Wẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD ‡LôX SKL FKẹQJ PLQK &‚X KºL &ẳ WKơ SK‘W ELơX YŽ FKẹQJ PLQK ‡ãQK Oệ ‡R QK† WKđ QŽR" +DL G\ VÁ WUƒQ YâW KđW WÔS KầS F‘F VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ €LôX QŽ\ FKR FKèQJ WD PÂW K†ặQJ VX\ QJKà QđX KDL G\ VÁ YâW KđW WÔS KầS F‘F VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ WK° Fẳ NK QQJ FKèQJ Vă Fẳ G’QJ WUƒQ 9Ž QKLôX EŽL WR‘Q ‡ ‡†ầF [‚\ GềQJ WKHR K†ặQJ QŽ\ &KèQJ WD [âW PÂW Yả GÍ 9ẵ Gễ $00 *L Vẽ \Wzi YŽ \/zi OŽ KDL G\ VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK QK† VDX  Wd ) d  /z ) zy d Wz WURQJ ‡ẳ y OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ OặQ K…Q ;  WzLd OŽ VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ QKº QKÊW NK‘F F‘F VÁ Wd, W1, 333, Wz, /d, /1, 333, /z &KẹQJ PLQK U„QJ WắQ W’L F‘F K”QJ VÁ , # VDR FKR Wz ) >z H, /z ) >z#H YặL PẵL z ) d, 1, n, 333 *LL 7KHR F‘FK [‚\ GềQJ \Wzi YŽ \/zi OÔS WKŽQK PÂW SK‚Q KR’FK FấD ]  *L Vẽ WD ‡ W°P ‡†ầF y, K WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q ‡ X EŽL NKL ‡ẳ WD SKL Fẳ db L db# ) d 1JRŽL UD NKL z ‡ấ OặQ WK° zy d ) Wz L /z  z L z# VX\ UD L # ) y 9Ô\ , # SKL OŽ QJKL¯P FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK ?1  y? L y ) ( ;âW SK…†QJ WU°QK ?1  y? L y ) ( Fẳ KDL QJKL¯P c # 9° y k ; , # OŽ F‘F VÁ Y„ W± '\ VÁ \Wzi YŽ \/zi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK PÂW F‘FK GX\ QKÊW GR ‡ẳ ‡ơ FKẹQJ PLQK NK•QJ ‡ãQK FấD EŽL WR‘Q WD FK± F Q FKẹQJ PLQK \>z Hi YŽ \>z#Hi WKºD PQ F‘F ‡LôX NL¯Q    5ằ UŽQJ >yH ) d, >z#H ) >zwy DH ) z L >z DH ) zy >z H d GR z Y„ W±  *L Vẽ >z H ) >E#H ) > ‡ŸW z ) > L „ E# ) > L X YặL ( c „, X c d WK° z L E ) >wdb L db#D L „b L Xb# ) > L „b L Xb#, ‡LôX QŽ\ NK„QJ WKơ [\ UD Y° ( c „b L Xb# c d 1K† YÔ\ YặL PẵL E,z WD Fẳ >z H W) >E#H 7LđS WKHR >wz L dD H  >z H L d, >wz L dD#H  >z#H L 1 k >z H L d3 &XÁL FẩQJ JL Vẽ > OŽ PÂW VÁ QJX\ƒQ EÊW Nể YŽ z ) >w> L dDb H 1đX z k >b WK° > c z c w> L dDb ) > L d YŽ >z H ) > 1đX z c >b WK° w>  zD# k >#  #>b ) #>wd  db D ) > w>  zD# c >#  #ww> L dDb  dD ) > L d VX\ UD >w>  zD#H ) > 7ẻ F‘F QKÔQ [âW WUƒQ WD VX\ UD PÀL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ > Fẳ PŸW WURQJ G\ VÁ ‡èQJ PÂW O Q YŽ KDL G\ VÁ \>z Hi YŽ \>z#Hi WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q  ‡SFP *KL FKè 7URQJ OÃL JLL WUƒQ WD ‡ NK„QJ GẩQJ ‡đQ NđW TX FấD ‡ãQK Oệ Ä WUƒQ YŽ ‡ẳ FậQJ FKảQK OŽ PÂW F‘FK FKẹQJ PLQK NK‘F FKR ‡ãQK Oệ &‘F EŽL WR‘Q Yô G\ VÁ G’QJ \>z Hi WK†ÃQJ OLƒQ TXDQ ‡đQ SK‚Q KR’FK YŽ F‘F G\ VÁ J Q WX\đQ WảQK w?ELz  ?E L ?zD ;LQ [HP WKƒP PÂW VÁ Yả GÍ WURQJ SK Q EŽL WÔS  '—\ Vẩ Y• SKŒQJ WUãQK '\ VÁ Fẳ PÁL TXDQ K¯ UÊW FKŸW FKă YặL SK†…QJ WU°QK €LôX QŽ\ Fẳ WKơ WKÊ\ UÊW Uằ TXD KDL Yả GÍ F… EQ SK†…QJ WU°QK VDL SK‚Q WX\đQ WảQK ‡†ầF JLL E”QJ YL¯F [âW QJKL¯P FấD SK†…QJ WU°QK ‡ŸF WU†QJ JLặL K’Q FấD G\ VÁ FậQJ WK†ÃQJ ‡†ầF JLL UD Wẻ PÂW SK†…QJ WU°QK 9ô YÊQ ‡ô QŽ\ [LQ ‡ẵF WKƒP Ä F‘F PÍF W†…QJ ẹQJ WURQJ EŽL QŽ\ €‚\ OŽ PÂW WURQJ QKéQJ QÂL GXQJ TXDQ WUẵQJ QKÊW WURQJ SK Q G\ VÁ  0ẫW Y•L WKẹ WKXôW NK˜F 6žS [àS O™L WKỉ WÙ 6—S [đS O’L WKẹ Wề OŽ PÂW WKấ WKXÔW WK†ÃQJ ‡†ầF ‘S GÍQJ WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q OLƒQ TXDQ ‡đQ EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF WURQJ G\ VÁ 9L¯F V—S [đS O’L WKẹ Wề F‘F VÁ WUƒQ ‡†ÃQJ WK•QJ GÂQ ‡đQ F‘F WảQK FKÊW ‡ŸF EL¯W PŽ PÂW G\ VÁ EÊW Nể NK„QJ Fẳ FK•QJ K’Q QđX y c K c  WK° / y/ ) / K/L /K y/ &ậQJ QK† F‘F QJX\ƒQ Oệ F… EQ NK‘F QJX\ƒQ Oệ ‡Q JLQ QŽ\ Wº UD NK‘ KéX KL¯X WURQJ QKLôX WU†ÃQJ KầS 9ẵ Gễ 9L¯W 1DP  7ắQ W’L KD\ NK„QJ PÂW G\ VÁ WKềF \?zi WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q   /?z/ a (, EEE YặL PẵL z ) d, 1, n, 333  /?E  ?z/  dbzwz L dD L dbEwE L dD YặL PẵL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ E W z *LL *L Vẽ WắQ W’L G\ VÁ QK† YÔ\ 9ặL PÀL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ ]  WD V—S [đS O’L F‘F VÁ ?d, 333, ?] WKHR WKẹ Wề WQJ G Q ?7d a ?71 a N N N a ?7] .KL ‡ẳ /?7]  ?7d/ ) /?7]  ?7]d/ L N N N L /?71  ?7d/db7]w7] L dD L db7]dw7]d L dD L N N N L db71w71 L dD L db7dw7d L dD ) 1  db7>w7> L dD  db7]w7] L dD db7dw7d L dD ) \w]D 9° 7d, 71, 333, 7] FK± OŽ PÂW KR‘Q Yã FấD d, 1, 333,] QƒQ WD Fẳ \w]D ) 1 3 db>w> L dD db7]w7] L dD db7dw7d L dD ) 1wd dbw] L dDD db7] w7] L dD db7dw7d L dD  1wd dbw] L dDD dbd31 db13n ) ;bn 1bw] L dD %‚\ JLà FKè ệ U”QJ /?7]  ?7d/ a 1?