Ch.s.montesquieu - Nhà triết học khai sáng với tư tưởng đề cao tinh thần triết học

TRI*5T HO3C, S+5 7 (218), THA/NG 7 - 2009 harles de Secondat Montesquieu (1689 — 1755) — nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng, nhah tucth tucthTing ch`nh trd, nhah xaj h k^i hokc vah sucthi hokc ngucthThi Phagp. _ng lah nhah tucth tucthTing cog dohng doji quyg t k^c, sinh ngahy 18 thagng 1 nXm 1689 taki lZu Rahi La Bregt Ti TZy - Nam nucthTgc Phagp. Cha ^ng lah GiXlc RT STc^ngRa - m k^t quyg t k^c bd sa sugt vah Raj cog thThi gian lahm Raki ugy v\k kyk binh, sau Rog lui v\q Ti Zrn cho R\pn nXm 1713 tha qua RThi. Khi Montesquieu l\n 7 tu r^i tha mek ^ng mZpt. Montesquieu chdu ainh hucthTing nhi\qu cuia ngucthThi chug ru k^t — GiXng RT STc^ngRa, ngucthThi Raj tucthhng lah Chui tdch Nghd vi\kn BoogcR^. NXm 1700, Montesquieu theo hokc taki m^kt tructhThng trung hokc do nhucthjng ngucthThi theo giago phagi _ratoa t^r chucthgc Ti Giuli gZqn Pari. Trong thThi gian hokc trung hokc, ^ng Raj th\r hi\kn roj lohng say m\ vXn chucthTng, sucthi hokc vah khoa hokc tucthk nhi\n. Montesquieu Raj vi\pt m^kt s^p tagc phZrm mah nhi\qu R^kc giai thThi Rog rZpt uctha chu^kng. Theo P.S.Taran^p — tagc giai cuia c^ng tranh 106 nhah th^ng thagi, sau khi k\pt thugc c^ng vi\kc hokc tZkp, Montesquieu Raj quay trTi laki lZu Rahi cuia ngucthThi cha vah taki RZy, ^ng Raj bXlt RZqu nghi\n cucthgu luZkt hokc(1). NXm 1714, Montesquieu vaho lahm vi\kc taki Vi\kn BoogcR^ vah hai nXm sau, ^ng trTi thahnh nam tucthTgc De Montesquieu - Chui tdch Nghd vi\kn BoogcR^. NXm 1716, Montesquieu trTi thahnh thahnh vi\n Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc BoogcR^. MXkc duh nXlm giucthj cucthTng vd lah Chui tdch Nghd vi\kn vah Chagnh agn Toha agn, song Ri\qu Rog vZsn kh^ng lZpn agt RucthTkc lohng say m\ khoa hokc, vXn chucthTng vah tri\pt hokc Ti Montesquieu. MZpt khag nhi\qu thThi gian cho nhucthjng hoakt R k^ng ch`nh trd, xaj h k^i, song ^ng vZsn dahnh nhi\qu tZm huy\pt cho nhucthjng c^ng tranh nghi\n cucthgu v\q nhucthjng nguy\n nhZn cuia ti\png vang, v\q c^ng dukng cuia cagc tuy\pn thZkn, v\q trokng lucthkc…, v\q lTki `ch cuia cagc m^n khoa hokc(2). Taki Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc BoogcR^, ^ng cujng Raj tranh bahy m k^t luZkn vXn v\q R\q tahi t^n giago cuia nhucthjng ngucthThi La Maj. Trong luZkn vXn Rog, ^ng Raj chucthgng minh rXmng, “t^n giago lah do cagc vua chuga vah quyg t k^c La Maj bahy RXkt ra R\r lahm ch s^ ducthka cho quy\qn lucthkc cuia hok vah tXng cucthThng agp bucthgc nhZn dZn”(3). Kh` chZpt cuia chahng thanh ni\n Montesquieu ham tam tohi, suy nghc vTgi lohng khagt khao hi\ru bi\pt tr\n nhi\qu lcnh vucthkc, R^qng thThi laki tructhkc ti\p ti\p xugc vTgi 77 Ch.S.MONTESQUIEU - NHA TRI"T HO!C KHAI SANG VI Tuchoa Tuchoa NG # CAO “TINH TH#N PHAP LU!T” NGUY)N TH" THU HuchoaNG(*) (*) Thakc sc, TructhThng Saki hokc TZy BXlc. (1) Xem: P.S.Taran^p . 