Đào tạo và trọng dụng nhân tài ở Thăng Long thời Trần

D A O T A O V A T R O N G D U N G N H A N T A I • • • 6 T H A N G L O N G T H C f l T R A N NGUYfiN THI PHUONG CHI* T h a n g Long - Kinh do cua nhieu trieu dai, la trung tam chinh tri , hanh chinh, trung tam giao due thi cd ldn nhat nU6c, cung la ndi quy tu nhan tai co mot khong hai cua quoc gia. Trong dung va dai ngo la budc sau cua dao tao nhan tai. Hay cu the hdn, thdng qua dao tao de tuyen chon nhan tai. Va, nhu chung ta da biet, nha Tran co nhieu each dao tao nhan tai. Dao tao trong gia dinh, ddng toe; dac tad thong qua he thong giao due Nho hoc va dao tao bang thUc te ccng viec, nham tao nen doi ngu quan lai noi chung, nhan tai noi rieng du nang lUc va tai ddc phuc vu dat nUdc. 1. Dao tao nhan ta i Dao tao trong gia dinh, ddng toe. Chdng ta thay, doi ngu quy toe nha Tran la nhiing ngUdi ndi tieng tai gioi. Tiec thay, kheng co tu lieu nao cho biet ho dUdc dao tao nhu the nao nhUng co dieu chic chin rang, ho dUdc thda hUdng mot nen giao due trong gia dinh, dong toe. Tu lieu trong sd cu ghi chep ra't f t ve viec nky nhUng le loi trong do van co nhiing sU kien tieu bieu minh chiing cho viec trieu dinh chon nhdng ngUdi do dat, co dao ddc cho vao hau vua doc sach. Sd chep: "Thang 8 nam 1236, chon nho sinh thi do cho vao chau hau (hau vua - TG), sau thanh dinh le" va "Thing 12 nam Giap Tua't (1274), chon ngUdi Nho hoc trong midc ngUdi nao co ddc hanh sung vao hau Dong cung" (1). Mat khac, mot trong nhdng each thdc ma nha Tran thUc hien la cd cac vUdng hau ton tha't di tra'n t r i d cac dia phUdng bang che do phan phong thai a'p. Dieu can lUu y la, chi cac thanh vien trong hoang toe (cac vUdng hau) va nhdng ngUdi dUdc ban quoc tinh (ho vua) co tudc vUdng, hau mdi dUdc phdng cap thai a'p. Thai ap la mot vung dat d mot dia phUdng cu the. Cac vUdng hau ten that dieu hanh cong viec mot each toan dien d do tren cac linh vUc kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi. Qua trinh cai quan d dia phUdng, cung la bien phdp thUc te de trieu Tran ren luyen cac vUdng hau tdn tha't. Qua do ho co cd hoi va dieu kien the hien tai nang va diic do cua minh. Mac du cho de'n nay khong co tU lieu nao cho biet each thdc hoc hanh cua ho the nao nhUng tren thuc te ho deu ndi tieng tai gidi nhu Tran Thu Do (1194- 1264), T r ln Thai Tong (1218-1277), Tran ' PGS.TS. Vien Su hoc 20 Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so 12.2010 Thanh Tong (1240-1290), Tran Nhan Tong (1258 - 1308), Tran Tung (1230-1291), Tran Qudc Tuan (? - 1300), Tran Quang Khai (1240 - 1294), Tran Nhat Duat (1254-1330), Tran Khanh Du (? - 1339), Tran Quang Trieu (1286-1325), Tran Khat Chan (?- 1399), Tran Nguyen Dan (1320-1390)... Tat nhien, nhiing ngudi noi nghiep ngai vang thi hien nhien la d Kinh do, khong thay cac ong co thai a'p nao, con cac thanh vien trong hoang toe thi mot mat d thai ap nhUng mat khac v in co thdi gian lam quan d Thang Long. Ai cung biet Tran Quang Khai co thai a'p d Doc Lap (nay thuoc huyen Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam) va Hung Dao Dai vUdng Tran Quoc Tuan co thai a'p d Van Kie'p (Chi Linh, Hai Dudng) nhung chung ta van thay cac ong lam viec d Thang