(, EEE c ;bn &KẵQ ] ‡ấ OặQ VDR FKR ;bn  1bw] L dD k 1?(, EEE WD VX\ UD P‚X WKXÂQ 9Ô\ NK„QJ WắQ W’L G\ VÁ WKºD PQ \ƒX F X ‡ô EŽL 9ẵ Gễ /LƒQ ;„  *L Vẽ yd, y1, 333, yz OŽ F‘F VÁ G†…QJ WXể ệ &KẹQJ PLQK EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF dbyd L 1bwyd L y1D L N N NL zbwyd L N N NL yzD c ;wdbyd L dby1 L N N NL dbyzD *LL 9đ SKL NK„QJ WKD\ ‡¿L QđX WD WKD\ ‡¿L WKẹ Wề FấD y7 GR ‡ẳ WD FK± F Q YŽ SKL FKẹQJ PLQK EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF ‡èQJ FKR WU†ÃQJ KầS W¿QJ EƒQ WU‘L OặQ QKÊW €LôX QŽ\ [\ UD NKL y7 ‡†ầF V—S WKHR WKẹ Wề WQJ G Q 7KÔW YÔ\ JL Vẽ ( c Kd a K1 a 333 a Kz OŽ F‘F VÁ y7 ‡†ầF V—S [đS O’L .KL ‡ẳ Uằ UŽQJ YặL PẵL > WD Fẳ Kd L N N NL K> a yd L N N NL y> YŽ dbyd L 1bwyd L y1D L N N NL zbwyd L N N NL yzD a dbKd L 1bwKd L K1D L N N NL zbwKd L N N NL KzD 9ặL PẵL > JKâS F‘F VÁ K’QJ FấD W¿QJ EƒQ SKL WKŽQK FŸS WD Fẳ ‡‘QK JL‘ VDX w1>  dDbwKd L N N NL K1>dD L 1>bwKd L N N NL K1>dD c w1>  dDb>K> L 1>bw> L dDK> c ;bK> 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF F Q FKẹQJ PLQK  3K°S WKà OẻQJ JL˜F 1KLôX G\ VÁ ‡’L VÁ YặL F„QJ WKẹF SKẹF W’S Fẳ WKơ WUÄ WKŽQK F‘F G\ VÁ ‡…Q JLQ QKà SKâS WKđ O†ầQJ JL‘F 7Kấ WKXÔW QŽ\ ‡ŸF EL¯W KL¯X TXDQ WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q FKẹQJ PLQK PÂW G\ VÁ OŽ WX Q KRŽQ KD\ NK„QJ WX Q KRŽQ €ơ ‘S GÍQJ ‡†ầF WKấ WKXÔW QŽ\ ‡LôX F Q WKLđW OŽ ELđW F‘F F„QJ WKẹF O†ầQJ JL‘F YŽ PÂW FKèW QK’\ FP WR‘Q KẵF 9ẵ Gễ 9L¯W 1DP  &KR \?zi OŽ G\ VÁ WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q /?d/ c d ?zLd ) w?z L 0 n n?1zDb1 wz  dD D ?d SKL WKºD PQ ‡LôX NL¯Q J° ‡ơ WÊW F F‘F VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ VÁ ‡ôX G†…QJ" E '\ VÁ WUƒQ Fẳ WX Q KRŽQ NK„QJ" €LôX NL¯Q /?d/ c d YŽ G’QJ FấD KŽP VÁ JầL QJD\ FKR FKèQJ WD SKâS ‡ŸW ?d ) {BR YặL  WKXÂF w(, $D NKL ‡ẳ ?1 ) w {BRLn R$tDb1 ) LXw1$bnD 