106 nhaU thNng thaTi (NgucthThi ddch: S^s Minh HTkp). Nxb Ch`nh trd Qu^pc gia, Hah N^ki, 2000, tr.687. (2) Xem: Phuhng VXn Tucthiu, S^s Ngoakn. VIn hoXc phucthFng TKy thM\ kyV XVIII. Nxb Saki hokc vah Trung hokc chuy\n nghi\kp, Hah N^ki, 1983, tr.153. (3) Phuhng VXn Tucthiu, S^s Ngoakn. SDd., tr.153. giới thiệu danh nhân triết học NGUY*8N TH. THU Huchoa&NG thucthkc ti\sn ch`nh trd - xaj h^ki cuia thThi Raki Ti m^kt giai Roakn RucthTkc coi lah cog sucthk buhng n^r cuia cagc cu^kc RZpu tranh quy\pt li\kt ch^png phong ki\pn Raj sTgm nung nZpu tinh thZqn cuia nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng tucthTng lai. Tucth tucthTing vah tahi nXng cuia ^ng thucthkc sucthk hoha lahm m^kt, k\pt tinh thahnh nXng lucthkc tucth duy sagng tako, kh` phagch ki\n cucthThng cuia nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng. Vaho nXm 1721, Montesquieu Raj cho ra RThi tagc phZrm RZqu tay, tagc phZrm RucthTkc thucthha nhZkn lah Raj gZy chZpn R^kng ducth luZkn kh^ng ri\ng ga Ti Phagp, mah cai Ti chZu [u — Rog lah ti\ru thuy\pt bXmng thucth NhucthWng bucthTc thucth Ba Tucth. Tagc phZrm nahy ra mXlt R^kc giai giucthja lugc nucthTgc Phagp Rang ngai nghi\ng trong cTn khuing hoaing v\q kinh t\p, ch`nh trd cuia thThi Rog. Sucthk mukc nagt cuia ch\p R^k quZn chui vah mXkt tragi cuia nhah thTh Raj RucthTkc Montesquieu phTi bahy trong NhucthWng bucthTc thucth Ba Tucth, qua sucthk nhan nhZkn cuia hai ngucthThi Ba Tucth R\pn thXm nucthTgc Phagp sau khi Raj Ri qua m^kt s^p nucthTgc chZu [u. SZy lah m^kt trong ba tagc phZrm ti\u bi\ru cho sucthk nghi\kp sagng tako cuia Montesquieu vah lah tagc phZrm RucthTkc c^ng chugng Phagp nhi\kt li\kt hoan ngh\nh ngay khi mTgi ra RThi. MXkc duh lah tagc phZrm vXn chucthTng, nhucthng NhucthWng bucthTc thucth Ba Tucth Raj khi\pn nhi\qu ngucthThi dZn Phagp khi Rog phai suy nghc nghi\m tugc v\q n\qn chuy\n ch\p, v\q giago h^ki vah giTgi giago sc, v\q thZn phZkn cuia con ngucthThi trong sucthk cai trd R^kc Roagn cuia ch\p R^k R^kc tahi, chuy\n ch\p. Th^ng qua nhucthjng bucthgc thucth cuia hai ngucthThi Ba Tucth Rang lucthu trug taki chZu [u gucthi v\q qu\ hucthTng, Montesquieu Raj ducthkng l\n m^kt bucthgc tranh v\q xaj h^ki phucthTng S^ng vah xaj h^ki phucthTng TZy. Th^ng qua hanh tucthTkng quan thagi giagm - kei tucthTkng tructhng cho nhucthjng con ngucthThi mah trong m^kt xaj h^ki chuy\n ch\p, ngay bain thZn hok cujng