Cửa Nam và cửa Tây của cấm thành Thăng Long thời Lý - Trần - Lê

CQA NAM VA CQA TAY COA CXM THANH THANG LONG THdl Lf - TR^N - LE D 6 THI THUY LAN* Dung mdt thien nien ky tnidc, vua Ly Thai Td ddi dd t i Hoa Lu vd Dai La, khai sinh ra Kinh dd Thang Long cua qud'c gia Dai Viet. Cung t i tridu Ly, khoang thap nien 30 c i a thd ky XI, trd di Kinh thanh Thang Long da dUdc hoan thi$n vdi ph ic hdp ba vdng thanh, dd la Dgi La, "thdnh Thdng Lon^' ( t ic Hodng thdnh t i the ky XV vd sau), vk Cdm thdnh. Trong khi vi tri, pham vi c i a Ca^ m thanh ngay cang dUdc xac dinh rd hdn (1), cae c i a c ia ca'm thanh v i n chUa dUdc khao c i u va trinh bay mot each tdng the. Ngoai cae c i a Doan MPn, Viet Thdnh, c i a dUdng thuy Ngdn Hd, chung ta da biet den mot c i a Huyen Vu b phia bic (2), mot Long Mdn b phia ddng, thd cdn c i a Nam va c i a Tay? Do vay, d nghien c i u nay, ching tdi se trinh bay nhflng tim hieu c i a minh vd hai c i a Nam va Tay cua Ca'm thanh Thang Long; ddng thdi dat chung trong bdi canh chung cua lich s i chinh tri, van boa, xa hoi Dai Vi$t vao hai giai doan: the'ky XI-XIV vk thi' ky XV-XVI. Dd cung cd the coi la no liic khai quat mot p h i n quy hoach cua Cim thanh ndi rieng, Hoang thanh Thang Long ndi chung, dfldi cac thdi Ly - T r in - Le. 1. C i a Nam: Doan Mon, Tam Mon, Trieu Nguyen va Chu Tu-dfc Doan Mon vd Tam Mon Trong so' cac c i a Cim th inh , Doan MPn (cdn goi la Doan Minh, Ngu Mdn, Ngu Lau Mdn hoac L l u Ngu Mdn) la c i a phia nam, dfldc khic boa rd ndt tren cae Ban dd Thang Long thdi Hau Le, dUqIc cd' dinh vi tri qua thdi Nguyen, va di tich cdn tdn tai cho den tan ngay nay. Dudi thdi Ly, van bia thap Sung Thiin Diin Linh ch ia Long Doi Sdn (Duy Tien, H i Nam), nien dai 1121, cho bidt san rdng (Long Tri) tnidc Doan Mdn da la ndi Ly Nhan Tdng td chic hoi ddn Quang Chieu (3). Den thdi Le Sd, Hoang de Le Thanh Tdng da cho tu s i a Doan Mdn c ing hai c i a Hoing thanh la Dai HUng va Ddng Hoa, vd'n dU(?c xay diing t i thdi Ly, ma vao n i a sau the ky XV da trd nen dd nat (4). Khao cd hoc Doan Mdn nam 1999 cho tha'y rd viec nha Le Sd da bo b i n toan b9 cac vet tich thdi Ly - Tr in da hi hoang phe, ma xay diing mpt Doan Mon hoan toan mdi (5). Dac bipt hdn nfla, cac sach lich s i dia ly dfldi thdi Nguyen deu n h i n manh r ing, cho ddn d i u the ky XIX, Doan Mdn v i n cdn hipn hflu va dd la di tich cd dinh tfl trieu Ly (6), ngay ca khi vua Gia Long cho pha bo mot so' c i a c i a Hoang thanh va ca'm thanh de xay diing lai (7). Phia nam ngoai Doan Mdn la Tam Mdn (cung goi la Tam PhUdng, l l u Tam PhUdng). Tam Mdn cd ba c ia , mot c i a ' Khoa Lich s i - Trfldng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dai hoc Qudc gia Hi Noi e i a Ram va c ia Tay c ia Cam thanh., 35 chinh va hai c ia phu hai ben, tdn tai den thdi Nguyin Gia Long thi hi pha de xay Ky dai (Cpt Cd Ha Npi). Sach Long Biin bdch nhi vinh ciia Bii Lien Khe (Bid Cd Tic), soan nam Dmh Mii (1847), chdp: "b phia trUde l lu Ngu Mdn (tic Doan Mdn) \k nen cu c ia c ia Tam Mdn nha Ly. Ddi Gia Long hoang trieu pha cia Ttim Mdn, nam t h i nam (1806) dflng cpt cd cia thanh" (8). Cd the ndi, neu Doan Mon la Idp e ia trong, nghiem cin hdn, thi Tam Mon cd the coi la gidi ban phia nam c ia e l m thanh. Thflc chit, ndu mud'n tim c ia chinh Nam cia Cim thanh Thang Long, thi dd phai la Tam Mdn. Trieu Nguyen vd Chu Tudc Trong thfl tich cd Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c, c i a Nam Cim thanh Thang Long, ngoai Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn, cdn cd hai ten khic la "Trieu Nguyen" va "Chu Tfldc". Trong chinh s i Dai Vipt, ten c ia Triiu Nguyin xu i t hien d i u tien nam 1355 vdi sfl kien bi s6t danh vao c i a chinh c ing e i a nach hai ben ta hflu (9). Cae s i gia trieu Nguyen ch i r ing day chinh la "cdng choi trfldc dien Thien An" (10), t i c cdng trfldc dipn Kinh Thien thdi Le vd sau. Nam 1631, do chua Trinh Trang td chic tap tran, mpt l in n i a "cia Trieu Nguyen c i a trieu dinh d trong thanh" lai hi hoa hoan, khien vua Le Thin Tdng phai lanh khoi cung dien ma'y ngay (11). Khong ehi trong chinh s i Viet Nam, sich s i Trung Qud'c (Nguyen sd), trong ph in ndi ve An Nam, cung chdp c ia chinh Nam Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Trin dfldc treo bien de "Trieu Thien Cac" (gac Tridu Thien, cd the la viet sai c i a "Trieu Nguyen") (12). Khdng xui t hien sdm nhU ten Tridu Nguyen, phai den nam 1485, chinh s i mdi chdp den ten c ia Chu Tudc, g in hen vdi hai cdng trinh Doan Mdn va Dan Tri cua Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Le (13). Sang the ky XVI, c i a Chu Tudc mdt l i n nfla xui t hien trong bien nien s i riam 1528, khi cac thdlUc "phi Le" dem quan d inh th ing vao Clin thanh, ndi Mac D&ng Dung t i mpt nam tnidc dd da lam viec "thi nghich" va "tidm ngdi" (14). vay, cac c i a Nam Cim thanh thdi Ly - Tr in - Le la Trieu Nguyen va Chu Tudc la nhiing c i a nao? Dd la cac Idp c ia khac hay t r i ng vdi Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn? Ly giai v i n de nay, gidi nghien c iu thanh Thang Long cho den nay v in cd nhflng trinh bay khac nhau. Tuy nhien, vd cd ban cac nha khoa hpc deu thd'ng nh i t mpt nhan t h i c chung la, ngoai Ddng Trfldng An (DTA) va Tay Trfldng An (TTA), Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - Tr in - Le cd hai Idp c i a chinh la Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn. Cdn Tridu Nguyen hay Chu Tfldc la ten c i a Idp c i a n io thi tuy theo y kidn c ia t i n g hpc gia: T i nam 1975, Gilo sfl Tr in Qud'c Vfldng va nha nghien cflu Vu Tuin San da cho r i ng gac Trieu Nguyen c ia Ca'm thanh Thang Long thdi Tr in , qua ghi chdp trong Nguyin sd, \k b tren 'Dfldng Minh Mdn" (ma theo cac tac gia tflc la c i a Doan Mdn) (15); Nam 2004, nha nghien c iu Bioi Thiet da ddng n h i t Doan Mdn vdi Chu Tfldc, hdn thd lai cho r ing c i a Chu Tfldc c i a Cim thanh nhin ra hd Chu Tfldc bao quanh Qud'c T i Giam (tic hd Gilm) (16); Nam 2005, PGS.TS Nguyen T h i a Hy cho r ing c i a Nam c i a thanh Long Phfldng la e i a Doan Mdn, cung gpi \a Doan Minh, Chu Tfldc, Trieu Nguyen, l l u Ngu Mdn (phia trong) hoac c i a Tam Mdn (phia ngoai) (17). Nhfl vay, theo t ie gia, d i do la hai Idp c ia trong (Doan Mon) va ngoai (Tam Mdn), nhflng deu cd the gpi chung la Doan Mon hay "cia chinh phia nam" Cim thanh. Dac biet, tac gia cho r ing Tridu Nguyen va Chu Tfldc, cing vdi Doan Minh va Ngu Mdn, la cac ten khac cua Idp e i a trong. 36 RghiSn curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010^ Hinh 1: Trich Trung Do chi do, k^ hifiu A.3034 Ngfldc lai thdi gian, nam 1990, t i c gia Pham Han cho r i ng Trieu Nguyen chinh la c ia Tam Mdn, vi qua sfl kien nam 1855, cd the suy doan Tridu Nguyen cd 3 c i a (mpt c ia chinh va 2 c i a nach hai ben) (18). 6 day, ching tdi n h i t tri vdi y kidn cua Pham Han bdi hai ly do sau: Thd nhdt, sfl kipn boa hoan nam 1631 cho th iy d im l i a chay t i P h i chua Trjnh, cac phd' phfldng, rdi lan ddn e i a Tridu Nguyen c i a "trieu dinh" vua Le. Do dd, Trieu Nguyen phai la Idp c i a ngoai c ing cua "thanh ndi"; Vii thd hai, ban Trung dd chi do, ky hipu A.3034 (Hinh 1), ghi r i t ro cIc Idp c i a Nam Cim thanh: ngoai c ing I i Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Trudng An; trong c ing la Doan Mdn; va d gifla Doan Mdn va Ddng - Tay Trfldng An, b ic thanh Cim tach ra, tao thanh mpt cai c i a (cd l l u gac) mang ten "Trieu Nguyen". Va vi tri dd chinh la Tam Mdn, gidi ban phia nam cua Cim thanh. Trong nghien c i u nam 2008, hpc gia Nhat Ban Yao Takao da tidn them mpt bfldc, phan dinh rd hdn ve cac Idp e i a c i a Nam ca'm thanh. Theo dd, ngoai c ing la Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Trfldng An, ma tac gia cho r i ng tidn than cua chung l i khu Vflc "Cd Lau Ddng Nhai" Va "Cd Lau Tay Nhai" trong p h i thanh Giao Chi thdi Minh thupc ( t ic thanh Ddng Quan) (19). Qua thflc, tren cac Ban dd Trung do thd ky XV-XVIII, Ddng - Tay Trfldng An khdng chi la mpt "khu vflc" ben ngoai phia nam ca'm thanh (A.2531, A.3034, VHt.41 (ehi cd DTA), ma cdn dfldc ve la hai c i a ngach b gdc dong nam va tay nam ngoai Cim thanh (diy d i nhi t la A.2499 vdi ca 2 cia; hoac chi cd c i a TTA nhfl A.3034). Qua hai c i a ngach nay la ddn chan tfldng thanh Ca'm va tien vao "cia Nam Cung thanh" b chinh gifla, ma theo Yao Takao, chinh la "Chu Tfldc Mdn". Phia trong c i a Chu Tfldc la Doan Mdn, m l thdi Minh la "Cd Lau" n i m gifla Co Lau Ddng - Tay Nhai. Nhfl vay, t i e gia da gian tiep khing dinh Chu Tfldc khdng phai la Doan Mdn, ma la Idp c i a ben ngoai c i a Doan Mdn. Nghien c iu cua Yao Takao, tuy khdng dd cap den Tam Mdn, nhflng thiet lap cho chung ta nhan dinh: Tam MPn chinh Id cda Chu Tudc. Nhan dinh nay cang dfldc cung cd' khi cl n i a d i u the ky XIX, Dfldng Ba Cung viet r ing : "Llu Ngu Mdn: b Vpng Cung, chinh gifla cd de hai chfl "Doan Mdn"... Ben ngoai la l l u Tam Mdn, the che cung tfldng tu.. . Nha vua [vua Le] thUdng sach v in thi Tien sy [thi Dinh] d day... T i thdi Le Trung Hung trd di l ly cho nay lam dien thdi trdi d i t , thi tridu chuyen tdi edng Kinh Thien, nay la Vong Cung. Cac vi vua ddi trUde di t u i n thu thudng d i n g ngiia b day. Bin ngodi co ky ddi [Cpt cd Ha Npi], tUdng truyin xUa Id cdng Chu Tudc (cdn ggi la ldu Tam PhUdng)" (20). e i a Ram va c ia Tay ciia Cam thanh... 