Ldng. Su kien sii than nUdc Nguyen la Sai Xuan cung 5.000 quan (2) sang Thang Lcng nam 1281 vdi thai dd ngac man, td ra cci thudng nghi le Dai Viet. NhUng nhd sU tai gidi cua Hung Dao vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan ma Sai Xuan phai thay ddi han thai dd. Van hda ngoai giao cua Hung Dao vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan mot lan nQa khang dinh dng khdng chi la thien tai ve quan sU ma cdn thien tai trong ngoai giao. Sd chep: Xuan kieu ngao vd le, cudi ngUa di thing vao cda DUdng Minh. Quan si Thien TrUdng ngan lai, Xuan lay rdi ngUa danh bi thUdng d diu. Khi den vien Tap Hien thay chang diy man trUdng mdi chiu xud'ng ngUa. Vua sai Quang Khai de'n sd quan tiep dai, Xuan nam khenh khdng chiu ra. Quang Khai di thing vao trong phong Xuan ciing khdng day. Hung Dao vUdng Qudc Tuan nghe thay viec ay, tau xin de'n sd quan xem Xuan lam gi. Bay gid Qudc Tuan da got tdc mac ao vai, di de'n sd quan vao trong phong. Xuan ddng day vai chao mdi ngoi, moi ngUdi deu lay lam la, nhUng biet dau got tdc mac ao vai la ve hda thUdng phUdng Bic. Khi da ngci yen, pha tra mdi ud'ng, ngUdi h i u cua Xuan cam cai ten ddng dang sau Qudc Tuan, choc vao diu Qudc Tuan chay mau ra, sac mat Qudc Tuan v i n khdng thay ddi. Khi ve Sai Xuan tien ra de'n cda (3). Dao tao thong qua he thong giao due Nho hoc "Con dudng tim ngUdi tai gidi, trUdc het la khoa muc. Pham mudn thu dUdc ngUdi tai nang, tuan kiet vao trong pham vi cua minh, thi ngUdi lam vua mdt nUdc khdng the nao khdng cd khoa cd" (4). Budi d iu nha Tran, he thd'ng giao due bao gdm nhieu ndi dung nhUng Nho hoc la chu yeu, hoc Nho giao va hoc chd Nho. Hoc cho Nho de doc Kinh sach cua Phat giao va phuc vu cho cac nghi le cua Dao giao. Su phat trien cUc thinh trd thanh qudc giao cua Phat giao td thdi Ly va sU ton tai cua Dao giao khdng chi dUdc phan anh trdng sinh hoat cdng ddng ma cdn dUdc phan anh trong giao due khoa cd. Khoa thi dau tien cua nha T r i n la khoa thi tam giao (5). Tuy nhien, cang ngay trieu dinh cang chu trong de'n giao due Nho giao. Ne'u nhu khoa thi Tam giao dUdc td chdc ngay sau khi trieu T r i n thanh lap (1227), thi 5 nam sau (1232), khoa thi Thai hoc sinh dau tien dUdc td chdc. Cac khoa thi Thai hoc sinh (nhU thi Tien si ddi sau) la mot trong nhiing phUdng thdc tuyen chon nhan tai dUdc nha T r in thUc hien tuy khdng deu dan nhu ghi chep trong sd cii (7 nam mdt lin) nhUng so lUdng cac khoa thi da gap nhieu l i n so vdi thdi Ly. Td khoa thi diu tien vao nam 1232 va de'n khoa cud'i cung - nam 1393, nha T r i n da td chdc dUdc 12 khoa thi Thai hoc sinh va mdt ky thi Dinh cac Tien si (6). Thdng qua giao due Nho hoc Bao tao va trong dung 21 Nha Tran da tuyen chon dUdc nhieu nhan tai phuc vu dat nUdc. Cac loai hinh trUdng hoc Nho giao ton tai chu yeu d Kinh thanh Thang Long gom: TrUdng hoc do nhd nUdc to chiic co Qudc td vien, Quoc hoc vien. Thdi gian dau, hoc d Quoc t i i vien va chi danh cho con em cac van quan va tung quan vao hoc, den nam 1253 thanh l ip Quoc hoc vien thi cho tdt cd cdc nho si trong midc vao hoc. Noi dung hoc gom Luan ngd, Manh Td, Dai hoc, Trung dung (Td thu) va Ngii kinh gdm: Kinh Dich, Kinh