kh^ng th\r tucthk baio v\k RucthTkc manh tructhTgc sucthk agp RXkt cuia Nhah nucthTgc chuy\n ch\p, Montesquieu Raj cho thZpy xaj h^ki phucthTng S^ng khi Rog lah m^kt xaj h^ki mah Ti Rog, ngucthThi ta Raj “lZpy tucthh th\p giTgi nahy Rem negm vaho th\p giTgi kia m^kt ngucthThi naho Rog khego chokn, ngucthThi Zpy caim thZpy roj r\kt tZpt cai cagi phi lyg mah chugng ta kh^ng caim thZpy, cagi lak luhng cuia tZkp quagn, cagi kyh dd cuia luZkt phagp, cagi RXkc bi\kt cuia phong tukc, tanh caim, t`n ngucthTjng mah ai nZpy R\qu th`ch nghi”(4). Vah, khi mucthTkn lThi hai vd khagch Ba Tucth, Montesquieu Raj cho c^ng chugng Phagp thZpy hanh ainh thZkt cuia Lui XIV. Sog lah m^kt ^ng vua giahu cog, tham quy\qn, xa hoa, tragc tagng…, ngucthThi Raj RZry nhZn dZn Phagp vaho cainh cuhng kh^r vah hTn th\p nucthja, cohn lah “^ng vua quy\qn uy nhZpt chZu [u. _ng kh^ng cog moi vahng nhucth vua TZy Ban Nha lagng gi\qng, nhucthng laki cog nhi\qu cuia cai hTn, bTi va cuia cai cuia ^ng RucthTkc khai thagc trong cagi hucth danh cuia thZqn dZn, lah m^kt thucthg kho bagu v^ tZkn, hTn cai moi vahng…”. Song, ducthTgi con mXlt cuia nhZn dZn Phagp vah cujng lah cuia Montesquieu, ^ng vua nahy chXn g qua chb lah m^kt nhah aio thuZkt; “^ng ta agp RXkt quy\qn lucthkc vaho ngay RZqu ogc thZqn dZn. _ng bXlt trXm hok suy nghc nhucth ^ng mu^pn. N\pu trong ngZn kh^p chb cohn m^kt tri\ku R^qng \quy, ^ng chb cZqn hak l\knh rXmng m^kt R^qng Xn hai R^qng khi ^ng cZqn chi tTgi hai tri\ku \quy. DZn cujng cucthg tin tucthTing nhucth vZky”(5). 78 (4) Phuhng VXn Tucthiu, S^s Ngoakn. SDd., tr.161. (5) Montesquieu. BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt (NgucthThi ddch: Hoahng Thanh Sakm). Nxb Lyg luZkn Ch`nh trd, Hah N^ki, 2004, tr.296. CH.S.MONTESQUIEU - NHA0 TRI*5T HO3C KHAI SA/NG V&/I Tuchoa Tuchoa&1NG... VZpn R\q t^n giago cujng RucthTkc Montesquieu Ructha ra m^kt cagch kh^ng kegm phZqn gay gXlt. Nogi tTgi nhah thTh CT S^pc giago nhucth m^kt thi\pt ch\p xaj h^ki vTgi b^k mXkt v^ nhZn Rako, RZqy rZsy chuy\kn luki baki, tahn bako, Rako Ructhgc giai, th^ng qua hanh tucthTkng Lui XIV, Montesquieu vi\pt: “_ng ta lahm cho moki ngucthThi tin rXmng ba chb lah m^kt; rXmng bagnh ngucthThi ta Xn kh^ng phai lah bagnh, hoXkc ructhTku vang ngucthThi ta u^png chXn g phai lah ructhTku vang vah nghan troh khagc Raki loaki nhucth th\p”(6). MXkc duh ph\ phagn nhah thTh gay gXlt, nhucthng tr\n banh di\kn tri\pt hokc, Montesquieu laki toi ra ^n hoah vah th\r hi\kn roj ^ng lah ngucthThi theo thuy\pt tucthk nhi\n thZqn luZkn. _ng ph\ phagn thZqn hokc vah nhah thTh, nhucthng vZsn dahnh cho t^n giago m^kt vai troh nhZpt Rdnh trong vi\kc duy tra Rako Ructhgc