37 Nhu vay, Trieu Nguyen hay Chu Tudc la nhiing ten gpi khac c ia Tam Mdn, cua Idp c ia ngoai c ing phia nam Cim th inh Thang Long thdi Ly - Tr in - Le (21). 2. C i a Tay: "Tay Mon" thdi Le va "Dai Trieu" thdi Ly - Tran? Cda Tdy cda Cdm thdnh thdi Le Ddi vdi c i a Tay c i a Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Hau Le, viec nhan biet trd nen d i dang hdn nhd cd cac thd he Ban dd Hdng Die. Tren ban dd, "Tay Mon" dUdc khic hpa rd ndt d gdc tay ble cua Cim thanh, lien kd phia ddng "Khan Sdn tU". Phd Giao sU Do Van Ninh nam 1983 da tflng gpi day la "cia Hau" de phan biet vdi "cia Tien" l i Doan Mdn (22). Tuy nhien, d i d vi tri khul t sau, nhflng ta khdng the p h i nhan vai trd quan trpng c i a c i a nay vi nd md ra khu quan sfl phia tay Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Le Sd. T i sau chidn th ing Ddng Quan nam 1428 den trfldc nhiing nam 1480-1490, d ben ngoai phia tay Cim thanh thdi Le Sd da tdn tai ddng thdi hai khu thao luyen quan sfl (23). Thd nhdt, vk ed trfldc, la 'T)iin Vu x i" t i thdi Minh thupc dfldc chdp trong An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng cuoi tridu Minh (24), ma tidn than la khu Xa Dinh - Giang Vd Dudng thdi Ly - Tr in (25), dUdc md ta la d phia nam trong thanh Dai La, tUdng dUdng khu vflc Giang Vo - Bao/Ngpc Khanh ngay nay; Thd hai, va cd sau, la khu Giang Vo dfldc lap ra vao tridu Le Sd, thupc khu vflc Khin Sdn - Ngpc Ha, phia tay ble Cim thanh (26). T im bia Triing tu Huy Vdn diin Due Khdnh tU bi, do Dfldng Ba Cung soan nam Tfl Die t h i 17 (1864) dat d chua Huy Van (27), cho bidt khu vUc Ngpc Ha hien nay la "cho luyen tap vo nghe xUa", va chinh la khu quan sii t h i hai thdi Le Sd. Khu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn n iy tdn tai khong lau, ddn nam 1481, Le Thanh Tdng chuyen dien Giang Vo ve x i Dien Vu, t i c quy gpn khu quan sii phia tay thanh Thang Long vd b i n Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh (28). Cling vdi do, nam 1490, Le Thanh Tdng md rpng Cim thanh ra ben ngoai Tnidng d iu vo (29) (t ic ciiu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn), va md rong Hoang thanh ra ben ngoai khu Diin Vu (Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh). Cac Ban dd Trung Dd the ky XVII-XVIII phan biet ro hai khu vflc nay, vdi "Khan Sdn tfl" dfldc lap vao ddi Dfldng Die (1672-1673) (30), va "Giang Vo dien" vdi "Hoi thi trfldng" (dfldc dat trfldc san dien Giang Vd) (31) d tay nam trong Hoang thanh "Thflde thd". Hdn thd, hai khu vflc nay tfl sau nam 1490 cdn dfldc ngan each thanh trong va ngoai khdng gian Cim, b ing b ic tudng md rdng Phung th inh c i a Le Thinh Tdng. Tren Hdng Die ban dd, h ie tUdng thanh chia khu phia tay Hoang thanh ra lam hai phin, p h i n phia ble la ndi "lap vUdn ThUdng Lam, trong vUdn cd hUdu va cac t h i khic" (32), va p h i n cdn lai phia nam, each biet vdi khu Cim thanh md rpng bing Idp thanh mdi d ip nam 1490 tren day (33). Do dd, "Khan Sdn tu" t i cho n i m ben ngoai phia tay ble PhUdng thanh, gid da thupc vao pham vi khdng gian Cim. Nhu vay, t i n i a cudi the ky XV trd di, Kinh dd Thang Long ching kidn sii "suy vi" c i a ca hai c i a thanh phia Tay. Neu c ia Quang Phuc cua Hoing thanh bien m i t khdi ban dd vk thU tich thd ky XV-XVIII, thi Tay Mdn c i a Ci'm thanh chi cdn dUdc md ra khu thUdng uyen c i a hoing gia tridu Le. Khu vUe nay ed the thdng vdi p h i n Tay Nam cdn lai cua thanh 'ThUdc thd" bing mpt cdng phu (Ban dd A.1081, A.1601), hoac dupe dUa trd lai khdng gian Hoang thanh khi b i c tudng nam 1490 khdng con tdn tai (cac ban A.2006, VHt.30-A.2716, A.584, VHc.01282), nhflng chic chin trong mpt khoang thdi gian dai, nd hoan toan 3S Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 each biet vdi n i a cdn lai c i a Tay Hoing thanh (VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.73) (34). Dieu dd cd nghia, tfl thdi diem nay trd di, vai trd va chic nang c i a Tay Mdn da bi suy giam, khdng cdn la c i a chinh c i a Cim thanh nfla. Hay ndi khac di, vdi sU xu i t hien c i a b i c tudng nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi cdn la mdt trong cac c i a thupc npi bp Ci'm thanh, de cac the he Ban dd Hdng Die t i chd khic hpa mpt Tay Mdn heo lanh (A.2531, VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.1081), ddn tham chi loai bo hang muc nay ra khdi hpa hinh (A.73, A.2006, A.2716, A.584, A.1601, VHc.01282). Cdca Dai Trieu Cae nghien c iu t i trUdc den nay deu h l u nhu chUa de cap den c i a Tay c i a Cim thanh Thang Long trfldc the ky XV. Duy nha't t i e gia Pham Han cho r ing c i a Quang Phuc (hay Hoing Phuc) khdng phai la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, ma phai la c i a Tay cua Ca'm thanh (35). Sd di c i a Tay Cim thanh thdi Ly - T r in chUa dUdc nhle ddn, hoac nhle den chfla chinh xac, khdng phai VI nd kdm quan trpng (nhfl Tay Mdn sau nam 1490), ma la vi v in de tfl lieu. Tuy nhien, vai mau thdng tin vun vat tfl trong chinh s i dfldng nhfl cd the giup ta phan doan dfldc mpt dieu gi dd. Theo bien nien s i , nam 1363, vua T r in Du Tdng cho s i a sang vUdn Hau uyen, sai dao mot loat cac hd nhU Lac Thanh, Thanh NgU de nudi tha nhieu loai hai ngU, ca hiem t i Hai Ddng, Hoa Chau mang ve. Cing vdi viec trang boing vUdn ngii hau cung mpt each xa xi, vua Tr in cho "lam day khach lang d Tay dien th ing den c i a Hodng Phuc", ddng thdi "diing day trUdng lang t i gdc Nguyen Huydn th ing den c ia Dgi Triiu phia t a y . Vin d khu vUc phia Tay nay, ngay nam sau (1364), nha Tr in cho xay diing mpt day khach lang b Tay dien th ing den c i a Quang/Hoing phuc. Khdng chi la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, nam 1368, Tr in Du Tdng lai tidp tuc "lam hanh lang dai sudt t i gic Nguyen Huyen den tan c ia Dgi Triiu phia tay dd tipn cho cac quan vio chiu tranh n ing mUa" (36). T i nhflng thdng tin tren cd the thiy: thd nhdt, nhiing l i n xay s i a tai Thing Long thap nien 1360 deu nh im vao khu vflc an chdi thfldng ngoan c ia cac trieu Ly - Trin (va ca Le vd sau) d phia tay Kinh thanh, gin hen vdi cac c i a thanh phia nay, trong dd it nh i t la cd c i a Quang Phuc; thd hai, trong cung mdt ddt xay dflng (nam 1363), cd hai c i a phia tay: mot I i c i a Quang Phic l i c ia Tay c i a Hoing thanh; cdn hai la e i a Dai Tridu, vay day Ik ciia gi?; vk thd ba, ciia Dai Trieu phia tay nay la ndi quan lai vao chiu, vi vay vua Tr in cho xay hanh lang (bin cd mai che) de cac quan tranh dfldc n ing mfla. Den day chung tdi dat gia thuyet ring, cda Dgi Triiu chinh Id cita Tdy cda Cdm thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn (hoac chi it vdo thdi Trdn), vd la ndi cdc quan vdo chdu mPi ldn vua thiet triiu. C i a Tay Cim thanh, hdn the, cung la mpt cda quan trgng cua Thdng Long thi' ky XI-XIV, dUdc cdc vua Ly, Trdn (chi it la vua Trdn) sd dung di ra vdo Cdm thdnh, de td dd ra vdo kinh thdnh (37). Thflc ra, day khdng phai la phat hipn mdi, ma ngay t i nam 1990, Pham Han da nhle den ten "Dai Tridu" vdi tfl each la c i a Tay c i a Cl^ m th inh thdi Trin. Tuy nhien, t ie gia lai cho r ing ca "Dai Tridu" thdi Tr in hay "Cia Tay" (Tay Mdn) thdi Lg ddu la vet tfch c ia c i a Quang Ph ic thdi Ly, vk dfldc xay dflng tfl nam 1010. Hdn the, b thdi diem nha ngoai giao Pham Kim Hing viet sach, tac gia da chfla quan tam den mot cdng trinh k h i quan trpng, lien quan den v in dd c ia Tay Cim thanh thdi Ly - Tr in - Le: dd la Ddi Ldu vien. e i a Ram va c ia Tay cia Cam thanh... 39 Dai Lau v i fn d ben ngoai ciia Tay cua H o i n g thanh hay Cam thanh? Vipn Dai Lau la ndi quan lai tap trung, chd den l ie dfldc vao chiu. d Trung Quoc, Dai Lau vien da c6 t i thdi Dudng, "lau" cd nghia \k nUde chay nho giot, de do gid (38), cung phan anh thdi gian chd ddi tnidc khi thiet tridu. 