Le, Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Xuan Thu. Theo tu lieu nay thi ndi dung hoc tap cua cac Nho si nhU tren cung kha qui cu. Ben canh trudng qudc lap cdn cd nhiing trUdng tU nhu trUdng cua Chu Van An, trUdng cua Chieu Qudc vUdng Tran Ich Tac. Cac trUdng hoc d Kinh thanh da thu hut nhieu nho si den hoc. Hoc trd cua Chu Van An cd ngUdi do dat cao va deu glut trong trach trong trieu dinh. Td nhiing thip ky cud! the ky XII I trd di, con dUdng tuyen chon ngUdi hien vie viec nUdc da di vao quy cu v i ngiy cing phit trien. Phan ldn he l i nhiing ngUdi nhan t i i ndi tieng nhU: Tran Thi Kien, De Thien Hd, Mac Dinh Chi, Nguyen Dii, Pham Mai (tdc Chuc Cd', vi l i hoc trd cua Nguyen ST Co' nen kieng huy cua thay ddi lam Mai), Pham Ngd (tdc Chuc Kien, vi tranh ten cua phan thu Hue Nghia, ddi ten l i Ngd), Nguyin Trung Ngan, Le Quit, Pham Su Manh, Le Duy (NgUdi xa Co Dinh, huyen Nong Cd'ng), TrUdng Han Sieu, Le Cu Nhan. Chinh sd chep l i "nhdn tdi day day..." (7). Cic khoa thi li'y do tien si ra't nhieu. Khoa thi nim 1247: 48 ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1256: 43 ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1266: 47 ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1275: 27 ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1304: 44 ngudi... Trong do phai ke tdi mdt sd' nhan t i i nhu Nguyin Trung Ngan, Le Van Huu v.v. Nguyin Trung Ngan tdng giQ nhieu chdc quan trong, trong do cd thdi ky dng l i ngudi ddng dau quan ly Kinh do Thing Long vdi chdc Dai Doin Kinh sU (8). Ong cung vdi TrUdng Han Sieu dUdc n h i vua giao cho bien soan bd Hoang trieu dai dien v i bd Hinh thu" vio nam 1339. Le V i n Huu dd Bang nhan khoa thi n im 1247. Ong l i ngUdi chip but viet bd sd ndi tie'ng cua nUdc ta l i bd Dai Viet sd ky, 30 quyen vio nim 1272. De'n cudi thdi Tran, ky thi tien si thing 8 n im 1400, chung ta thi'y ndi tie'ng l i Nguyen Trai. Ong sinh nam 1380, mac du dng chua cd dieu kien dem t i i nang phuc vu trieu Tran vi trUdc dd (thing 3- 1400) trieu Tran sup dd, Hd Quy Ly len ngoi vua, thiet l i p nen trieu Hd. NhUng thdi gian dng hoc t i p de dd dat lai la khoang 20 n im cudi trieu Tran. T i i nang v i nhdng cd'ng hien cua dng dd'i vdi trieu Le Sd mai m i i lUu truyen sd xanh. Ngd Thi SI d i nhin xdt: "Xem nhiing ngUdi dd ve cac khca cud'i ddi Tran thi Nguyin Uc Trai l i nhat, v in chUdng mUu tr i cua dng da giup cho trieu Le budi dau diing nUdc. Sau nda nhu Ly Td Ti'n, Vii Mdng Nguyen, Phan Phu Tien, Nguyen Thien Tdng, deu l i v in chUdng cU phach mdt thdi" (9)... Giio due khoa cd cua nha nUdc da tao cd hdi cho Nho si khdng chi cd dieu kien thi thd' t i i nang, tien than tren con dUdng quan chdc ma quan trong l i qua dd nh i nUdc tuyen chen dUdc ngUdi t i i gidi phuc vu dat nUdc. Ngd Thi Si da viet: "The mdi biet td Tam dai (nha Ha, nh i ThUdng, nh i Chu - TG) ve sau chon ngUdi gidi bang khda cd thi van nghe khdng thieu dUdc" (10). 