xaj h^ki. Khagc vTgi cagc nhah tri\pt hokc theo chui nghca duy lyg tri\kt R\r, khi phagt tri\rn tucth tucthTing v\q quy luZkt ph^r bi\pn mah cagc hi\kn tucthTkng cuia tucthk nhi\n vah RThi s^png xaj h^ki phai tuZn theo, ^ng Raj thucthha nhZkn vah khXn g Rdnh nhucthjng ti\qn R\q chung cuia lyg luZkn v\q phaTp lyT tucthX nhiMn mah theo Rog, con ngucthThi kh^ng th\r ducthka tr\n lyg luZkn nahy R\r xZy ducthkng m^kt h\k th^png vakn nXng nhucthjng quy luZkt xaj h^ki(7). Sau khi tagc phZrm NhucthWng bucthTc thucth Ba Tucth ra RThi, Montesquieu “trTi thahnh nhZn vZkt n^ri ti\png tucthh RZpy vah thucthThng lui tTgi phohng khagch cuia phu nhZn De Lambert, gia nhZkp cZu lakc b^k “Entresol” - m^kt thucthg hahn lZm vi\kn tucthk do, R\r cuhng nhau nghi\n cucthgu cagc vZpn R\q khoa hokc v\q Rako Ructhgc vah ch`nh trd”(8). NXm 1726, Montesquieu th^i chucthgc vuk Chagnh agn Toha agn BoogcR^ mah tructhTgc RZpy, ^ng Raj lahm th\p chZn ngucthThi chug cuia manh. M^kt nXm sau, ^ng RucthTkc bZqu vaho Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc Phagp. S\pn nXm 1728, ^ng takm bi\kt cagc phohng khagch Ti Pari vah l\n RucthThng Ri du ldch khXlp nTi R\r hi\ru phong tukc, tZkp quagn, luZkt phagp vah th\r ch\p cuia cagc nucthTgc chZu [u. _ng Raj Ri qua Sucthgc, Ato, Hunggari, Italia, Thuky Sc, Hah Lan. Uv nhucthjng nTi nahy, ^ng Raj RucthTkc chucthgng ki\pn nhucthjng tahn ducth cuia ch\p R^k phong ki\pn chZu [u, RucthTkc tZkn mXlt xem xegt cu^kc s^png cuia dZn chugng ducthTgi ch\p R^k c^kng hoah. _ng lucthu laki hai nXm cu^pi Ti Anh. DucthTgi ch\p R^k quZn chui lZkp hi\pn, ^ng caim thZpy rZpt hahi lohng vah cho Rog lah m^kt th\r ch\p lyg tucthTing, tragi ngucthTkc vTgi nucthTgc Phagp quZn chui chuy\n ch\p. “Taki Nghd vi\kn Anh, ngucthThi ta cho phegp ^ng cog mXkt trong cagc cu k^c tranh luZkn giucthja Ch`nh phui vah phe R^pi lZkp kego dahi tTgi 12 giTh. Cagc tucth tucthTing cuia ^ng v\q lyg luZkn phZn quy\qn Raj bXlt RZqu ch`n mu^qi Ti Anh”(9). SZy lah thThi gian Raj lahm cho Montesquieu thZpy thucthkc sucthk quyg bagu vah nhucthjng caim nhZkn cuia ^ng v\q nhucthjng ga Raj di\sn ra Ti RZy Raj trTi thahnh ti\qn R\q cho sucthk hanh thahnh tucth tucthTing cuia ^ng sau nahy. NXm 1731, Montesquieu quay v\q Phagp vah s^png Ti lZu Rahi Bregt. Uv RZy, ^ng ti\p tukc hoakt R^kng lyg luZkn. NXm 1734, ^ng cho ra RThi tagc phZrm NhKXn DSnh vM] nguyMn nhKn thSnh DaXt vaU suy thoaTi cuVa RNma. Theo ^ng, “nguy\n nhZn lahm cho La Maj 79 (6) DZsn theo: Phuhng VXn Tucthiu, S^s Ngoakn. SDd., tr.167. (7) Xem: TucthU DiM^n TriM\t hoXc (M.M.Rodentan chui bi\n). Nxb Ti\pn b^k, MagtxcTva, 1986, tr.373. (8) Hoahng Thanh Sakm. TiM^u sucthV