6 Viet Nam, vipn Dai Lau dUdc xay diing diu tien d Kinh dd Thang Long dudi thdi Le Sd, tridu Le Thai Td (1428-1433), dfldc cae sach Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Khdm dinh Viet sd thPng gidm cUdng muc chdp vao sfl kiSn thang 5 nam 1497, ngay sau khi Hoang ddLe Thanh Tdng qua ddi (39). Tuy chinh s i chdp rd nhU vay, nhUng cd mot thflc te la, cac nghien c iu th inh Thang Long t i trfldc den nay h l u nhfl ehUa quan tam nhieu den edng trinh n i y (40). Phai den cud'n sach Thdng Long - Hd Ndi - Mpt nghin sU kien lich sd, do PGS.TS Vu Van Quan ciing tap the tac gia bien soan nam 2007, Dai Lau vipn mdi l i n d iu dUdc khao ciu. Theo cac tac gia, vipn Dai Lau dUdc xay dung dUdi thdi Le Thai To (1428-1433), va dUde cd' dinh vi tri qua eac trieu vua Thai Tdng, Nhan Tong; Den thdi tri vi e i a minh (1460-1497), Le Thanh Tdng cho xay them hai day n h i d ngoai c i a Nam Hoang thanh, va ngay sau khi Hoang dd bang ha, vi vua mdi Le Hien Tdng cho diing Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Dai HUng tren cd sd cac day nha da ed t i tnidc dd. Ddng thdi, Vu van Quan va cac t i e gia cung dUa ra hai v in dd nghien c i u tie'p tuc l i : thd nhd't, vipn Dai Lau tnidc nam 1497 n i m ngoai c ia Tay Ik c i a Tay nao?; Va thd hai, phai chang dudi trieu Le Thanh Tdng, ddng thdi vdi Dai Lau vipn d mpt c i a Tay nio dd, phia ngoai c i a Dai Hung cdn cd hai day nha, tuy mdi xay dflng nhflng cung mang chic nang tfldng tii? (41). Nghien c i u tiep theo (cung la g in day nha't) de cip den Dai Lau vien la tham luan c i a PGS.TS Yao Takao tai Hpi thao Vi$t Nam hpc l i n t h i III (nam 2008). Tidn them mpt budc, hoc gia Nhat Ban da dUa ra hai nhan dinh cd hen quan: thd nhdt, vien Dai Lau la ndi ma cac quan chd ddi md c ia Hoang thanh, do dd tnidc thdi Le Thanh Tdng, vipn nay dUdc dat phia ngoai c ia Tay c ia Hoing thanh, t i c c i a Quang Phic; vk thd hai, nkm 1490, Le Thanh Tdng cho md rpng Hoang thanh (chi khdng phai C&n thinh) vd phia tay, do dd c ia Tay Hoang thanh bi pha bo, Dai Lau vien dUpe ddi sang tnidc Dai HUng Mdn, va dieu dd ly giai vi sao cae Ban dd Hdng Die khdng ve c ia Quang Phic c ia Hoang th inh "ThUdc thd" (42). Tuy nhien, nhiing nhan dinh nay c i a tac gia lai vIp phai hai nghich Iy: nghich ly thd nhdt, mk chfnh tac gia da t h i a nhin , dd la, neu vidn Dai Lau n i m ngoai c i a Quang Ph ic d g in bd sdng Td Lich, thi l lm sao cac quan di bp vao Cung thanh dUde (tic di t i khoang Ciu Gily vao g in dfldng Hoang Dieu)? De thao gd vfldng mIc nay, t ie gia dfla ra gia thuyet la thanh Ddng Quan thdi Minh thupc va Holng thanh Ddng Kinh trUde nam 1490 la hinh vudng, nhd dd, cac quan tham tridu chi phai di bp t i e i a Quang Ph ic (quang phd Hing VUdng) de vio den dipn Kinh Thien (phfa ddng dudng Hoang Dipu). Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, chi can c i vao vipc Binh Dinh VUdng Le Ldi c i t c i 4 tUdng mai phi;ie 4 c i a Ddng, Tdy, Nam, Bdc ciia t h inh Ddng Quan (43) thi khdng the kh ing dinh thanh nay, cung nhU Hoang thanh d i u thdi Le Sd, la hinh vudng dUpe. Cho den tnidc thdi diem xay thanh Ha Npi (1805), cac vdng thanh Thang Long the ky XI-XVIII, t i Dai La ("mpt dudng cong tfl do") (44), den Hoang thanh (va tham chi ca Cim thanh) 40 Rghien curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 ddu chUa bao gid thflc sfl vudng ca. Cae nghien c iu cua Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Gilo sU Tr in Qud'c VUdng ddu da nhidu l i n n h i n manh den sfl thfch iing v l tan dung tdi flu - tdi da nhiing dieu kien tfl nhien, sfl boa dipu gifla nhflng kidn t r i e n h i n tao vdi canh sic thien nhien cua dien mao Thang Long thdi Trung dai. Theo dd, cac vdng thanh Thang Long khdng qua coi trpng tinh ky ha, ddi x ing vk vudng v i n (45) nhfl nhflng mlu hinh thanh quach cua Trung Qudc hay Nhat Ban. Hdn the, nhan dinh cua hpc gia Yao Takao lien quan den vipc xem xdt gidi ban phfa tay c i a Hoing thanh thdi Ly - T r in - Le, l i mpt c h i dd thao luan ldn ma cho den nay v i n chfla di den thd'ng nha't hoan toan trong gidi khoa hpc. Tuy vay, ching tdi n h i t tri vdi quan diem m i GS.TS Nguyen Quang Ngpc dd xui t t i nam 1986 (46) va dang dflpc da so' cae nha nghien c iu chip nhan, dd la Hoang thanh Thang Long, trfldc, sau nam 1490 (va cho den the ky XVII-XVIII, dac bidt la nam 1749), ddu bao trpn ca khu vflc phia Tay (tic khu Thip tam trai, rdi Tdng Npi c ia the ky XVIII-XIX). V i nhfl the thi khdng the cd chuypn Hoang thanh hinh vuong, d i ehi la n h i t thdi, va cang khdng hdp ly khi dat Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Quang Phuc e ia b ic th inh trai rpng ddng - tay dd. Ve nghich ly thd hai, cd the th iy cho den tnidc nam 1467, mpt so' cdng sd c i a trieu dinh trung Udng v in dUdc dat trong pham vi Hoang thanh, chi it (va tham chi) la Bp Hinh va Dai Ly TU, la hai cd quan tiep dan dong dao (47) NhU vay, ndu Dai Lau vipn dat d ben ngoai c i a Tay Hoang thanh, thi vd hinh chung cac quan phai ddi nhi$m sd, vdng ra ben ngoai thanh d ing dpi de vio chiu; hoac t i n h i rieng di den c ia Tiy, xdp hang bUdc vao trong Hoang thanh, ndi cd cac cd quan ma hang ngay minh v in lui tdi, rdi qua Cim thanh de vao tham trieu (?!). NgUdc trd lai thdi Ly - Trin, ta th iy tham ehi tU gia e i a dai quan tridu Ly la Viet Qudc cdng Ly Thudng Kiet v in cdn dat d tren "ngfl sdn" Thai Hoa, thupc "phfldng Thai Hoa" trong khudn khd Hoang thanh (48). Cung khu vflc phia Tay nay, ben canh cac cung dien cua hoang gia (cung Thai/Dai Thanh, cung Canh Linh, cung Thai Hoa), cae cdng trinh kidn t r i e tdn gilo nhfl ch i a Van Tue, ch ia Chan Giao cung dfldc xay dflng (49). Trong khudn vien Dai ndi, mdt Gidi Trfldng dfldc l ip b ch ia Van Tue ngay t i nam 1010, la ndi ma cac tang dd thu gidi; cdn cung Thai Thanh ciing ddng thdi la ndi cae dao sy nhan ky luc (50). Do dd, khdng phai dpi den d iu thdi Le Sd, khi mpt Khu Quan sfl dflpc thanh lap d day c ing vdi cac boat dpng hpc tap, thao dien c i a quan dpi v i sfl tdn tai cua cac khu gia binh, dinh thii quan lai (51), m i ngay t i thdi Ly - Tr in , khu vflc phia tay "thanh Thang Long" da khdng cdn la ndi ehi cd hoang gia va trieu dinh. Tfl gidi tang ni, dao sy den qu in ching binh din, nhiing ngfldi cd mdi hen he nao dd vdi tridu dinh (nhfl flu dai, an hue), hay dfldc giao trach nhiem trdng coi den midu (cfl dan viuig T h i Le), hoac hi xung vao viec c i t cd, chan nudi voi ngfla cho quan quan (cac loai toi dd lam Lao thanh binh), ma dfldc gpi chung la "vfldng dan", cflng sinh song, lam vipc va phuc dich tai day (52). Sang thd ky XVII- XVIII, khi khu vflc nay trd nen hoang phe, hi gat b i n ra ben ngoai khdng chi Hoang thanh ma cdn ra khoi pham vi Dai La - Dai Dd (nam 1749), qua trinh binh dan boa cang trd nen manh me. Cung the ky XVIII, Dai Lau vipn khdng nhflng khdng cdn d ngoai vi Hoang thanh, ma tham chf dfldc dat, khdng phai ben ngoai, ma la npi thupc thanh Ca'm. Sach Tang thUdng ngdu luc chdp: "Nam Canh Hflng At Ty (1785)... Bly gid viec chiu eihi Ram va c i a Tay cia earn thanh. 41 trong trieu dfldng bo be tfl lau, nen dien cu 6 N i n g Sdn bd l im diin Kinh Thien, thd Hi^u thien Thfldng dd (gidi), Hau thd Dia k^ (dtft), v i phu phdi d ie Thai td Hoang de [Le Thai Td - DTTL]. Nhflng ngay mdng mpt va r im, vua ra coi chiu d dien Cdn Chinh. Viin Ddi Ldu b hai ben dien l y ndi nhau sup dd, co mpe len them va ngap ddn d iu gdi, phan ngfla v ly ra bfla bai. Ddn bly gid, sai vien Dd linh dd'c xua't bon ve sy s i a dpn them son, chfla viin Ddi Ldu... Ddn ngay, Hoang thfldng [Le Hien Tdng] ngfl len ngai, hai ban van v5 dan theo t h i tfl... Ong Phan Huy ich quy b hflu ngfl didn, tuy§n dpc td bieu, tieng vang ra tan c i a Doan Mdn. L i thinh, . . . ban yen b viin Ddi Ldu. Nhiing dng gia h i ca b Kinh dd ddu ndi: "Ti nien hieu Chfnh Hoi [1680-1705] den nay, trai 80 nam khdng dUdc trong thiy cai l i niy" (53). Ndi tdm lai, chung tdi cho r ing vipn Dai Lau trUdc ddi Le Thanh Tdng khd cd the n im ngoai c i a Quang Phuc c i a Hoing thanh, ma nhidu kha nang nd dUdc dflng bin ngodi cita Tdy cua Cdm thdnh Thdng Long td ddi Thudn Thiin (1428-1433), ke thda chdc ndng cua cda Dgi Triiu thdi Ly - Trdn. Vin de dat ra l i , vi sao trong thdi gian tri vi c i a Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497), vien Dai Lau lai dfldc chuyen t i c i a Tay ca'm thanh sang/ra c i a Nam Hoing thanh (cia Dai Hflng), v i vi sao t i mpt c i a Dai Trieu quan trong ddn nhfl v iy lai trd thanh mpt Tay Mdn kha heo lanh nhfl tren Ban dd Hdng Die? 3. Thanh Thang Long thdi Le Thanh Tong va moi tufdng quan givifa hai ciia Tay v i Nam Cain thanh the ky XI-XVI Su thay ddi ciia thdnh Thdng Long dudi trieu Le Thdnh Tong Budc sang the ky XV, xa hpi Dai Viet chuydn qua mpt bUde ngoat lich s i can ban. Trieu Le Sd, ma dac biet la Le Thanh Tdng, c h i trUdng xay dflng d i t nfldc theo md hinh quan chu tap quyen Nho giao. Anh hudng c i a van hoa Ddng A Trung Hoa ngay cang tha'm dam; phan t ing va phan biet dang d p da trd nen s iu sic; hp thd'ng phap luat thanh van dUde kipn toan. Cd the ndi, thd che chfnh tri, xa hpi Dai Vipt the ky XV