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD ?zLd ) {BRw  1z$bnD 7ẻ ‡‚\ Fẳ WKơ Gư GŽQJ WU OÃL F‘F F‚X KºL FấD ‡ô EŽL 9ẵ Gễ .9$17 &KR G\ VÁ `z [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL `d ) 1, `zLd ) w1L`zDbwd 1`zD D &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ `z W) ( YặL PẵL z QJX\ƒQ G†…QJ E &KẹQJ PLQK G\ NK„QJ WX Q KRŽQ *LL €ŸW  ) s„{st 1 st ) 1 .KL ‡ẳ QđX `z ) st? WK° `zLd ) stwL ?D VX\ UD `z ) stwzD 6ẽ GÍQJ F„QJ WKẹF st 1? ) 1 st?bwd st1 ?D VX\ UD `1z ) 1`zbwd  `1zD 7ẻ ‡‚\ QđX `1z ) ( WK° `z ) ( 1đX WắQ W’L z VDR FKR `z ) ( WK° Vẽ GÍQJ WảQK FKÊW QŽ\ WD VX\ UD WắQ W’L X VDR FKR `1X L d ) ( KD\ w1 L `1XDbwd 1`1XD ) ( KD\ `1X ) 1 1`Xbwd `X1D ) 1 6X\ UD `X Y„ W± €LôX QŽ\ Y„ Oệ 3K Q E OŽ K¯ TX FấD F‚X D 9ẵ Gễ 7°P F„QJ WKẹF W¿QJ TX‘W WảQK VÁ K’QJ FấD G\ VÁ ?( ) y, ?zLd ) 1 ?1z *LL 1đX /y/ a 1 WK° ‡ŸW y ) 1 {BR WD ‡†ầF ?z ) 1 {BRw1zD 1đX /y/ k 1 ‡ŸW y ) wy L dbyD WK° WD ‡†ầF ?z ) w 1z L db 1zD 9ẵ Gễ 7K¿ 1Kà .ể  +DL G\ \yzi, \Kzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL yd ) , Kd ) #, yzLd ) yz  #Kz, KzLd ) #yz L Kz &ẳ EDR QKLƒX FŸS wy, KD WKºD PQ yd ) Kd Kd ) yd" *LL 7D Fẳ y1zLd L K 1 zLd ) wy 1 L K1Dwy1z L K 1 zD QƒQ \ƒX F X EŽL WR‘Q [\ UD FK± NKL 1 L #1 ) d €ŸW y ) {BR, # ) R$t WK° yz ) {BRwzD, Kz ) R$twzD 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD OÃL JLL FấD EŽL WR‘Q 3KâS WKđ O†ầQJ JL‘F WK†ÃQJ ‡†ầF ‘S GÍQJ WURQJ F‘F EŽL WR‘Q Fẳ F„QJ WKẹF „JầL QKặ„ ‡đQ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF O†ầQJ JL‘F KRŸF Fẳ NđW TX JLÁQJ WảQK FKÊW KŽP O†ầQJ JL‘F FK•QJ K’Q WảQK WX Q KRŽQ KRŸF WảQK Eã FKŸQ 7X\ QKLƒQ SKâS WKđ O†ầQJ JL‘F Fẳ WKơ [XÊW KL¯Q Ä QKéQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS PŽ W†ÄQJ FKẻQJ NK„QJ GảQK G‘QJ J° ‡đQ YặL O†ầQJ JL‘F  9ẵ Gễ 9ặL PÀL VÁ Wề QKLƒQ z k d YŽ z VÁ WKềF G†…QJ ?d, ?1, 333, ?z ‡ŸW W ) 8s-\?d, db?d L ?1, 333, db?zd L ?z, db?zi +\ W°P 8$t W  *LL 7†ÄQJ FKẻQJ QK† EŽL WR‘Q QŽ\ NK„QJ OLƒQ TXDQ J° ‡đQ O†ầQJ JL‘F 9Ž K…Q WKđ FậQJ FK•QJ OLƒQ TXDQ J° ‡đQ G\ VÁ 7X\ QKLƒQ ‡LôX NL¯Q ‡’W JL‘ WUã QKº QKÊW FấD W Vă W’R UD PÂW G\ VÁ 7D FKẹQJ PLQK U”QJ QđX ?d, ?1, 333, ?z OŽ z VÁ WKềF PŽ W’L ‡ẳ W ‡’W PLQ WK° WD SKL Fẳ ?d ) db?d L ?1 ) 333 ) db?zd L ?z ) db?z 9Ž EŽL WR‘Q G\ VÁ ‡ [XÊW KL¯Q 9ặL PÀL VÁ QJX\ƒQ G†QJ z [âW G\ VÁ \?