22 Rghien ciru Lich sir, so 12.2010 Dao tao bang thiic te cong viec Hinh thiic dao tao nay kha phong phu, co ngUdi la Nho sinh, co ngUdi la quy toe, co ngUdi la Thai hdc sinh. Doi vdi Nho sinh chua qua thi cii, nha Tran tuyen chon qua cong viec cu the nhu trUdng hdp Ddan NhQ Hai (11). NhUng trai qua cdng viec do ciing chinh la hinh thiic dao tao bang thUc te cong viec. Doan NhQ Hai tiing lam giiip vua Tran Anh Tong bai Bieu ta toi "Nghi Anh Tong hoang de ta thUdng hoang bieu" (Thay ldi vua Anh Tong lam bieu ta ThUdng hoang) (12). Noi dung td Bieu chiia diing sU am hieu kien thiic sau rong va tai nang khac thUdng ciia ong. Ngay sau do ong dUdc vua Anh T6ng trong dung, phong cho chiic NgU sd trung tan khi mdi 20 tudi, rdi Tham tr i chinh su" (nam 1303), Tri khu mat vien sU va dinh cao la chdc Hanh Khien ma le cu la chi ddng hoan quan. Tai nang ndi tie'ng cua Ong the hien tren nhieu linh vUc: ngoai giao, ndi tri , quan sU va van hoc. Trcng quan he cua nha Tran vdi cac nUdc Chiem Thanh, Ai Lac, Ddan NhQ Hai da ddng gdp mdt phin cdng sdc quan trong. TrUdng hdp cua Nguyen Trung Ngan cung vay, nhu tren da neu, sau khi thi do Thai hoc sinh, lam quan trong trieu dinh nhung v in cd khoang thdi gian tUdng dd'i dai di thUc te'd dia phUdng. Tinh td nam 1224 de'n 1241, Nguyen Trung Ngan cd tdi 17 nam lam viec d dia phUdng va kiem mdt so cdng viec khac d trieu dinh. Dieu dd cd the thay, nha Tran rat coi trong viec dao tao quan lai bing cdng viec thUc te. Tran Hung Dao tuyen ngUdi lam viec dudi trUdng theo "cdng thdc" nhu sau: 'Tai ngudi nao cd the vUdt 100 ngudi thi lam trudng tram ngudi, vUdt dUdc mot nghin ngudi thi lam trudng nghin ngudi, vUdt qua nghin ngudi thanh mdt Quan thi cd the dd'i phd cd sU d mdt mat, cd the dam dUdng sdc chdng d mdt mat, du lam tnidng ca Quan. Quan cd luc cd, thi tudng cin cd the mdt minh, cho nen ngudi khdo dung tai thi nhQng chdc thien ti (tdc thien tudng va t i tudng) cung deu la dai tudng ca" (13). Va, vdi each thdc tren mud'n the hien tai thi khdng cd each gi khac la phai trai qua cdng viec. 2. Trong dung nhan tai Trong dung ngUdi thiic tai la diem dac biet noi bat cua trieu Tr in . NhQng ngUdi tai deu cd cd hdi cd'ng hien va deu dUdc trong dung. Td quy tdc ten that den nho sinh, ai cd tai thi deu dUdc trieu dinh trong dung va nhQng viec quan trong va cho giQ chdc cao va dUdc hudng lde hiu . NhU chdng ta da bie't, nhQng quy tdc vUdng h iu tai gidi deu dUdc trieu dinh trong dung theo che' do quyen cao, chdc trong va dUdc duy t r i thee che dd tap am. Sd chep: "Thang 2 (1236), dinh quan ham cac dai thin; pham ngudi ton that vao chinh phd, hoac la thai su, thai phd, thai bao, thai uy, hoSc tu dd, ta hQu tudng qudc, deu kiem ham kiem hieu die tien nghi ddng tam t i binh chUdng sU (14)" (15). NhUng khdng phai ai la ton that cung dUdc trdng dung. Neu la ton th i t ma khdng cd tai thi trieu dinh cung khdng giao cho trong chQc. Cung Tuc vUdng Due, con trUdng cda vua cung khdng dUdc chen de ke tuc ngai vang vi khdng du tai ddc, "la ngUdi phong dang qua". Bao Hung vUdng la ngudi ton that dUdc vua T r in Anh Tdng rat yeu quy, nhUng khdng dUdc vua uy che lam viec chinh sU "vi Id khong co tai lam dUdc" (16). Tr in Qudc Khang la anh vua Tr in Thanh Tdng va cung la anh cua Tr in Quang Khai, mic du "Qudc Khang tudi ldn hdn, nhUng tai ddc t i m thudng cho nen cho Quang Khai lam tudng" (17). Vua Tr in Bao tao va trong dung 23 Thai Tong tdng mudn cho anh ciia Tran Thii Do la Tran An Qudc lam tudng