da budc vao "giai doan md hinh" thiic thu c i a che dp phong kii'n nhd nUdc quan lieu Viet Nam, vdi mpt trieu dinh t i p quydn dfldc diy len den dinh cao chuyen che dfldi thdi Le Thanh Tdng, g in chat vdi y chi va quydn liic tdi thUdng ca nhan nha vua (54). Trong bdi canh dd, quan niem ve mdt kinh dd phong kien, vdi ph ic hdp Tam t r ing th inh quach dUdc phan cip c in mat, da hinh thanh va tiing bfldc di vao thflc tiin. Lien quan mat thidt den ft n h i t hai trong so' ba Idp tudng thanh Thang Long the ky XV- XVI la cac boat dpng tridu nghi theo dien che Trung Hoa do nha Le Sd dat ra, g in Hen vdi hd thd'ng Kinh Thien - Dan Tri - Doan Mdn. Tuy nhien, thiic te t i chinh s i cho thiy, cai ten Dan Tri chua xui't hipn cho den nam 1437 (55), Doan Mdn khdng dUdc gpi chinh xac nhU the trfldc nam 1472, va dac biet r i t cd the vao d iu thdi Le Sd, dipn Kinh Thien chfla mang chic nang quan trpng nhfl d giai doan vd sau (56). Cho d i cac vi vua d i u tridu Le Sd, nhfl Le Thai Tdng (nam 1437), Nhan Tdng (nam 1448), deu co y thidt lap nghi t h i c trieu dinh theo quy che Trung Hoa (nhi Minh), nhUng phai den ddi Quang Thu^n - Hdng Die, nhflng nghi l i dd mdi dfldc ban h i n h va thflc hipn mpt each quy cu, ddng bp. Le Thanh Tdng khdng chi l i vi Hoang dd c h i trfldng nhiet t h i n h mot "che dp toan trj cflc quydn" (totalitarism), mk cdn la mpt tin dd dien hinh cua chu nghia quy pham. Ong da cho ban hanh kha nhieu cae Ipnh chi, s ic 42 Rghi&n c iu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 1 Khdng gian thdnh 1 SungVO KluhlliiCa 1 DuiTi) TblTirtu 1 Ngh|sv j 1 duftiif 1 Khong gian Hodng thdtth . ' r~ 1 Doan j fUnbJang 'nhlaKv I — , TjUBIUt An 1 Ven Minh PhiA^nfhi dudng Y"" MAg 1 ChuTiroc 1 Hanh lang; 1 • liUDi./ An Kh6ng gian La Ihinh DinliO '<ivs 1 \V i 1 1 1-J lusn t l 1 j l-JiL 1 9 ' / - , • . . • Vifong h&u, Quan A . j 1 Vinme ban. 1 Quan, Lai Tien A VUOQS " 1 1 Luvita. 1 1 Tlia dens Str <f(j itftu Trung tdm Cdm thdnh vd mdt phdn Ddng Nam Hodng thdnh thdi Li Thdnh Tdng d\f. ti mi, quy dinh le nghia trong mpi mat ddi sd'ng e i a quan lieu cung nhfl qu in ching nhan dan. Theo dd, Nho giao trieu Le Sd ciing cd sfl nga m i u theo thdi gian, tfl "Nho giao cdn dam ydu to' nhdn" thdi Nguyin Trai, thi ddn Le Thanh Tdng, nd da chuyen sang mang dam yeu to' li (57). Coi trpng l i nghia, dac bipt la nghi th i c cung finh, Le Thanh Tdng, trong sud't thdi gian tri vi e i a minh, da thflc hipn mpt cupc cai each cae boat dpng tridu nghi tai Ddng Kinh. Cudc cai each dd gin chat va lam bien ddi kidn true Thang Long n i a sau the ky XV (vi kidn t r i e n i y cdn duy tri cho ddn cudi the ky XVI, khi hai hp Mac, Trinh t i n pha kinh thanh) (58). Cu the, dd la sfl hinh thanh hp thdng Kinh Thien - Dan Tri - Doan Mdn, ma rpng ra gdm ca Chu Tfldc (Canh Mdn?) - Ddng-Tay Trang An - Dai Hflng Mdn (Nam Huan?) vdi sfl phan bipt/phan d p rd rpt cac khdng gian Cim th inh - Hoang thanh - La thanh (Hinh 2). Sfl chia c i t ndi ngoai nghiem mM gifla cac vdng th inh , ma cd't loi la dien Kinh Thien va hai Idp c i a Nam CS^ m thanh (Doan Mdn va Chu Tfldc), dudi thdi Le Thanh Tdng cdn la h$ qua c i a c h i nghia "Tdn quin" mang nang tfnh d ing ctfp va ly tri, hay mpt c h i nghia dan ban d i nhat bdt ph in ldn tfnh than dan hoa ddng, dflpc dd cao trong g in 4 thap ky dng vua nay tai vi (59). Cung chfnh vi thd ma tuy nam 1434, e i a Ram va c i a Tay c ia Cam thanh., 43 ten gpi "Hoang thanh" da xua't hien trong chfnh s i (60) nhflng phai ddn thap nien 1460, ten gpi "Cung thanh" mdi cd (1467) va khai nidm "Hoang thanh" mdi g in chat vdi van ban phap luat nha Le, ciing nhflng Ignh ca'm cu the, d n mat trong npi bd ca hai vdng thanh nay, cung nhfl trong pham vi toin kinh dd (61). Hay ndi each khac, phai ddn trieu Le Sd, dac bipt la ddi Le Thanh Tdng, mpt "Hoang thanh" (Royal citadel) theo nguyen nghia du nhap t i Dong Ble A mdi dfldc hinh t h i n h tai qudc dd Dai Viet. C ing vdi dd, cac hoat dpng quy hoach th inh Thang Long c i a Le Thinh Tdng ddu tuan theo mdt nguyen t ic chung la khdng chi phan d p gifla triiu dinh quan liiu vdi qudn chung binh ddn, mk cdn phan bipt nghiem d n gifla hodng de (vi ciing l lm la hodng gia) vdi quan Igi (mk tham chf ca vdi quy tpc). Theo dd, Le Thanh Tdng, nam 1467, da ddi hai cd quan tiep dan la Bd Hinh va Dai Ly Tfl ra khoi Hoang thanh; c ing vdi dd (cic nam 1460- 1469) vua cho xay dflng lai Doan Mdn, de ddn nam 1472, ten gpi "Doan Mdn" l i n d iu tien xui t hien trong chinh s i (62); rdi dflng hai day nha ngoai e i a Dai Hflng (sau nam 1472) (63) de thay the cho "Cflu Dai Lau vien" b e i a Tay th inh Cim; va ddn nhflng nam 1479-1480, b ben ngoii ta, hflu Doan Mdn npi thupc Nam Cim thanh da cd cac cdng trinh ho trd cho viec tidn trieu cua vfldng than, dai quan (64). Canh giic sau sfl bien Nghi Dan, Le Thanh Tdng, ngay sau khi len ngdi, da ban bd' cac quy dinh kb i t khe (1460) de bao ve khdng gian Cim (65), phan biet "bly tdi trong cung" v l "bly toi d ngoai [cung]" (1477), tham chf cdn d m quan lai khdng dfldc tii y bdn mang den ben ngoai Doan Mdn (1487), va dac biet, nam 1490, vua cho md rpng ca Hoang thanh va Cim th inh , nhUng khdng ddng nghia vdi viec ndi long an ninh, ma tham chf cdn t h i t chat bao ve, canh phdng d n m i t hdn b ing quan dpi (66) va cac chd dinh phap luat. Chinh trong bdi canh nay, c i a Tay cua ca'm thanh Thang Long tflng bfldc ml^t di vi thd quan trpng c i a nd. Tay Mdn v i "Dai L iu vipn ddi Thuan Thien" chi dflpc s i dung eiing l lm la cho ddn nam 1472, khi e i a n i y hi chay, khi vua Le Thanh Tdng cho xay "Tan Dai Lau vipn" b ngoai Dai Hflng Mdn va b i t d i u quy dinh tfldng sy vao chiu theo dfldng c i a Nam Ca'm th inh . Dd la chfla b i n den chuyen r i t cd the t i sau nam 1467 trd di, khdng eon nhieu cd quan Nha nfldc (dan sii) dfldc dat trong npi bp Hoang thanh (67). Sau nam 1481, khi Giang Vo - Khan Sdn dfldc sap nhap vao Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh, thi cac tudng linh quan dpi b i n phai vao chiu theo t h i tfl tfl c i a Dai Hflng. De den nam 1485, Le Thanh Tdng chinh t h i c dfla ra quy che tien trieu c i a quan lai theo trinh tU: Dai HUng - Ddng Tnidng An - Chu Tude - Doan Mdn - Dan Tri (68). Rdi khi Le Thanh Tdng md rpng Phung t h i n h nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi cdn la mpt c i a nhd trong npi bp Cim th inh . v a cudi cing, nam 1497, tridu Le cho xay (chinh xac la s ia ) Dai L iu vien b ngoai c i a Dai HUng, tuy vao thdi diem sau khi Le Thanh Tdng bang h i , nhUng ro rang ciing chi la tidp tue thflc hipn nhflng hoach dinh ma being de da vach ra va tien hanh t i 30 nam trUdc dd. Cing vdi sU "thi't thg" c i a TSy Mdn l i sfl cung cd'vi tri quan trpng c i a cac Idp c i a Nam ca'm thanh va he thd'ng Doan Mdn - Dan Tri - Kinh Thien. Nhin tren cac Ban dd Thang Long t i sau nam 1490, d i "bic tudng md rpng PhUdng th inh" dUdc khIe hpa la dang xay dd hay da hoan thanh, md edng hay kin mft, thi ro rang c i a Chu Tudc vSn la c i a chinh de vio Cim thanh, va c i a duy nha't de vao trung tam (phfa ddng) c i a 44 RghiSn c iu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 khdng gian Ci'm. Cung b i t d i u t i Ban dd Hdng Die, "Thi Tridu dipn" l i n d iu tien xui t hien trong ket el^u thanh Thang Long (69), g in lien vdi cae boat dpng trieu nghi cua nha Le tai trung tam Cim thanh, hoan thien mpt hp thd'ng tdng t h i Kinh Thien - Thi Tridu - Doan Mdn - Chu Tudc. Va cung t i nam 1490 trd di cho den the ky XVII- XVIII, quy hoach chung cua Thang Long - Ddng Kinh cho th iy phia nam ngoai Hoang thanh (ngoai t r i P h i chua Trinh) dUde bd tri la khu van boa - giao due, dinh thii quan lai, ndi tap hdp c i a cac th inh ph in quan heu, tri th ic Nho hpc (70), v l e i a Dai HUng la c i a Hoing th inh duy nha't hen he khu vflc nay vdi Ca'm thanh. Chinh vi thd ma nam 1491, mpt nam ngay sau khi md rpng Phfldng thanh, Le Thanh Tdng cho xay dinh Quang Van d c i a Dai Hflng c ia Hoing thanh, lam ndi ban bd' cae chu tnidng, chfnh sach c ia N h i nfldc vdi quan quan (71). T r d la i vdi Cain t h a n h thdi Ly - T r a n va v a n de p h a n ky l ich sii t h a n h T h i n g Long t h e ky XI-XVI Vin dd dat ra b day la, cac cdng trinh can Nguyen (Thien An), Long Tri, Doan Minh/Mdn da hinh thanh va tdn tai tfl thdi Ly - Trin, v^y vai trd va chic nang c i a cac hang muc nay trong tdng the ket ca'u thanh Thang Long the ky XI-XIV l i nhfl thd nao? Thflc td t i chfnh s i cho thiy, dien Cin Nguyen - Thien An va Long Tri khdng nhflng la ndi cac vua Ly, T r in thidt trieu, ma cdn la ndi td chic cac cupc hdi hpp nhfl td chic hpi thd cho "ngfldi/nhan dan trong nfldc" (cac nam 1069, 1119, 1128, 1137, 1138, 1175, 1214, 1225), l i tuyen the cho quan quan (1119, 1128, 1138, 