Montesquieu. Trong: Montesquieu. SDd., tr.12. (9) P.S.Taran^p . SDd., tr.688-689. NGUY*8N TH. THU Huchoa&NG cucthThng thdnh lah do tanh y\u tucthk do, tanh y\u t^r qu^pc vah tanh y\u lao R^kng. _ng nhZpn maknh R\pn RucthThng l^pi quZn sucthk, ch`nh trd kh^n ngoan R^pi vTgi cagc nucthTgc b\n caknh R\r ducthka vaho RZpy cuing c^p ch`nh quy\qn cuia manh. Cohn nguy\n nhZn cuia sucthk suy thoagi ch`nh lah sucthk r^kng lTgn cuia R\p ch\p. Sog lah tanh trakng quZn R^ki R^qn trug quag xa trung ucthTng, do Rog cujng xa tinh thZqn c^kng hoha vah chb bi\pt cog vd chb huy cuia manh; lah cu^kc n^ki chi\pn li\n mi\n R\r giahnh giZkt RZpt Rai, cuia cai giucthja cagc vucthTng hZqu…”(10). Montesqieu cujng nhucth nhi\qu nhah tri\pt hokc khagc cuia Phagp th\p kyi XVIII mu^pn khagm phag nhucthjng quy luZkt di\sn bi\pn cuia ldch sucthi, ch^png laki quan Ri\rm cho rXmng sucthk vZkn R^kng cuia ldch sucthi lah do sucthk sXlp RXkt cuia thZqn linh, do yg mu^pn chui quan cuia m^kt cag nhZn, hay do ngZsu nhi\n chi ph^pi. Tuy nhi\n, Montesquieu chuctha thZpy RucthTkc RZpu tranh giai cZp lah R^kng lucthkc thugc RZry ldch sucthi, mah chb chug yg R\pn nhucthjng y\pu t^p tinh thZqn. SZy lah hakn ch\p cuia ^ng vah cujng lah cuia thThi Raki. Trong tagc phZrm nahy, Montesquieu Raj ph\ phagn n\qn ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p vah tanh trakng suy R^qi Ti nhucthjng nucthTgc theo ch`nh th\r nahy. Theo ^ng, “thZkt ra cagc luZkt cuia R^ma Raj trTi n\n bZpt lucthkc, kh^ng th\r cai trd nucthTgc c^kng hoha RucthTkc nucthja; nhucthng Rog lah cagi mah ngucthThi ta lu^n lu^n thZpy lah “nhucthjng luZkt hay” Raj lahm cho m^kt nucthTgc c^kng hoah nhoi trTi thahnh nucthTgc lTgn, vah “nhucthjng luZkt hay” Zpy trTi thahnh gagnh nXkng khi nucthTgc c^kng hoha Raj bahnh tructhTgng quag mucthgc, va nhucthjng luZkt nahy chb cog tagc dukng lahm thahnh m^kt dZn t^kc lTgn, chucthg kh^ng cog tagc dukng cai trd dZn t^kc Rog”(11). Cujng theo ^ng, nhucthjng thi\pt ch\p quZn sucthk vah RThi s^png tinh thZqn cuia c^ng dZn trong cagc nhah nucthTgc Rog khi Rakt R\pn R^k cucthkc thdnh tha n^ki chi\pn n^r ra li\n mi\n vah Ri\qu Rog khi\pn cho n\qn c^kng hoha trTi thahnh nhah nucthTgc chuy\n ch\p R^kc quy\qn. _ng vi\pt: “Trong khi tZqng lTgp banh dZn Ti R^ma RucthTkc cagc vd h^k dZn quan (tribun) nu^ng chi\qu, chb bi\pt thucthha nhZkn quy\qn lucthkc cuia manh, tha cT quan chZp ch`nh (consulat) cohn cog th\r tucthk baio v\k m^kt cagch d\s dahng va hok cucthg theo ch`nh sagch Raj ban hahnh mah lahm vi\kc. Th\p lah Ragm dZn Ren cucthg lu^n lu^n bd Ragnh RZkp vah trTi thahnh y\pu Ru^pi. Nhucthng m^kt khi dZn chugng cog th\r vu^pt rZu tucthk haho v\q