>iz>)d [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL ?d ) y YŽ ?> ) ?d  db?>d YặL > ) 1, 333, z +\ W°P y VDR FKR db?z ) ?d 9Ž EŽL WR‘Q FXÁL FẩQJ QŽ\ Fẳ WKơ JLL QK† VDX €ŸW ?d ) 1{BR WK° ?1 ) 1{BR  db1 {BR ) w; {BR1   dDb1 {BR ) R$tn b R$t1 , ?n ) 1{BRR$t 1b R$t n ) R$t ;b R$t n  7LđS WÍF QK† YÔ\ VX\ UD ?z ) R$twz L dDb R$tz 7ẻ ‡ẳ ‡•QJ WKẹF db?z ) ?d R$tzb R$twz L dD ) 1 {BRX7zwz L 1D ) ( €đQ ‡‚\ Wẻ ‡LôX NL¯Q ?> G†…QJ WD VX\ UD  ) $bwz L 1D YŽ 8$t W ) 1{BRw$bwz L 1DD &‚X KºL  7’L VDR Fẳ WKơ NK•QJ ‡ãQK NKL W ‡’W PLQ WK° F‘F JL‘ WUã WUƒQ ‡‚\ SKL E”QJ QKDX"  7’L VDR Fẳ WKơ ‡ŸW ?d ) 1{BR"  /ŽP VDR Fẳ WKơ Gề ‡R‘Q UD F‘FK ‡ŸW WUƒQ"  3KâS JLL WUƒQ FáQ FK†D FKŸW FKă Ä ‡LơP QŽR"  0ẵL VÁ WKềF ? ‡ôX Fẳ WKơ ELơX GLưQ G†ặL G’QJ ? ) 1 {BR KRŸF ? ) y L dby €LôX ‡ẳ Fẳ ệ QJKàD J°" '—\ Vẩ SKễ .KL NKR V‘W Về KÂL WÍ FấD PÂW G\ VÁ WD WK†ÃQJ ‡ãQK Oệ Yô G\ ‡Q ‡L¯X YŽ Eã FKŸQ 1đX G\ NK„QJ ‡…Q ‡L¯X WK° Fẳ WKơ WKẽ [âW G\ YặL FK± VÁ FK–Q YŽ G\ YặL FK± VÁ OĐ 7X\ QKLƒQ Fẳ QKéQJ G\ VÁ Fẳ oKŽQK YLp SKẹF W’S K…Q QKLôX &KèQJ WQJ JLP UÊW EÊW WK†ÃQJ 7URQJ PÂW VÁ WU†ÃQJ KầS QK† WKđ WD Fẳ WKơ [‚\ GềQJ PÂW KRŸF  G\ VÁ SKÍ ‡Q ‡L¯X FKẹQJ PLQK F‘F G\ VÁ SKÍ Fẳ JLặL K’Q YŽ VDX ‡ẳ FKẹQJ PLQK G\ VÁ EDQ ‡ X Fẳ FẩQJ JLặL K’Q 7ÊW QKLƒQ G\ VÁ SKÍ SKL ‡†ầF [‚\ GềQJ Wẻ G\ VÁ FKảQK 9ẵ Gễ '\ VÁ \yzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL yd k (, y1 k ( YŽ yzLd ) 1bwyz L yzdD &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ G\ VÁ \yzi KÂL WÍ YŽ W°P JLặL K’Q FấD G\ VÁ ‡ẳ *LL ;âW KDL G\ -z ) 8s-\yz, yzLd, yzL1, yzLni Ez ) 8$t\yz, yzLd, yzL1, yzLni 7D FKẹQJ PLQK -z OŽ G\ VÁ JLP YŽ Ez OŽ G\ VÁ WQJ 7KÔW YÔ\ WD Vă FKẹQJ PLQK yzL; a 8s-\yzLd, yzLni 7ẻ ‡‚\ VX\ UD -zLd ) yzLd KRŸF yzL1 KRŸF  yzLn YŽ Uằ UŽQJ NKL ‡ẳ -z ) 8s-\yz, yzLd, yzL1, yzLni  -zLd 7KÔW YÔW QđX yzL;  yzLn WK° 1bwyzLn L yzL1D  yzLn VX\ UD 1  wyzLn L yzL1DyzLn .KL ‡ẳ yzLd ) 1byzLn  