1175); ndi md hpi Nhan Vfldng (1077, 1126, 1149), md hpi den Quang Chidu (1126), td chflc hpi La Han (1040, 1056), l i hpi Phat Dai Nguyen, le t i m Phat, hpi Phat phap (1036, 1072, 1149); ndi duypt ca'm quan (1351), td chic da'u voi (1147, 1149), da'u hd hay la ndi vfldng h l u thi tap mua v5, da d u , h i t phdt (1126, 1130); ndi qu in t h i n dang bieu ming (1072, 1128), ndi b ing nam nha vua ban phat trang phi^c cho qu in t h i n (1123, 1128); Ddi khi day cdn la diem de ban yen tiec nhan dip thfldng xuan (1032, 1195, 1237, 1371), dip th ing t ran (1044), ndi "dat hpi ldn" de Ly Chieu Hoang truyen ngdi cho Tr in Canh (1225), tham chf la ndi td chic hdn l i e i a eon cai dai quan, vfldng h lu (1222) (72). Hdn the, da khdng dUdi 2 lin, cac vua Ly, T r i n cdn khdng thidt tridu b dien C i n Nguyen - Thien An trong mpt khoang thdi gian dai den vai thap ky (73). Ddi vdi Doan Mdn, cung ed thd th iy ngoai van bia c h i a Dpi ra, trong chfnh s i Ly - Tr in hoan to in khdng cd hai chfl "Doan Mdn", ma chi mpt hai l i n nhle ddn "gle Doan Minh" hoac "Thuy Minh" (nam 1023, 1053), va c i a "Dfldng Minh" (nam 1281) (74). Rieng Dfldng Minh Mdn thi dfldc s i sach Trung Qud'c (thdi Nguyen) chdp rd vdi hai c i a nach la Van Hpi (ben hflu) va Nhat Tan (ben ta) (75). Tuy nhien, trong sud't the ky XI-XIV, cd ve nhfl Doan/Dfldng Minh chfla thflc sU hien di^n trong mpt kdt d u tdng thd eiing vdi dipn Thien An va Long Tri, khi ta th iy doi dipn phfa nam Thien An qua san rdng la dipn Cao Minh/Cao Dipn (nam 1010), hay l lu Chfnh DUdng (ndi trdng coi tfnh toan va bao gid khic) va dipn Phung Thien (sau nam 1029) (76). Dd la chua kd, neu qua thiic Doan Mdn chinh la ' l l u Ngu PhUdng Tinh c ia tridu Ly" nhU DUdng Ba Cung viet trong Hd Npi dia dU (77), thi cai "llu xem sao" (Tinh lau) n iy dUde xay diing ngay sau khi dinh dd (nam 1010), va rd rang mang mpt chic nang khac b in . Va dieu dac bipt quan trpng la, trong bien nien s i the ky XI-XTV, e i a Rzmi va c i a Tay c ia Cam thanh... 45 cac tridu Ly, Trin, Hd boin toin chUa dUa ra mpt quy chd nao vd vipc tien tridu cua quan lai g in hen vdi Doan Mdn ca. Rd rang la Doan Mdn, Long Tri, dien Thien An, va ca Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - Tr in ddu chUa thflc sfl la mpt khdng gian Ca'm, chi danh rieng cho nha vua va hoang tridu. S i cu da chdp nhidu l in ddng dao dan chung cd the vao San Rdng dd dfl cac l i hpi tdn giao tfn ngfldng (hpi Phat giao. La Han, hpi den Quang Chidu), hay viec nam 1310, dan ching nd n ic k6o ddn xem rUde linh cflu Thflpng hoang Tr in Nhan Tdng b dien Dien Hien, d ing chat t i c nghen ca ldl di, khidn Te tfldng phai elm roi xua dpp, Hflu ty phai d ing kd mdi gian dfldc dan ra (78). Thflc te nay phan anh mpt chfnh sach than dan, mpt quan hp boa ddng xa hpi c i a Nha nfldc quan ch i t i p quydn Dai Viet thd ky XI- XTV, ma nha Ly, T r in ludn dd cao. Sii than dan, boa ddng nay ddi lap hoan toan vdi ch i nghia tdn quan v i sU phan bipt ding d p trong ndn chinh tri - xa hpi Viet Nam the ky XV- d iu the ky XVI, dac biet dUdi thdi Le Thanh Tdng. Ndu vao ddi Hdng Die, tridu Le gidi ban so' tidu ddng ma vUdng h l u mang theo khi tidn tridu va quy dinh sau khi tan chiu, eac quan phai giai t i n vd nha mdn, khdng dUde d lai trong Ca'm thanh; thi b n i a cudi thd ky XlII trUde dd, vua Tr in Thanh Tdng da ha chidu cho cac vUdng h l u trong tdng th i t , sau khi tham trieu, dUdc b lai npi dipn va lan dinh, cing an ud'ng vdi vua; ed hdm tiec tiing ddn chidu tdi eon chUa ra vd, thi vua dat gdi dai, chan rpng lien giUdng ngii de c ing n g i (79). Cd the th iy vao thdi Tr in , khdng gian Cim thanh khdng chi danh cho vua va hoang gia ma cdn ca ddng dao gidi vUdng than quy tpc hp Trin; cdn b thdi Ly, cung r i t hiem khi ma gidi quan lieu lai hi d iy ra khdi Hoang thanh hay hi chan ngay t i c i a Dai HUng. Vi vay, lai c ing khdng cd cd sd khi dat mpt "Dai Lau vipn thdi Ly - Trin" (ndu cd) b ben ngoli c i a Quang Phuc hoac c i a Dai HUng c i a Hoing thanh, c i a Tridu Nguyen cua Ci'm th inh , ma khdng phai la c i a Dai Tridu d Tay Ca'm. Cling chi ed d thdi Ly - Trin, "quyen chfnh tri" c i a dan ching mdi dUde trieu (finh chu y. The nen ngay t i dpt xay diing nam 1029-1030, "Chung lau" dUdc dat d ta, hflu hai ben Long Tri de dan tinh oan khul t ed the tnic tiep gidng chuong th lu ddn tan vua (80). Rdi tfl nam 1040, Thai t i Khai Hoang vfldng Ly Nhat Tdn dfldc dac trach x6t x i cac vu kien c i a "dan trong nfldc" tai dipn Quang Vu ngay phia tay san rdng dipn Thien An (81). Sfl cdi md, g in giii vdi quin ching binh dan cua tridu Ly, Tr in va e ia d m thanh Thang Long the ky XI-XTV cd the so sanh vdi vfldng qudc Sukhothai e i a ngUdi Xiem ciing thdi ky. Tu hpu bi ky Thai Lan (nien dai 1292) cho bidt "thinh Sukhothai" tuy ed 3 vdng thanh bao va 4 cia, nhiing "diy Ip dan ching nhU mud'n vd tung ra" v i ddng dao ngUdi dan ed the chen l lh nhau de xem vua c i h i n h d e l i nghi tdn giao. Dae biet, "d ben trong c ia cung dipn, cd treo mdt cai chuong. Ndu mdt ngUdi dan nao trong vUdng qudc cd dieu ^ phien mupn hoac vipc ^ lam dau long rdi tri va mud'n bay td vdi nha vua thi khdng gap khd khan ^ ca. NgUdi dd ehi viec ddn danh vao chide chuong treo b diy. Moi khi nha vua Rama Khamhaeng [1275-1318] nghe th iy tieng chudng keu dd, ngai se hdi han ngUdi khieu nai ve vipc cua hp va xdt x i r i t edng minh" (82). Do viy, that cd ly khi PGS.TS Nguyin T h i a Hy d i phan chia lich s i thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - T r in - Le ra lam hai giai doan: Phdc hdp thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly Trdn (la thdi ky ma anh hudng cua van hoa Ddng A Trung Hoa chUa th Im sau vao Viet 46 RghiSn curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 Nam); va phdc hdp thdnh Thdng Long ddi Li (thdi ky xa hpi Vipt Nam da t h lm dUdm nhflng anh hfldng c i a van hoa Nho giao Trung Hoa, nha't l i van boa thdi Minh) (83). Tuy nhien, d thdi ky d iu (the ky XI-XIV), trong sfl hdn dung van hoa, trong cai the tfldng nhu can b ing ddi trpng lUdng nguyen gifla cac yeu to' thUdng lUu vdi binh ddn, Ddng A ddi vdi Nam A, gifla mpt "truyen thd'ng ldn" (Great tradition) dfldng nhfl chung sd'ng vdi mpt "truyen thd'ng nho" (Little tradition) (84), thi ro rang ydu to' t h i hai, "truyen thd'ng" t h i hai chiem flu the hdn h in . Ndi khac di, vdi thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - Trin, nhflng ydu to'Ddng Nam A cd phin trdi vfldt hdn, ma cd the tim th iy sfl tfldng ddng gifla thanh c i a ngfldi Viet vdi chf ft la cua ngfldi Mdn, ngfldi Khmer, va ngfldi Thai ciing d luc dia dfldng thdi. Trong khi nhiing ydu to' Ddng Ble A trong thanh quach va trieu nghi nha Ly - Tr in chi la thieu so' va n h i t thdi (85), thi nhflng bieu hipn c i a sii cdi md, thd phae va di biet c i a van hoa Ddng Nam A, Nam A (tham chf cd ca Trung Ddng - Tay A) lai kha phd bien trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri, van boa Thang Long (86). Vi the mdi cd chuyen cac vUdng h l u nha Ly elm bd't d inh nhau ngay giia dipn Thien An, chuyen vua tdi n h i Tr in yen tiec trong npi dien say sUa, tham chf dpi mo nang, d m diii lam t i u Ipnh (87) de cae s i th in tridu Le hen tuc ph in nan, va de cac quan chic Trung Quoc dUdng thdi che bai l i "cung tha't... quy che deu ed tiem nghi" (88). Thay ldi Ket Nhu vay, Trieu Nguyen hay Chu Tudc deu CHU THICH (1). Phan Huy Le; Vi tri vd pham vi cia Cdm thdnh Thdng Long qua cdc thdi ky lich si, Tham luAn tai Hoi thao Qudc te Vi^t Nam hoc \kn thii ba; la d c ten gpi khac nhau cua Tam Mdn, c ia chfnh Nam cua Cim thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - Tr in - Le. C i a Tay c i a th inh Cim thd ky XI-XIV nhieu kha nang la cda Dgi Trieu, ndi cd hanh lang t r inh n ing mUa cho d c quan n h i Ly, Tr in l ie trieu nhat. Den d iu thdi Le Sd, mpt Dai Ldu vien dUde xay diing ben ngoai c i a Tay Cim thinh, va vipn nay dupc ddi ra ngoM Dai Hiing mdn, c i a Nam cua Hoing th inh, dUdi ddi Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497) trong cupc cai each cae boat dpng trieu nghi va kidn thidt thanh Thang Long n i a cudi the ky XV. Dai Lau Vipn d e i a Dai Hiing d c t h ip nien 1470-1490, b mpt khfa canh nao dd, cd the coi la tidn than cua Hiep Nghi Duifng b c i a Ddng Nam thanh Ha Npi vao thdky XIX ve sau. Trong vai thap ky gin day, mpt so'hpc gia nUdc ngoai cd xu hUdng phe phan nhiing ban chd c i a d c bp bien nien s i Trung dai Vipt Nam, dac bipt trong vipc phan anh toan dien sfl nang dpng, da dang e ia thflc t i xa hpi (89). Sfl phien dipn dd cd the tha'y ro khi nghien c iu vd kinh te - xa hpi, nh i t la thUdng mai, trong lich s i qudc gia Dai Vidt. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi d c chu dd chinh tri, quan heu, m i dac bipt d day la v lh de tridu nghi v l thanh quach Thang Long - Ha Npi, nhflng thdng tin tfl chinh s i cd the da ndi len nhidu hdn nhiing ^ chung ta tflng nghi. Chip ghdp va xau chuoi nhiing mlu s i hpu dd (pieces together), nghien c iu nay, d i chi d ing lai b cic gia thuyet, hy vpng cd the ddng gdp mpt ph in nhd vao vao vipc phuc dflng hch s i thanh Thang Long xfla, nh i t la khi Dai l i Nghin nam Thang Long - Ddng Kinh - Ha Npi dang ddn r i t gin. Viet Nam Hdi nhdp vd Phdt trien, Hit Npi, ngky 4- 7 thang 12 nkm 2008. (2). Cia Huyin Vu, xufi't hi^n trong Ludt Hdng eia Ram va cia Tay cia earn thanh... 47 Die trieu Ld vk Hinh ludt chi the ky XIX. Nghien cdu cua PGS.TS Ngd Diic Tho vk tac gia Bii Thiet nam 2004 cho th4'y nhieu kha nfing cia Huyen Vu \k cia Bic th^nh ThSng Long. 6 dfiy, chiing tdi nha't trf vdi nhk Han Ndm hpc Ngd Diic Tho r^ng dd chfnh \k cia Bac Cdm thdnh, mk khdng ddng ^ vdi vi$c tac gia Biii Thi^t danh ddng cia nky vdi Difu DCtc mdn (cia Ble Ho^ng th&nh). Xem Ngd Diic Tho; "Thfing Long qua tii li$u cac ban dd cd'", Tham lu^n t^i Tieu ban 1; Tiiu ban nghiin ciu nhiing vdn di chung vi Hodng thdnh Thdng Long, Hfi Npi, thang 7-2004, tr. 11; Biii Thiet; Dot thoai Thdng Long Hd Ndi, Nxb. Vfin hoa Thdng tin, Hfi Npi, 2009, tr. 121, 170. (3). Vi?n Vfin hoc: Thd vdn Ly - Trdn, tkp I, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hgi, Hfi Npi, 1977, tr. 390, 397, 404. (4). Vii PhUdng Dl; Cdng dii tiep ky, ban dich, Nxb. Vfin hpc, Hfi Npi, 2001, tr. 19. (5). Tdng Trung Tin vfi cac tac gia khac; Khai qufit dia diem Doan Mdn (Hfi Ndi) nfim 1999, Tap chi Khdo cdhpc, 3, (2000), tr. 28, 30. (6). Nguyin Thuy Nga, Nguyen Vfin Nguyen (chu bidn); Dia chi Thdng Long Hd Npi trong thii tich Hdn Ndm, Nxb. The gidi, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr. 51, 183, 479; Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen; Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi, ban djch, tfip III, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1971, tr. 165-166. (7). Thdng Long tam thdp vinh thdi Nguyen, dSn theo Trfin Nghia; Mdt sd vdn di vi Hodng thdnh Thdng Long qua thii tich Hdn Ndm, Tham lufin tai Hpi thao Tieu ban 1; TYe'u ban nghien ciu nhiing vdn di chung vi Hodng thdnh Thdng Long, Hfi NOi, thang 7-2004, tr. 11. (8). Din theo Ph?im Han: Tim lai ddu vit Thdnh Thdng Long, Nxb. Vfin hoa - Thdng tin, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr. 91. (9). Ngd Sy Lien vfi cac s i thin trieu Ld; Dai Viet si ky todn thii, ban djch, tfip II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1993, tr. 135. (10). Qudc s i quan trieu Nguyen: Khdm dinh Viet si thdng gidm cUdng muc, ban djch, tfip I, Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr. 607. (11). Todn thu, ban djch, t^p III, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1993, tr. 231, 335. (12). DSn theo Txkn Qudc Vupng, Vu Tufi'n San; Hd Ndi nghin xUa, Nxb. Hfi Npi, Hfi Npi, 2004, tr. 244; Pham Han: Tim lai ddu vit thdnh Thdng Long, sdd, tr. 90. (13). Todn thu, ban djch, t^p II, sdd, tr. 494- 495. (14). CUdng muc, ban djch, t4p II, Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr. 101. (15). Trin Qudc Vupng, Vii Tuin San, Hd Npi nghin xiia, sdd, tr. 244. (16). Biii Thiet; Tham lu^n trinh bfiy t^i H0i thao Khoa hpc Tieu ban I; Nghiin ciu Vi tri vd Gid tri khu di tich Hodng thdnh Thdng Long 18 Hodng Diiu, do Vipt Khoa hpc Xa hpi Vipt Nam to' chiic, tai 27 Trin Xufin So^n, Hfi Npi, ngfiy 03-6- 2004; In l^ ii trong Biii Thiet; Bdi thoai Thdng Long Hd Ndi, Sdd, tr. 139-141 & 169-170; Xem thdm cac trang 122-129, 174-176 & 184-185. (17). Nguyin Thiia Hy: Vi phic hdp thdnh Thdng Long, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si, 2 (345), (2005), tr. 18. (18). Pham Han; Tim lai ddu vit thdnh Thdng Long, sdd, tr. 90. (19). Yao Takao: Sd thdo nghiin ciu thdnh Thdng Long thdi L6 Sd, Tham lu^n t^i H$i thao Qudc te Vipt Nam hpc l in thii ba; Viet Nam Hdi nhdp vd Phdt triin, Hfi Npi, ngfiy 4-7 thang 12 nfim 2008, tr. 3-4. (20). Duong Ba Cung; Hd Npi dia dU, ban djch, trong Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nguyin Vfin Nguyen (chu bien); Dia chi Thdng Long Hd Ndi trong thU tich Hdn Ndm, sdd, tr. 51-52. (21). Lien quan din c ia Chu Tudc dUpc chdp trong s i sach diu the ky XIX, chung tdi cho riing dd Ifi m$t cia Chu Tudc khac, gin lien vdi thfinh Hfi Npi thdi Nguyen, nhieu kha nfing Ifi c ia Ddng Nam cua thfinh, dupc xay mdi nfim 1805, khi Tam Mdn - Chu Tiidc cii bj pha de xfiy Cpt cd Hfi Npi cung vfio khoang 1805-1806 nfiy. Xin dUpc trinh bfiy cy the b mpt bfii viet khac. (22). Do Vfin Ninh; Thdnh cd Viit Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1983, tr. 102. > (23). Yao Takao; Sd thdd nghiin ciu thdnh Thdng Long thdi Li Sd, bdd, tr. 1-2. 4S Rghl&n curu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 (24). Cao Hiing Tning; An Nam chi nguyin, ban djch cua Hoa Bfing, Tu lipu Danh may Khoa Lich s i , Dai hpc Qudc gia Hfi Ndi, 1961, tr. 115- 116. (25). Nfim 1170, vua Ly Cao Tdng d$t ra X i^ Dinh (sfin bfin) cl phfa Nam D?ii La thfinh; Nfim 1253, nha Trin cho l^p Giang Vo Diidng (theo Todn thu, ban djch, tfip I, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1993, tr. 324; tfip II, Sdd, tr. 25). The ky XVl-XVllI, cac dia diem Xa Ddi, Xa Trudng dupc nhfic den trong s i sach chinh Ifi noi nfiy. (26). Sach Dai Nam nhdt thd'ng chi ciia. trieu Nguyin chdp; "Nui Khdn Sdn: b Ipch ve phia tay bfic trong tinh thfinh, chu vi hdn 30 tnidng. Ddi Le, Thuin Hofing de thudng len niii nfiy xem duypt binh giang vo, nen gpi ten nui Ifi Khan Sdn" (Ban dich, t^p III, Sdd, 170); PhUdng Dinh dU dia chi chdp; "Ben tay [Cung thfinh] qua nui Khan Sdn Ifi dipn Giang Vd. Lai ve phia tay Ifi den thd Linh Lang, Triidng thi Hdi deu b dfi'y" (Nguyen Vfin Sieu: Dai Viet dia dU todn bien, ban dich, Vipn S i hpc vfi Nxb. Vfin hoa, Hfi Npi, 1997, tr. 178). (27). Tuyen tap Vdn bia Hd Not, quyen II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1978, tr. 10. (28). Nguyen Quang Ngpc; Gdp thim y kii'n vi vdn di Hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly Trdn vd Lich si "Thdp tam trai". Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si, 1 (126), (1986), tr. 28; Trin Qudc Viidng; Thdng Long, ddi net chdm phd..., trong Trin Qudc Viidng: Hd Npi nhu tdi hiiu, Nxb. Tdn giao, Hfi Npi, 2005, tr. 111-115; Yao Takao: Sd thao nghidn ciiu thfinh Thfing Long thdi Le Sd, bdd, tr. 2. (29). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip II, Sdd, tr. 508; CUdng muc, ban dich, tfip 1, sdd, tr. 1137. (30). Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nguyen Vfin Nguyen (chu bien); Dia chi Thdng Long Hd Npi trong thU tich Hdn Ndm, sdd, tr. 163, 490, 513, 400. (31). Phan Huy Chu; Khoa muc chi, ban djch, trong: Lich triiu hiin chUdng loai chi, tfip III, Nxb. Sii hpc, Hfi Npi, 1961, tr. 29. (32). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip 11, sdd, tr. 508. (33). Va Vfin Quan (chu bien); Thdng Long Hd Npi Mpt nghin sU kien lich si, Nxb. Hfi Npi, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr. 145. (34). Rieng doi vdi biic tiidng thfinh tren ban Trung Dd dd (A.2531), ban dUpc coi Ifi cd nien dai sdm nhfi't trong sd cac the h | Ban do Hdng Diic, cac nhfi nghien ciiu cho ring dd Ifi 'Tiidng thfinh dang xay" hay "Bflc tudng xay dd" phan finh thdi diem md rpng Philpng thfinh nfim 1490 cua vua Lg Thanh Tdng (cilng vdi dd Ifi cung dipn phfa Ddng cung dang trong qua trinh xfiy diing). Xem Philippe Papin: Histoire de Hanoi, Fayard, Paris, 2001, p. 124. (35). Ph^m Han: Tim lai ddu vii thdnh Thdng Long, sdd, tr. 78-79, 169. (36). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip H, sdd, tr. 143,145. (37). Nfim 1227, vua Trin Thai Tdng ngv b Ta Lang dipn Dai Minh, rdi cCing trfim quan dem dpi ngii xe ngUa ra ngofii thfinh theo Cia Tdy de den den Ddng Co' Ifim ll huyet thp (Todn thU, ban djch, tfip 11, Sdd, tr. 10; Ngd Thi Sy; Dg.i Viet si ky tiin bien, ban djch, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1997, tr. 323). Mpt sd nhfi nghien ciiu diia vfio vj tri tiidng ddi cua den Ddng Co' (vfi chtia Dien Hiiu) mfi cho r ing day Ifi c ia Tay cua Hofing thfinh vfi vj tri b gin thfinh Hfi N$i thdi Nguyen (Trin Qudc Vupng, Vii Tuan Sfin; Bfin ve thfinh Thfing Long thdi Ly - Trin, T^p chf Nghiin ciu Lich si, 85, (1966), tr. 43). Tuy nhien, theo chiing tdi, day chfnh Ifi cia Tay cua Cim thfinh Thfing Long, tiic cvia Dai Trieu thdi Ly - Trin, vfi nd dung Ifi nim ve phfa ddng cua chtia Mpt Cpt. (38). Yao Takao; Sd thdo nghiin ciu thdnh Thdng Long thdi Li Sd, bdd, tr. 2. (39). Todn thU, ban djch, tfip II, sdd, tr. 525; CUdng muc, ban dich, tfip I, sdd, tr. 1150. (40). Ngoai trir Trin Huy Li$u (chu bien): Lich si Thu dd Hd Ndi, Nxb. S i hpc, Hfi Npi, 1960, tr. 61; Phan Huy Le; Thdng Long - Ddng Dd - Ddng Kinh - Hd Ndi thi ky XI-XDC, trong Trin Qudc Vupng (chu bien); Hd Ndi Thu dd nUdc Cdng hod Xd hpi Chu nghia Viet Nam, Nxb. Sy thfit, Hfi Npi, 1984, tr. 62. (41). Vii Vfin Quan (chu bien), Dofin Minh Hufi'n, Nguyin Ngpc Phiic, Ph^im D6c Anh, Tdng Vfin Lpi, Vii Diidng Luan: Thdng Long Hd Npi Mpt nghin sii kien lich si, sdd, tr. 147-148. e i a Ram va c ia Tay cia earn thanh... 