nhUng Tran Thu Dd da ndi: "An Qudc la anh thin, neu la ngudi hien thi than xin nghi viec, neu cho th in la hien hdn An Qudc thi khdng nen cd An Qudc. Ne'u anh em cung lam tudng thi viec trong trieu se ra sao" (18). Danh vong va chiic tudc la can nhUng trieu dinh dung ngudi la de xay dung va bao ve dat nude ciing tdc la bao ve td tdng. Hai van de nay tuy hai nhUng la mdt. Su can trong trong dung ngUdi cua nha Tran r i t dUdc trieu dinh de cao, nhat la nhan tai. Nhdng nhan tai ndi tie'ng dUdng thdi, danh tie'ng cua ho de'n ngay nay vang vong khap non sdng dat nUdc. Ta da thay Hung Dao Dai vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan khdng chi la thien tai quan sU, vi tudng cam quan tai gidi ma kien thdc ve binh phap cua dng cdn dUdc soan thanh t ip Van Kie'p tong bi truyen thii. Nhan Hue vUdng Tran Khanh Du chap but Bai tUa sach nay da ngdi ca Ong het ldi: "Pham ngUdi gidi cam quan thi khdng can bay t r in , ngUdi gidi bay tran thi khdng can phai danh, ngUdi gidi danh thi khdng thua, ngUdi kheb thua thi khdng chet... Qudc cdng ta ben so sanh, ke cdu t r in do va binh phap cua cac nha, tdng hdp lai thanh mdt bd sach... Qudc cdng lai cdn them bdt vdi chie'n thu&t cua thdi Tam dai (Ha, ThUdng, Chu), nhd dd tram tran tram thing. Cho nen dUdng thdi phia Bic lam cho Hung nd (chi quan Mong Co) phai sd, phia Tay lam Lam Ap phai kinh. Rdi dng dem sach nay day bao con em lam gia truyen, khdng tiet Id cho ngUdi ngoai biet..." (19). T r in Hung Dao cdn la mdt thien tai van hoc. Hich tiidng si va cac tac phim cua Ong la nhiing di san van hda quy gia cda dan tdc. Danh gia cdng lao cua Tr in Qudc Tuan, Ngd Thi Si da viet: T d i van vo du lam phep cho muon nUdc, md khong dam cay tdi nang; Anh hung ndi tie'ng hai niidc md khong dam nhdn cong nghiep. The liic cd the lat song nui, dudi sdm set, md luc nao cung coi uy nhan vua d triidc mat. Nay xem ra theo nghia phdi md khdng theo loi cha. Biet cd nUdc md khdng biet de'n nha, be mui gay de di theo hau vua, gia grfctm md ke tdi con. Long trung thanh sdng nhU mat trdi" (20). Chieu Van vUdng T r i n Nhat Duat la nha ngoai giao ndi tie'ng, nha van hda ldn cua Dai Viet. Ong khdng chi gidi ngoai nguf khi giad tiep vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai hoSc tiep dai sd th in nha Nguyen ma kien thdc uyen bac cua Ong dUdc the hien qua nhiing l i n tiep dai dd. "Nhat Duat hdc qua Ngu kinh va Chu sd, tinh thdng ldi huyen dieu cua Dao gia, hieu biet am nhac, ddi bay gid khen la ngUdi hoc thdc rdng rai, lai hieu tie'ng cac nUdc..." (21). ThUdng tudng Thai sU Tr in Quang Khai la ngUdi hdc rdng tai cao, van vd song toan. Ong vda la vi tudng cim quan gidi, vda la mdt nha ngoai giao cd tai, vda la mdt nha van hda, nha thd ndi tie'ng, tdng soan Lac Bao tap (nhUng nay khdng cdn) (22). Phan Huy Chd nhan x6t ve Ong: "Cdng lao thu phuc duac nUdc, dng ddng thd nhdt... Ong nghe rdng biet nhieu, hieu cdc tieng ngiibi nUdc Phien. Mdi khi sd sang ta, dng diiqc chon vao thii tiep. Ong rat cham hoc hay lam thd' (23). Vua Tr in Thanh Tdng da lam bai thd: Tang Tran Quang Khdi, ca ngdi dng vdi hai cau thd: Nhdt dai cdng danh thien hq hitu Lu'dng triiu trung hieu the gian vd. (Nghia la: Cdng danh tron mdt ddi, thien ha cdn cd ngUdi nhu dng. Tam ldng trung hieu dd'i vdi hai trieu vua thi the gian khdng ai cd). 