quy\qn lucthkc cuia manh Ti ngoahi nucthTgc r^qi tha moki kh^n ngoan cuia cT quan chZp ch`nh trong nucthTgc cujng trTi n\n v^ `ch vah n\qn c^kng hoha bd ti\u vong”(12). Thagng 10 nXm 1748, Montesquieu cho ra RThi tagc phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt. Do Raj phai lahm vi\kc cXng thXn g R\r nghi\n cucthgu, soakn thaio cu^pn sagch nahy n\n sucthgc khoie cuia ^ng bd suy sukp, nhZpt lah thd lucthkc. Ngay tucthh tagc phZrm NhucthWng bucthTc thucth Ba Tucth, chugng ta Raj thZpy thZp thoagng quan ni\km cuia Montesquieu v\q sucthk khagc bi\kt giucthja ch`nh th\r quZn chui vah ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p, nhucthjng nguy\n tXlc chi ph^pi nhah nucthTgc, nhucth phong tukc, tZkp quagn, kh` hZku… Uv tagc phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt, Montesquieu kh^ng nghi\n cucthgu luZkt phagp nhucth m^kt nhah luZkt hokc thuZqn tuyg, mah nghi\n cucthgu cagi h^qn, cagi tinh thZqn cuia phagp luZkt. _ng mu^pn khagm phag cagi trZkt tucthk, cagi quy luZkt trong mTg h^sn R^kn cagc luZkt 80 (10) DZsn theo: Phuhng VXn Tucthiu (chui bi\n). LSch sucthV vIn hoXc PhaTp thM\ kyV XVIII. Nxb Ngoaki vXn, Hah N^ki, 1991, tr.93 - 94. (11) Montesquieu. SDd., tr.311. (12) Montesquieu. SDd., tr.307 - 308. CH.S.MONTESQUIEU - NHA0 TRI*5T HO3C KHAI SA/NG V&/I Tuchoa Tuchoa&1NG... phagp Ti tZpt cai cagc dZn t^kc vah Ti moki thThi Raki. SZy lah tagc phZrm mang t`nh tri\pt hokc sZu sXlc, trong Rog luZkt phagp RucthTkc giai th`ch tucthh nhi\qu kh`a caknh khagc nhau. BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt th\r hi\kn thagi R k^ h\pt sucthgc cXm ghegt cuia Montesquieu R p^i vTgi ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p vah chui tructhTng thay th\p nog bXmng m k^t hanh thucthgc nhah nucthTgc mTgi R\r cho cagc c^ng dZn Phagp lugc bZpy giTh cog l p^i thoagt ra khoi sucthk Rahn agp, cucthTjng bucthgc cuia ch\p R k^ R k^c tahi, chuy\n ch\p. Th\p nhucthng, sau khi RucthTkc c^ng b p^, tagc phZrm nahy Raj bd ph\ phagn tucthh nhi\qu ph`a vah do vZky, Montesquieu laki ti\p tukc vi\pt m k^t tagc phZrm luZkn chi\pn BaVo vMX tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt (1750) R\r nogi roj lZkp tructhThng cuia manh. Trong tagc phZrm luZkn chi\pn nahy, ^ng Raj thXn g thXln RZkp laki nhucthjng yg ki\pn chb tr`ch quan Ri\rm cuia ^ng v\q “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt”, trai lThi nhucthjng Ri\qu bXlt bei vukn vXkt R p^i vTgi “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt” vah ph\ phagn phucthTng phagp luZkn cuia nhucthjng kei Raj ph\ phagn ^ng R\r qua Rog, R\q cao “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt” mah ^ng