yzL1 ) 1byzLn  1bwyzL1 L yzLnD  yzL1 L yzL; ) 1yzL1bwyzLn L yzL1DyzLn yzL1 L yzL;  yzL; VX\ UD ‡SFP 9Ô\ WD ‡ FKẹQJ PLQK ‡†ầF -z JLP 7†QJ Wề Ez WQJ +DL G\ VÁ QŽ\ ‡ôX Eã FKŸQ QƒQ KÂL WÍ &XÁL FẩQJ WD FK± FáQ F Q FKẹQJ PLQK KDL JLặL K’Q E”QJ QKDX 9ẵ Gễ '\ VÁ \yzi ‡†ầF [‘F ‡ãQK EÄL yd k (, y1 k ( YŽ yzLd ) $yz L$ yzd &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ G\ VÁ \yzi KÂL WÍ YŽ W°P JLặL K’Q FấD G\ VÁ ‡ẳ *LL ;âW G\ VÁ -z ) 8s-\yz, yzLd, ;i 1đX -z ) ; WK° yz, yzLd a ; VX\ UD yzL1 a ; Wẻ ‡ẳ -zLd ) ; 1đX -z ) yzLd WK° yzLd  yz, ; .KL ‡ẳ $ yzd ) yzLd  $yzLd $ yzLd VX\ UD yzL1 ) $ yz L $ yzLd a $ yz L $ yzd ) yzLd VX\ UD -zLd ) 8s-\yzLd, yzL1, ;i ) yzLd 1đX -z ) yz WK° yz  yzLd, ; .KL ‡ẳ yzL1 ) $ yz L $ yzLd  1$yz 6X\ UD -zLd a yz ) -z 9Ô\ WURQJ PẵL WU†ÃQJ KầS WK° -zLd a -z WẹF OŽ G\ \-zi OŽ G\ VÁ JLP 'R -z Eã FKŸQ G†ặL EÄL ; QƒQ G\ QŽ\ Fẳ JLặL K’Q 7D FKẹQJ PLQK JLặL K’Q QŽ\ E”QJ ; 7KềF YÔ\ JL Vẽ JLặL K’Q OŽ - k ; .KL ‡ẳ YặL PẵL 6 k ( WắQ W’L ] VDR FKR YặL PẵL z  ] WK° -  6 c -z c - L 6 &KẵQ z ; ] VDR FKR -zL1 ) yzL1 WKHR F‘F OÔS OXÔQ Ä WUƒQ YŽ GR - k ; WK° WắQ W’L FK± VÁ z QK† YÔ\ 7D Fẳ -  6 c -zL1 ) yzL1 ) $yz L$yzd c 1 $ - L 6 KD\ -w-  ;D 6w1- L ; 6D c ( 0‚X WKXÂQ Y° - k ; YŽ 6 Fẳ WKơ FKẵQ QKº WXể ệ  3KŒQJ SK˜S VDL SK‰Q €ơ WảQK W¿QJ z VÁ K’QJ ‡ X WLƒQ FấD PÂW G\ VÁ PÂW WURQJ QKéQJ SK†…QJ SK‘S KL¯X TấD QKÊW OŽ SK†…QJ SK‘S VDL SK‚Q €ơ WảQK W¿QJ z VÁ K’QJ ‡ X WLƒQ FấD G\ VÁ \yzi WD W°P KŽP VÁ WwzD VDR FKR yz ) Wwz L dD  WwzD .KL ‡ẳ y( L N N NL yzd ) WwzD Ww(D 0ÂW WURQJ QKéQJ Yả GÍ NLQK ‡LơQ FKảQK OŽ SK†…QJ SK‘S PŽ %HUQRXOOL YŽ F‘F QKŽ WR‘Q KẵF WKđ Nễ  ‡ ‡†D UD ‡ơ W°P F„QJ WKẹF WảQK W¿QJ Cw>, zD ) d> L1> L N N NLz> 'ẩQJ SK†…QJ SK‘S K¯ VÁ EÊW ‡ãQK Kẵ W°P ‡D WKẹF W>wzD VDR FKR z> ) W>wz L dD  W>wzD YŽ Wẻ ‡ẳ W°P ‡†ầF Cw>, zD ) W>wz L dD  W>wzD 3K†…QJ SK‘S QŽ\ KL¯X TấD K…Q SK†…QJ SK‘S [‚\ GềQJ F„QJ WKẹF WUX\ KắL Y° ‡ơ WảQK C> WD NK„QJ F Q SKL GẩQJ ‡đQ F‘F F„QJ WKẹF WảQK C>d, C>1 .KL Gề ‡R‘Q F‘F KŽP W  WD Fẳ WKơ Vẽ GÍQJ WảFK SK‚Q UắL W†…QJ Wề KẳD TXD 9ả GÍ WảFK SK‚Q FấD ‡D WKẹF EÔF > OŽ ‡D WKẹF EÔF > L d 