4S (42). Yao Takao: Sd thdo nghiin ciu thdnh Thdng Long thdi Le Sd, bdd, tr. 2-3. (43). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip II, sdd, tr. 264; Le Quy Ddn; Dai Viet thdng sii ban djch, trong: Li Quy Ddn Todn tap, t^p III, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1978, tr. 54. (44). Chii dCing cua Giao sii Trin Qudc Viipng vfi nhfi nghien ciiu Vu Tuan Sfin, trong; Bdn vi thdnh Thang Long thdi Ly - Trdn, bdd, tr. 40. (45). Phan Huy Le; Thdng Long - Ddng Dd - Ddng Kinh - Hd Not thiky Xl-XIX, trong sdd, tr. 38; Trin Qudc Viipng; Trin manh ddt ngdn ndm vdn vat, Nxb. Hfi NOi, Hfi Npi, 2000, tr. 20-21, 73-81, 84, 90; Phan Huy Le: Di tich thdnh cd Thdng Long Hd Ndi Mpt di sdn vdn hod vd gid Mpt quye't dinh sdng sud't, vfi Trin Qudc Vupng; Nhing vii tich cua Hodng thdnh Thdng Long trin mat vd dUdi long ddt, Tw chi XUa Nay, 203-204, (2004), tr. 7, 22; Trin Qudc Viipng; Vdn hod Hd Not tinh hoa ngdn ndm vdn hod Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si, 2 (345), (2005), tr. 5-6; Trin Qudc Viidng; Hd Npi nhU tdi hieu, sdd, tr. 54-62, 90-93, 125-127; Phan Huy Le: Vf tri khu di tich khdo cd 18 Hodng Dieu trong cdu true thdnh Thdng Long - Hd Ndi qua cdc thdi ky lich si, T^p chi Khdo cd hpc, 1 (139), (2006), tr. 8; Trin Qudc Viipng: Thdng Long Hd Not Tim toi vd suy ngdm, Nxb. Vfin hoa Thdng tin & Vipn Vfin hoa xuft't ban, Hfi Npi, 2006, tr. 35-43, 45-47, 120-123, 181-185, 202-203, 259-260. (46). Nguyin Quang Ngpc; Gdp thim y kii'n vi vdn de Hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly Trdn vd Lich si "Thdp tam trai", bdd, tr. 25-33. (47). Sach Todn thU chdp thang 12 nfim 1467, trieu Le cho ddi Bp Hinh vfi Dai Ly Tu ra ngoai thfinh, tiic ra khoi Hofing thfinh (Ban djch, tfip II, sdd, tr. 431). (48). Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nguyin Vfin Nguyen (chu bien); Dia chi Thdng Long Hd Npi trong thU tich Hdn Ndm, sdd, tr. 514, 164, 401. (49). Viet si lUdc, ban djch, Nxb. Vfin S i Dja, Hfi Npi, 1960, tr. 71-72, 93-94, 137, 147, 155, 171, 202, 216; Todn thU, ban djch, tfip I, sdd, tr. 242, 247, 254, 255, 298; tfip II, sdd, tr. 8-9, 21, 27, 362, 370. (50). Todn thu, ban djch, tfip 11, sdd, tr. 255. (51). Nguyin Quang Ngpc; Li Thdnh Tdng vd tod thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ong tri vi, trong Khbi nghia Lam Sdn vd thdnh lap vUdng triiu Le (Ky yeii Hpi thao khoa hpc ky nipm 580 nfim giai phdng Ddng Quan vfi thfinh 14p vUdng trieu Ld), Nxb. Hfi Npi, Hfi Npi, 2008, tr. 432. (52). Nguyin Thtta Hy; Ve phic hdp thdnh Thdng Long, bdd, tr. 19; Nguyin Quang Ngpc; Li Thdnh Tdng vd tod thdnh Thdng Long thdi 6ng tri vi, bdd, tr. 432. (53). Ph^m Dinh Hd', Nguyin An: Tang thUdng ngdu luc, ban dich, Nxb. Vfin hoa, Hfi Npi, 1960, tr. 16-18. (54). Nguyin Thiia Hy; Vi phic hdp thdnh Thdng Long, bdd, tr. 20; Lai bdn vi chi dp phong kiin Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si, 9 (365), (2006), tr. 16-17. (55). Todn thU, ban dich, t^p II, sdd, tr. 346. (56). Xem Do Thuy Lan; "Dien Kinh Thiin dUdi triiu Hdu Li", Tap chlXUa Nay, 7 (359), (2010), tr. 26-27 & 32-33. (57). Nguyin Thiia Hy; Vi dUdng lot tri nUdc cua Li Thdnh Tdng, trong; Li Thdnh Tdng (1442- 1497) Con ngUdi vd SU nghiep, Nxb. D^i hpc Qudc gia Hfi Npi, Hfi Npi, 1997, tr. 74, 77-78. (58). Xem thdm Do Thu^ Lan; "Dien Kinh Thien dUdi triiu Hdu Le", bdd, tr. 27. (59). Nguyin Thiia Hy: V '^ dUdng Idt tri nUdc cua Li Thdnh Tdng, bdd, tr. 81. (60). Todn thu, ban djch, t^p II, sdd, tr. 320. Nfim 2005, PGS.TS Nguyin Thiia Hy Ifi ngUdi diu tien khfing djnh khai nipm Hodng thdnh chi xuit hipn tii thdi Le Sd trd di. Qua thfit, trong chinh s i , ten gpi Hodng thdnh xufi't hipn diu tien vfio nfim 1434, dudi thdi Le Thai Tdng, vfi l in thii hai vfio nfim 1463, dudi thdi Le Thanh Tdng. Tuy nhien, vdi Thai Tdng, cac Ipnh cfi'm nfim 1434 chi mdi d^t ra chu yeu Ifi trong npi bp "cung cfi'm"; hdn the, lufit djnh cdn het siic chung chung. (61). Todn thu, ban dich, tfip II, sdd, tr. 399; CUdng muc, ban djch, tfip I, sdd, tr. 970; Qudc triiu hinh ludt, ban dich, trong Nguyin Ngpc Nhufin (chii bien): Mdt sd' vdn bdn dien chi vd 50 RghiSn ciJru Lich s i . sg 7.2010 phdp ludt Viet Nam, tfip I; Ti the ky XV din XVIII, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 2006, tr. 59- 65, 69, 70-71; Phan Huy Chii: Hinh ludt chi, ban dich, trong; Lich triiu hii'n chUdng loai chi, tfip III, sdd, tr. 114-116. (62). Todn thU, ban djch, tfip 11, sdd, tr. 460. (63). S i chdp nfim 1472, gac Tay Mdn bj chay, tuy khdng ghi ro Ifi cia Tay cua Hofing thfinh hay Cfi'm thfinh, nhUng chiing tdi cho ring day phin nhieu Ifi Tay Mdn cua Cfi'm thfinh, nhU ten gpi cua nd tren Ban dd Hdng Diic, con cia Tay Hofing thfinh cho den trUdc thdi Le Thanh Tdng, hofic chfic chfin nhfi't Ifi dudi thdi Ly - Trin, vin dUpc gpi Ifi Quang Phiic. Hdn the, rat cd the sU kipn hoa hoan nfiy cd mdi lien hp nfio dd vdi nhiing dpng thai diu tien cua vua Le Thanh Tdng trong vipc chuyen Dai L^u vipn tii c ia Tay Cfi'm thfinh ra ngofii ciia D?ii HUng cua Hofing thfinh. Nfim 1474, Le Thanh Tdng cho s ia biic tudng thfinh phia tay, nhieu kha nfing day Ifi vipc tu s ia bile thfinh phia tay cua Cfi'm thfinh sau sU kien Tay Mdn bi chay, vfi ciing de di ddi quan Chan Vii ra ngofii Cung thfinh (Todn thU, ban dich, tfip II, Sdd, tr. 465; DUdng Ba Cung: Hd Not dia dU, ban dich, Sdd, tr. 78). Ngay sau dd 3 nfim, thfinh Dai La ciing dUpc xay lai cho kien cd (nhfi't Ifi phia bfic gin quan Trfi'n Vo?), vfi rfi't cd the di tich cua ddt xay dung nfim 1477 Ifi biic tUdng dp phfa bfic nhU tren 7/11 Ban do Hong Dilc the hien (chil khdng phai Ifi di tich cua dpt md rpng Hofing thfinh cac nfim 1514-1516 nhU y kien PGS.TS Ngd Dilc Thp). Xem vfin de tudng dp vfi phan nhdm ban dd trong Ngd Diic Thp: Thfing Long qua tu lipu cac ban dd cd', Bdd, tr. 4-9. (64). Nhfi nghien cilu Yao Takao nfim 2008 cho ring Vdn Minh, Siing Vi Ifi hai cia ta, hiJu hai ben Doan Mdn, dfinh cho vfin thin (ben ddng) vfi vd thin (ben tay). Tuy nhien, sU kipn cac dai thin phe trufi't Nghi Dan nfim 1460 cho thfi'y ben ngofii cia Siing Vu c6 Nghi sU dUdng, trong khi dd, ta bie't (qua sU kipn cac nfim 1479, 1480) ben ngofii Doan Mdn chi cd cfic nhfi tiic tnic cua cfi'm quan vfi hfinh lang tranh mUa cua quan lai. Tren Ban do Trung Dd thdi Hong Dilc (ban diy du nhfi't, ky hipu A.2499) cd khfic hoa mpt Idp cia niia d ben trong (phia bfic) Doan Mdn, phia nam cua dipn Thj Trieu. Chiing toi dfit gia thuyet ring dd Ifi Idp cia Vfin Minh vfi Siing Vu, ndi cd Nghi sii dUdng b ben ngofii cia Siing VU, dfinh cho quan vo (11 vj quan khdi xudng vipc phe trufi't Nghi Dan deu Ifi quan vd [xem CUdng muc, ban djch, t|lp I, Sdd, tr. 947]), vfi phai chfing cd ca PhUdng Nghi dUdng b bdn ngofii cia Vdn Minh, Ifi ndi de thi nho thdn (vfin quan) nfim 1467? (65). Todn thU (Ban djch, t^p II, sdd, tr. 390) chep, nhfi vua ra sfic Ipnh: Til nay, nhiing vipc trong cung cfi'm khdng' ai dUpc tiet Ip ra ngofii. (66). Dfic bipt Ifi cfi'm quan. Theo Todn thU (ban dich, tfip II, Sdd, tr. 508-509), ngay trUdc vfi sau khi md rpng PhUdng thfinh (thfing 11 nfim 1490), Le Thanh Tdng cho d^t mpt loat cac ddn vi quan cfi'm Ifi Thdn vd hiu vi (thang 10), hai vp Cdm y vfi Kim ngd (thang 11), ciing nhU cac ty Thdn vd, Dien tiin; ben canh dd lai dfit 5 ph i quan Trung, Ddng, Tay, Nam, Bfic b ben ngofii vfi soan quan chinh, quan gidi. (67). Sach Kiin vdn tieu luc (ban djch, trong Le Quy Don todn tap, tkp II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1977, tr. 160-161) cho biet vfio ddi Hdng Dilc, cac cd quan cua trieu dinh trung Udng Ifi bp, dfii, tu vfi giam b Thfing Long deu cd cdng dudng. Tfi't ca cac cdng dUdng nfiy deu dUdc xay Ifi mpt ngdi hofic mpt quin the cac ngdi nhfi 3 gian 2 chai, cd tUdng bao xung quanh. Tuy nhien, Ld Quy Ddn Cling khdng chdp ro vj tri cua cac cdng sd nfiy b trong hay ngofii Hofing thfinh, ngofii trii liu trie anh cua Bp Cdng Ifi b ngofii cita Nam Huan (cvia Dai Hung?); vfi trong sd nfiy, ta cung dfi biet Bp Hinh vfi Dai ly tU dUpc chuyen ra ngofii Hofing thfinh tii nfim 1467. Trong khi Cfi'm thfinh dUpc md rpng ve phfa tay nfim 1490, dfinh nhieu khong gian cho khu vUdn thupng uyen cua hofing cung, dipn tich cdn lai cho Hofing thfinh (dii cung da dupc md rpng) cdn lai rfi't ft (phin "Chudi v6"), mfi lai de dfinh cho khu quan sy vfi thi thd phfa tay nam thfinh; thi gin 20 cdng sd vdi nhieu h^ng myc xay dung kien cd nhU the h in khd mfi cd the ton tai tofin bp trong khudn khd' Hofing thfinh. Tren e i a Ram va c i a Tay cia Cam thanh... 