chui tructhTng vah dahnh cai cu k^c RThi R\r xZy ducthkng. Nhucthjng nXm cu^pi RThi, Montesquieu s^png trong lZu Rahi cuia manh vah taki RZy, ^ng Raj vi\pt th\m m^kt s^p tagc phZrm khagc, nhucth LyDimaTc (1751), Acxat vah IxmMni (1754). Khi Rog, ^ng Raj trTi n\n n^ri ti\png vah RucthTkc k`nh trokng. Nhi\qu hokc giai khi Rog Raj cho ra RThi cagc c^ng tranh nghi\n cucthgu v\q tagc phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt cuia Montesquieu vah nhi\qu hokc giai trong s^p Rog Raj gucthi cho ^ng c^ng tranh nghi\n cucthgu cuia hok, m^kt s^p ngucthThi cohn mu^pn RucthTkc tructhkc ti\p gXkp ^ng R\r troh chuy\kn. NXm 1754, Montesquieu R\pn Pari. “Nguy\n nhZn cuia chuy\pn Ri lah vi\kc bXlt giam giago sucth La-B^men, m^kt trong nhucthjng ngucthThi RZqu ti\n c^ng khai baio v\k majnh li\kt BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt. Theo y\u cZqu cuia Ch`nh phui Phagp, La-B^men bd bXlt Ti Ph^r, trao cho Phagp vah bd giam vaho Baxti vTgi tucth cagch m^kt ngucthThi khai nghi v\q mXkt ch`nh trd. NhZkn RucthTkc tin nahy, Montesquieu v^ki vahng R\pn giugp RTj. _ng hXng hagi xin giuhm cho vd giago sucth bZpt haknh, sucthi dukng cagc m^pi quan h\k cog th\p lucthkc cuia manh vah giai thoagt RucthTkc ^ng ta”(13). Trong thThi gian Rog, ^ng Raj phai chdu Ructhkng sucthk hahnh hak thZn xagc m^kt cagch khuing khi\p do b\knh tZkt ngahy m^kt nXkng th\m, nhucthng ^ng vZsn s^png vah hoakt R^kng vTgi m^kt nghd lucthkc hi\pm cog. _ng Raj qua RThi taki Pari ngahy 10 thagng 2 nXm 1755 vah R\r laki nhi\qu nguy\n caio, trong Rog cog tZkp NhucthWng tucth tucthFVng cuVa tNi. VTgi tZpt cai nhucthjng c p^ng hi\pn lyg luZkn cuia manh, Montesquieu xucthgng Ragng RucthTkc t^n vinh lah m k^t trong nhucthjng nhah tucth tucthTing lTgn trong ldch sucthi tucth tucthTing nhZn loaki th\p kyi XVIII, lah nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng Phagp n r^i ti\png vTgi tucth tucthTing R\q cao “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt”, lu^n th\r hi\kn yg ch` vah khagt vokng xZy ducthkng m k^t xaj h k^i mTgi mah Ti Rog, kh^ng cohn agp bucthgc, bZpt c^ng, m k^t xaj h k^i cog khai nXng Rem laki tucthk do cho moki ngucthThi, hoah banh cho nhZn loaki. HTn hai th\p kyi qua, nhZn loaki lu^n nhXlc R\pn ^ng vTgi tucth cagch Rog vah BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt cuia ^ng lu^n RucthTkc cagc nhah tucth tucthTing, cagc ch`nh khagch vah giTgi nghi\n cucthgu lyg luZkn tr\n toahn th\p giTgi sucthi dukng nhucth m k^t tahi li\ku tham khaio b r^ `ch, cog giag trd gTki mTi cho vi\kc xZy ducthkng vah hoahn thi\kn lyg luZkn v\q nhah nucthTgc phagp quy\qn.
81 (13) P.S.Taran^p . SDd., tr.690.