9Ô\ WK° W> ) z> VX\ UD W> SKL Fẳ EÔF > L d  7X\ QKLƒQ NK‘F YặL WảFK SK‚Q ‡„L NKL F‘F KŽP UÃL U’F NK„QJ Fẳ oQJX\ƒQ KŽPp 7URQJ WU†ÃQJ KầS ‡ẳ WD NK„QJ WảQK ‡†ầF W¿QJ PŽ FK± Fẳ WKơ ‡‘QK JL‘ W¿QJ E”QJ F‘F EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF 9ẵ Gễ 7°P SK Q QJX\ƒQ FấD W¿QJ C ) dbd L db $ 1 L N N NL db$d(( *LL 7D F Q W°P PÂW ‡‘QK JL‘ FKR C 1KÔQ [âW U”QJ KŽP db $ ? Fẳ QJX\ƒQ KŽP OŽ 1 $ ? WD [âW KŽP VÁ WwzD ) 1 $ z .KL ‡ẳ WwzLdD WwzD ) 1$z L d 1 $ z ) 1bw $ z L d L $ zD 6X\ UD db $ z L d c Wwz L dD WwzD c db$z 7ẻ ‡ẳ 1w$d(d dD c C c 1w $ d(( dD L d VX\ UD >CH ) dM 9ẵ Gễ €ô ‡ô QJKã 7R‘Q TXÁF Wđ  &KR ?d, ?1, 333, ?z OŽ F‘F VÁ WKềF EÊW Nể &KẹQJ PLQK U”QJ ?dbwd L ? 1 dD L ?1bwd L ? 1 d L ? 1 1D L N N NL ?zbwd L ?1d L N N NL ?1zD c $ z3 *LL €ŸW Yđ WU‘L FấD EÊW ‡•QJ OŽ \ aS GÍQJ EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF %XQKLDFRSVN\ WD Fẳ \1 a z>?1dbwd L ? 1 dD 1 L ?11bwd L ? 1 d L ? 1 1D 1 L N N NL ?1zbwd L ?1d L N N NL ?1zD1H €ơ FKẹQJ PLQK EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF ‡ X EŽL WD FK± F Q FKẹQJ PLQK ?1dbwd L ? 1 dD 1 L ?11bwd L ? 1 d L ? 1 1D 1 L N N NL ?1zbwd L ?1d L N N NL ?1zD1 c d3 1K†QJ ‡LôX QŽ\ OŽ KLơQ QKLƒQ GR EÊW ‡•QJ WKẹF ?1>bwd L ? 1 d L N N NL ?1>D1 a dbwd L ?1d L N N NL ?1>dD dbwd L ?1d L N N NL ?1>D3 9ẵ Gễ ;âW G\ VÁ \?ziz)d FKR EÄL ?zL1 ) >wz  dD?zLd L ?zHbz &KẹQJ PLQK U„QJ YặL PẵL JL‘ WUã EDQ ‡ X ?d, ?1 G\ VÁ ‡ FKR KÂL WÍ 7°P JLặL K’Q FấD G\ QK† PÂW KŽP VÁ WKHR ?d, ?1 *LL 7D Fẳ Wẻ F„QJ WKẹF FấD G\ VÁ ?zL1  ?zLd ) w?zLd  ?zDbz ) w?z  ?zdDbzwz  dD ) N N N ) wdDzw?1  ?dDbz 7ẻ ‡ẳ VX\ UD ?zL1 ) w?zL1  ?zLdD L w?zLd  ?zD L N N NL w?1  ?dD L ?d ) ?d L w?1  ?dDz WURQJ ‡ẳ z ) d dbd L db1 333LwdDzbz 7ẻ ‡‚\ VX\ UD G\ VÁ Fẳ JLặL K’Q YŽ JLặL K’Q ‡ẳ E”QJ ?d L w?1  ?dDb &‚X KºL  &ẳ WKơ W¿QJ TX‘W KẳD EŽL WR‘Q WUƒQ QK† WKđ QŽR"  +\ W°P VDL SK‚Q FấD F‘F KŽP VÁ s„{stwzD 7ẻ ‡ẳ ‡ŸW UD EŽL WR‘Q WảQK W¿QJ W†QJ ẹQJ  7°P VDL SK‚Q FấD KŽP VÁ jtwzD 7ẻ ‡ẳ W°P ‡‘QK JL‘ FKR W¿QJ d L db1 L N N NL dbz  7ẻ F„QJ WKẹF R$t n? ) n R$t? ; R$t n? Fẳ WKơ OÔS UD F„QJ WKẹF WảQK W¿QJ QŽR"