51 Ban do Hdng Dilc, Tu thien gidm dUdc dfit cl phia nam ngofii Hofing thfinh (ngoai trii ban A.73, A.2006, VHc.01282 khong ve), cdn trong npi bp Hofing thfinh chi co duy nhfi't "Giang Vii dien" va "Hpi thi trudng" Ifi dudc khfic hoa. Rieng trUdng hpp Hpi thi trUdng thi no gfin nhieu vdi dipn Giang Vo vfi c^a Bao Khanh, tUc ccla tay nam Hofing thfinh, cung Ifi ciia ciia thanh Dai La, ctia ngo cila Kinh sU; hdn the, ky thi Hpi dUdc to chile trong Hoang thfinh de vua Le c6 the ra de, rdi ngU de dupc niem phong kin vdi a'n nhfi vua dUpc chuyen til Cfi'm thfinh ra trUdng thi an tofin; vfi dfic bipt, theo Phan Huy Chu thi trUdng thi Hpi nfiy phai dupc bao vp nghiem ngfit mfi Ca'm quan trong Hofing thfinh la luc lUdng hdn h in (Khoa muc chi, ban dich, sdd, tr. 29-33). (68). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip II, sdd, tr. 494- 495. (69). Dipn Thi Trieu chua xua't hien trong Chinh s i cho den thdi Nguyin, cac nfim 1821, 1841, 1842 (theo Quo'c svl quan trieu Nguyin: Dai Nam thUc luc, ban dich, tfip II, Nxb. Giao due, Hfi Npi, 2004, tr. 80, 177; tfip VI, Nxb. Giao due, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr. 141, 256, 333). Cdn trUdc the ky XIX, Ban dd Hdng DUc la tu lipu diu tien cho thfi'y sU hipn dien cua dien nfiy trong ket cfi'u Cfi'm thfinh Thfing Long thdi Hau Le. (70). Nguyen ThUa Hy: Thdng Long - Hd Not thiky XVII-XVIII-XIX, Hpi Khoa hpc Lich sil Viet Nam xufi't ban, Hfi Npi, 1993, tr. 44, 46. (71). Dinh Quang Vfin xufi't hipn trong chfnh sil diu tien Ifi vfio nfim 1132, dUdi thdi Ly, tuy nhien, khdng the biet dinh nfiy dUdc dUng d vi tri nfio (theo Todn thU, ban djch, tap 1, sdd, tr. 306; Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi, ban dich, tap 111, sdd, tr. 184- 185). (72). Dua vfio (cd sila chiia, bd' sung) nhiing tong hdp ciia Le Thj Huyen trong: Phdc hpa kiin true Kinh thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn qua khdo sdt thu tich cd, Lufin vfin Thac sy Khoa hpc Ljch s i NgUdi hudng dan: PGS.TS Vii Vfin Quan, Khoa Lich sil, Dai hpc Quo'c gia Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 73, 78; vfi cua PGS.TS Nguyin Thiia Hy trong; Ve phic hdp thdnh Thang Long, bdd, tr. 20. (73). Xem Do Thuy Lan; "Dipn Kinh Thien dUdi trieu Hfiu Le", Bdd, tr. 32. D6 ciing chUa ke den viec chile nfing chinh trj cua dipn Thien An thdi Ly - Tran cdn dUdc san se vdi cac dipn Thien Khanh (sau nfim 1030), Long Khanh (1155), Quan Trieu (sau nfim 1230). Rdi nfim 1288, do gi|ic Mong- Nguyen da ddt sach cung dipn, ThUpng hofing Trin Thanh Tdng cdn phai ngU b hfinh lang Thj Vp. Dfic bipt Ifi sy kien nfim 1059, vua Lf Thanh Tdng cdn ngU b diin Thuy Tinh, cho cac quan dpi mii phdc diu, di hia vfio chiu. Theo s i sach Trung Qudc the ky XII, Dien/Cung Thuy Tinh Ifi mpt trong hai cung dipn quan trpng nhfi't cua thfinh Thfing Long thdi Ly (Ifi cung Thuy Tinh vfi di$n Thien Quang, hay Thiin Nguyin (ty dang chii "Quang" vfi chii "Nguyen" di nhim lin), chic Ifi sU chip ghdp cua hai ten Thiin An vfi Cdn NguyinT). Xem Pham Thfinh Dai (1116); Qui Hdi ngu hdnh chi, ban dich, Tu lipu Khoa Ljch s i , Dai hpc Qudc gia Hfi Npi, tr. 15; Chu KhU Phi (1178): Linh Ngoai dai ddp, ban dich, Tu lipu Khoa Ljch s i , Dai hpc Qudc gia Hfi Npi, tr. 13-14; Giao Chi di biin, din trong CUdng muc, ban dich, t^p I, sdd, tr. 321. (74). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip 1, sdd, tr. 269; tfip II, Sdd, tr. 47. (75). Din theo Trin Qudc Vupng, Vu Tufi'n San (1975): Hd Npi nghin xUa, sdd, tr. 244-245. (76). Viet si lUdc, ban dich, sdd, tr. 70-71, 78- 79; Todn thU, ban dich, tap I, sdd, tr. 241, 254. Cac cdng trinh kien tnic nfiy, trong dd cd dipn Cao Minh, Chfnh DUdng lau vfi di^n Phyng Thien (CUdng muc (ban djch, t^p I, sdd, tr. 289) ch6p Ifi Phung Tien), da dUdc sd dd hoa trong Phan Huy Le: Vi tri vd pham vi cua Cdm thdnh Thdng Long qua cdc thdi ky lich si, bdd, Sd dd 1, 2; Le Thi Huyen: Phdc hpa kiin true Kinh thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn qua khdo sdt thU tich co, Tldd, tr. 80. (77). DUdng Ba Cung: Hd Not dia dU, ban dich, sdd, tr. 51. (78). Todn thU, ban dich, tfip II, sdd, tr. 95. (79). Todn thU, ban djch, t^lp II, sdd, tr. 37. (80). Viet si iMc, ban djch, sdd, tr. 78-79, 92; Todn thu, ban dich, tfip I, sdd, tr. 254, 256, 269, 52 Rghito c iu Lich s i . sg 7.2010 305; QuiHdi ngu hdnh chi, ban djch, Tldd, tr. 15; Linh Ngoai dai ddp, ban djch, Tldd, tr. 13-14. (81). Todn thu, ban djch, tfip I, sdd, tr. 261. Ngupc lai, trieu Le Sd, ddi Thai Tdng, nfim 1434, da cfi'm dan khdng dupc vUpt bfic mfi khieu n?ii kipn cao. Theo dd, nhiing vy kipn tyng trpng d^i mdi cho phdp tau thing len trieu dinh, cdn nhiing vipc kipn nhd (vfi ca vi$c rupng dfi't) thi phai l in lupt cac cfi'p xa - huypn - Ip, ph i - dao; cho den nfim 1497, Le Hien Tdng ngay khi mdi len ngoi, da l^i nhle lpi Ipnh cfi'm kipn vUpt cfi'p nfiy (theo CUdng muc, ban dich, tfip 1, sdd, tr. 855; Todn thU, ban djch, t4p II, sdd, tr. 525). (82). George Coedds: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, ed. by Walter F. Vella, trans, by Sue Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1968, pp. 207-208; Tham khao G. Coedds: Co si cdc qud'c gia An Dp hod b Vien Ddng, ban dich cua Nguyin Thvfa Hy, Nxb. The Gidi, Hfi Npi, 2008, tr. 368-370. (83). Nguyin Thvia Hy: Vi phic hdp thdnh Thdng Long, Bdd, tr. 19. (84). Nguyin Thiia Hy; Lai bdn ve chi dp phong kiin Viet Nam, Bdd, tr. 15, 16. (85). Den cudi thdi Trin (nfim 1370), vua Trin Nghp Tdng dfi tiing ndi: 'Trieu trUdc [trieu Ly] Ifip nudc, ty cd phap dp, khdng theo che dp nhfi Tdng, Ifi do Nam, Bic deu cd de vUdng cai quan nUdc minh, khdng vipc gi phai b i t chudc nhau. Khoang nfim Dpi Trj [1358-1369, ddi Trin Dy Tdng], ke thu sinh dupc diing, khdng thfi'u hieu y sau xa cua vipc 14P phap, mdi dem phdp dp cii cua to' tdng mfi ddi theo Ip tyc phUdng Bic, nhU Ifi ve cac loai y phuc, nhac chUdng, khong the ke het". Bdi the, Nghp Tdng cho dd'i vipc chfnh sy deu nhfi't loat theo Ip thdi Khai Thai [1324-1329, ddi Trin Minh Tong]. Theo Ngd Sy Lien (bien tu), Nguyin Huy Oanh (san bd'); Qudc si todn yiu, ban djch, Nxb. Thuftn Hoa & Trung tam Vfin hoa Ngdn ngii Ddng Tay, Hue, 2004, tr. 184. (86). PGS.TS Li Tana, trong nghien cilu cua minh nfim 2006, da cfin cH vfio sy cd m$t dang ke cua ngudi Hoi d Thfing Long the ky XIII (mfi khai nipm "Hdi" cl day khdng phai de chi tpc ngUdi Uighur (Tfin Cudng, Trung Qudc) mfi dUpc tac gia cho ring n6 am chi nhieu hdn den cac thUdng nhfin Hdi giao den til Trung Dong), vfi 2 hipn tupng anh em vua Trin Thanh Tdng miia dipu mua cua ngudi Ho vfi Thupng hofing Trin Thai Tdng m$c fio vai bdng tring, mpt ndt phong tyc khdng theo chuin myc Trung Hoa hay cua ngUdi Vipt, mfi phin nhieu til vfin hoa Trung vfi Nam A, de cho ring dd Ifi nhflng bieu hi$n cua 'Vfin hoa Trung Ddng" d Thfing Long dudi trieu Trin. Cho dii bdi canh cua chiec ao bdng tring khong phai Ifi ngfiy l l hpi nhu Li Tana dfi nh^n djnh, mfi thfim chf theo ldi Trin Thfii Tdng, dd ciing chi Ifi "cfii ao xofing", chii khdng cd gi dfic bipt, nhUng f kien nfiy cua Li ciing dang lUu tam. Ngofii ra, vipc Trin Quang Khai vfi Trin Nhfit Dufit thong thao nhieu ngoai ngii da dUpc chfnh s i ghi chdp ro rfing (xem Todn thu, ban djch, tfip I, Sdd, tr. 72, 118). 'Tieng ndi cua cac phien" dd ro rfing Ifi tieng Hfin, Chfim... vfi thfim chf, theo Li Tana, cd thi ca tiing Ma Lai, Ba Tu hofic a R&p (vdi trUdng hpp ngdn ngii nudc Sfich Mfi Tfch/Ddn Ma Tfch, tile nudc Temasek (Singapore ngfiy nay)). Xem Li Tana; A View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37 (1), (2006), pp. 90-91. (87). Viet si lUdc, ban dich, sdd, tr. 121; Todn thu, ban djch, tfip II, Sdd, tr. 24. (88). Linh Ngoai dai ddp, ban djch, sdd, tr. 13- 14. (89). Ching hpn nhU Li Tana, Anthony Reid (eds.): Southern Vietnam under the Nguyen Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Ddng Trong), 1602-1777, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Pasir Panjang (Singapore), 1993, p. 4; Li Tana: An Alternative Vietnam? The Nguyen Kingdom in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Nola Cooke; Regionalism and the Nature of Nguyen Rule in Seventeenth-Century Dang Trong (Cochinchina), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 29 (1), (1998), pp. 121, 127; Li Tana; A View from the Sea; Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast, p. 102.