24 Rghien ciru Lich sir, so' 12.2010 TrUdng Han Sieu khong chi ndi tieng gioi van chuong ma con gioi ca chinh sU. Su tai gioi cua ong khien cho nha vua khong chi trong dung ma con ne trong. "Vua chi goi la thay chii khong goi ten" (24). Sii than Ngo Si Lien nhan xet: "TrUdng Han Sieu la ke van hoc hdn ngudi..." (25). Chu Van An la ngUdi uyen tham Nho hoc, thi do Thai hoc sinh nhUng khong ra lam quan, d nha day hoc. Ong thanh lap trUdng tU va la mot trong khong nhieu trUdng tU d Kinh thanh Thang Long. Cac hoc tro ciia ong nhieu ngUdi thanh tai nhu Pham Su Manh, Le Ba Quat. Vua Tran Minh T6ng mdi ong ra lam Quoc Tii Giam, day hoc cho Thai t i i . Mac Dinh Chi do Trang nguyen khoa Giap Thin (1304) va la Trang nguyen khoa thd 10 ke td khoa thi dau tien dudi trieu Ly (1075), va den ong la Trang nguyen thd 8. Mac Dinh Chi song va hoat dong dudi 4 trieu vua ddi Trin: Tran Anh Tdng (1293- 1314), Tran Minh Tdng (1314-1329), Tran Hien Tdng (1329-1341) va Tran Du Tdng (1341-1369). Pham hang cao nha't ve dUdng quan tudc cua dng la Nhap ndi hanh khien Ta ty lang trung, chdc tudc cho du khdng cao lam nhUng dng lai la vi Trang nguyen ndi tie'ng thdng minh tai gidi va dUdc cdng nhan la Ludng qudc Trang nguyen. Doan Nhd Hai trong mdt lan yet kien ThUdng hoang trong hdn mdt canh gid, dUdc ThUdng hoang khen ring: "Nhd Hai thUc la ngUdi gidi, dUdc quan gia (nha vua- TG) sai khien la phai" (26). Van Hue vUdng Tran Quang Trieu (1286-1325) (27) la ccn trai ca cua Hung NhUdng vUdng Tran Qudc Tang, chau ndi cua Hung Dao Dai vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan. Nam 1301, khi mdi 14 tudi, Tran Quang Trieu da dUdc trieu dinh phong tudc vUdng, rdi vao lam quan trong trieu. Ong la ngUdi gidi ca van l i n vd. Nam 1324, dudi thdi vua Tr in Minh Tdng, T r in Quang Trieu dUdc phong chdc Nhap Ndi kiem hieu tU dd, mdt trong nhiing chdc quan d iu trieu (dudi trieu vua T r in Minh Tdng). Ong cdn la Hdi chu thi xa Bich Ddng va la thanh vien xuat sic cua ddng thien True Lam do vi vua anh hung Tr in Nhan Tdng sang l ip . Cung cin thay them mdt dieu la, nha Tr in trong dung tat ca nhQng ngUdi tai nen ke ca nhQng ngUdi khdng phai la ton that, khdng qua thi cd nhUng van dUdc trieu dinh trong dung. Dd la nhQng dai quan thdi Ly nhu Phung Ta Chu dUdc phong Dai vUdng, Pham Kinh An lam Thai uy, ban cho mu ao Dai vUdng. Cac nhan tai dUdc trieu dinh trong dung. Su trong dung di lien vdi dai ngd. Trong dung la trao cho trong trach va trong chdc. T r in Thu Dd dUdc phong Thai sU thd'ng qudc hanh quan vu chinh thao sU, la ngUdi giQ chdc thai sU diu tien cua trieu T r in vac nam 1226. Quyen lUc cua Thai sU chi sau ThUdng hcang va la chdc quan ddng dau trong trieu. De'n nam 1234, dUdc thang chdc Thd'ng qudc thai sU tr i Thanh Hda phu sU, cai quan vung da't quan trong Thanh Hda cua Dai Viet. Nam 1290, sau khang chien chdng quan xam ludc Mong - Nguyen l i n thd ba thing ldi, Hung Dao vUdng T r i n Qudc Tuan dUdc trieu dinh tien phong la Dai vUdng. Chieu Van vUdng T r i n Nhat Duat dUdc phong lam Ta thanh Thai sU. Nam 1271, dudi trieu vua T r in Thanh Tdng, T r i n Quang Khai dUdc phdng TUdng qudc Thai dy, n im giQ viec nUdc nam 1271, luc 32 tudi (tinh theo tudi Am lich) (28). Sau dd, vao nam 1282, dudi trieu vua Nhan Tdng dUdc thang ThUdng tudng Thai sU. Sao tao va trong dung. 25 Tran Khanh Du dUdc vua Tran Nhan Ton khen la ngUdi vda tai tr i lai mUu lUdc va lap lam thien td nghia nam (con nuoi cua thien td) va dUdc phong chdc Phieu ky ThUdng tudng quan, mot chdc chi danh rieng cho hoang td. Tran Quang Trieu dUdc phcng chdc Nhap Noi kiem hieu tu do, mot trong nhiing chdc quan dau trieu vao nam 1324, dudi thdi vua Tran Minh Tong... NhU vdy, co the khai quat ring, nha Tran trong dung tat ca nhiing ngUdi hien tai, khong ke ho xuat than la quy toe hay binh dan va khong nhat thiet la cd phai qua thi cd. Nhiing nhan tai dUdc dao tao, tuyen chon va trong dung la: ton that, nhiing ngiibi do dat qua khoa cii, nhiing nho sinh va nhiing quan lqi cu cua triiu Ly. Trong dung ngUdi tai vao viec nU6c dUdc nha Tran thiic hien nghiem tuc, cong bang nen nhdng nhan tai trieu Tran deu dUdc the hien tai nang tren cac linh viic chinh tri , quan sU, van hea, ngoai giao. Va, ta thay rang, thiic trang dao tao, trong dung nhan tai ndi bat cua trieu Tran la nham trong dung ngiibi thiic tdi vao viec nUdc khong cdu ne vao mot phiicfng thdc tuyen dung nao. Dieu do phan anh each thdc tuyen dung nhan tai thdi Tran cot de cao thUc tai (29). Khong giong nhu thdi Le, Nguyen ve sau, tuyen chon quan lai, nhan tai qua thi cd Nho hoc la chinh. CHU THICH (1). Dai Viet su ky toan thii (DVSKTT), tap II, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1971, tr. 14, 43. (2). Theo Ha Van Tan - Pham Thi Tam trong: Cuoc khdng chien chdng xdm lUpc Nguyen - Mong the ky XIII, In lan thii tU, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1975, tr. 159 cho rang chi co mot nghin quan va khong phai la nam 1281 ma la 1282: "Sau viec lap An Nam tuyen uy ty va sai mot nghin quan dua Tran Di Ai ve nUdc ndm 1282...". (3), (5), (7). DVSKTT, tdp II, sdd, tr. 51, 8, 147. (4). Phan Huy Chu: Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi, Phan Khoa muc chi, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Npi, 1992, tr. 149. (6). Trong bdi: Vdi net ve giao due khoa cii thdi Ly Tran, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sti„ so' 2-1977, tr. 28, tac gia Nguyen Danh Phiet cd dan lai tU lieu cua Nguyen Hoan, tac gia the ky XVIII trong Dai Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc ve cac khoa thi Tien si vd ngUdi do Tien si thdi Ly vd Tran nhu sau: Thdi Ly Id 3 khoa - 22 ngUdi do, thdi Tran la 10 khoa - 273 nguoi do, biet luc vd bd' di thdi Ly 1 khda - 5 ngUdi do, thdi Tran 4 khoa - 9 ngUdi do, td'ng cong thdi Ly 4 khoa - 27 ngUdi do, thdi Tran 14 khoa - 282 ngUdi do. NhUng theo thdng ke cua tdi trong DVSKTT thi thdi Tran cd 12 khoa thi Thai hoc vd 01 khoa thi Dinh cac Tien si. Theo tu lipu cho biet thi thi Dinh la de chon ra Trang nguyen, Bang nhan, Tham hoa nhu ghi chdp trong DVSKTT, tdp II, sdd, tr. 183 ve Khoa thi Dinh ndm 1374: "Thi dinh cac tien si, cho Dao Su Tich do Trang nguyen, Le Hien Phii do Bang nhan, Tran Dinh Tham do Tham hoa, cho bon La Tu do Hoang giap cap d$ va dong cap d$; deu cho an yen va ao xap, cho xuat than theo thd bac khac nhau. Dan ba ngUdi do dau di chdi phd 3 ngay. Theo 1$ cu, Thai hoc sinh 7 nam mot lan thi, lay 30 ngUdi do ma thdi. Thi Trang nguyen thi khong cd dinh le nhUng thuoc quan d tam quan, thai hoc sinh, thi than hoc sinh, tudng phii hoc sinh va ngUdi cd tudc pham deu dUdc vad thi ca". Day la khoa thi Dinh cd 26 P.ghien ciru Ljch sir, sd 12.2010 nhieu doi tUdng du thi trong dd cd ca tien si (thai hoc sinh) nen tdi khdng xep vao khoa thi Thai hoc sinh. (8). Nguyen Trung Ngan, danh nhan thdi Tran, ngUdi mot thdi ddng dau Kinh sU Thang Long va cd nhieu ddng gdp cho Thang Long nhUng hien nay dudng Nguyen Trung Ngan lai chi la mot ngd nhd cua phd' Nguyin Cdng TrU, ra't ngan, khoang vai chuc mdt, khdng tUdng xUng vdi ddng gdp cua Ong. (9), (10). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chUOng loai chi, Phin Khoa muc chi, sdd, tr. 154, 154. (11). Trong cudn: Khao lupc vi kinh nghiem phdt trien dao tao vd su dung nhdn tdi trong lich sit Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi, 2005, chUdng III: Viec dao tao vd si dung nhdn tdi trong buoi ddu xdy diing nhd nUdc qudn chu doc lap tit the ky X de'n theky XTV, d trang 55, da viet: "... cd nhieu nhan tdi ndi bat xua't than khoa cU nhU Phung Khac Khoan, Pham Su Manh, Le Vfin Huu, Mac Dinh Chi, Doan Nhu Hai...", theo tdi, Phung Khdc Khoan Id nhan tai nhUng khdng phai d cac the ky X-XIV. Doan Nhu Hai cung la nhan tai nhUng chua he do dat qua khoa cd. (12). Tha van L y- Tran, tdp II, quyen ThUdng, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Hd Ndi, 1989, tr. 726-727. (13). Binh thii yeu lUOc, Nxb. Khoa hoc xd hdi, Ha Ndi, 1977, tr. 86. (14). Cac ton tha't vao chinh phu deu gia them ham kiem hieu dac tien nghi dong tam ti binh chUdng sU. (15), (16), (17), (18). DVSKTT, tap II , sdd, tr. 14, 100, 34, 36-37. (19). DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr. 94-95; Tha van Ly-Trdn, tap II , quyen ThUdng, sdd, tr. 600. (20). Ngd Thi Si: Viet sii tieu an, quyen 3, Ban danh may cua Vien Su hoc. (21), (25), (26), (28). DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr. 139, 177, 98, 41. (22). Nhdng tac pham cua dng hi$n cdn Id: Tung gid hoan Kinh sit (Phd gia ve Kinh); Tdng Bde sii Sai Trang Khanh (Tien sd Bac Sdi Trang Khanh); Tdng Bde su Sai Trang Khanh, Ly Chan Van ddng (Tdng sfl Bic Sai Trang Khanh, Ly Cha'n Van); Di Bach Md tit (De den Bach Ma); Di dd thit (De thd d bi^t thu dong que); Litu Gia do (Ben do LUu Gia); Xudn nhat hiiu cam (Cam hUng ngdy xuan) va Phiic Hung vien (Vudn Phuc Hung). (23). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chUOng loai chi, tap II , Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Npi, 1992, tr. 223. (24). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chitang loai chi, tap 1, muc Nhdn vat chi, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1992, tr. 227. (27). Tran Quang Trieu cdn cd ten Id Nguyen Dao va Nguyen Thu, hi$u la Cue Dudng chu nhan va Vd Sdn Ong. (29). Xem them: Nguyen Thj PhUdng Chi: Phuong thiic tuyen dung quan lai thai Tran, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich su, sd 7-2006, tr. 19-26.