Bài giảng Using Information Technology 11e - Chapter 3: Software: Tools for Productivity & Creativity

Chapter 3Software: Tools for Productivity & Creativity3Chapter Topics2UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power3.1 The Operating System: What It Does 3.2 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs3.3 Common Features of the User Interface3.4 Common Operating SystemsUNIT 3B: Application Software: Getting Started3.5 Application Software: Where to Get It, How to Use It3.6 Data Files & Program Files3.7 Word Processing Software3.8 Spreadsheet Programs3.9 Database Software3.10 Office Suites & Integrated Packages3.11 Specialty Application SoftwareUNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the PowerApplication software is software that has been developed to solve a particular problem for users—to perform useful work on specific tasks or to provide entertainment.System software runs at the most basic level of your computer and enables the application software to interact with the computer and helps the computer to manage its internal and external resources, as well as manage the hardware.There are three basic components of system software that you need to know about:31. Operating systems: An operating system is the principal component of system softwarein any computing system.2. Device drivers: Device drivers help the computer control peripheral devices.3. Utility programs: Utility programs are generally used to support, enhance, or expandexisting programs in a computer system.3.1 The Operating SystemWhat It Does5The operating system manages the entire computer system.The operating system (OS) consists of the low-level, master system of programs that manage the basic operations of the computer.Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run other programs.OS allows users to concentrate on applications rather than on complexities of the computer.Each application program is written to run on top of a particular OS.The OS manages: • Booting • CPU management • File management • Task management • Security management6BootingThe process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memoryBooting involves four steps:Turn the computer on.Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware.Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory.BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware.The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a copy of the OS.Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory.78Panel 3.2Page 117 Cold boot—turn on computer’s “on” systemWarm boot—restart a computer that is already onBoot disk—use a CD or flash drive containing all files to launch OSBoot from the cloud9CPU ManagementCPU is the central processing unit.Supervisor (kernel) is the software that manages CPURemains in memory while the computer runsDirects other programs not in memory to perform tasks that support application programsMemory ManagementOS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each otherSwaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different timesKeeps track of virtual memory10CPU Management (continued)Queues, Buffers, SpoolingQueue: First-in, first-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processedBuffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waitingTo spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer. (Needed because the CPU is faster than printers. The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait.)11File ManagementA file is either aData File: a named collection of dataProgram File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storageFiles are located in many places on secondary storage devices; OS locates files and facilitates access to themThe file system arranges files in a hierarchical mannerTop level is directories (folders)Subdirectories come below foldersFind files using their pathname. Example:C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc12Task ManagementComputers are required to perform many different tasks at once—to do task management.Task: An operation such as storing, printing, or calculatingMultitasking: Handling more than one program concurrentlyExample: You do word processing while playing music on your computer.OS directs processor to alternate time on each program until processing is complete.13Security ManagementOperating Systems permit users to control access to their computers.Users gain access using an ID and password.You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer.After that, when you boot up, you’ll be prepared to type in your username and password.143.2 Other System SoftwareDevice Drivers & Utility Programs15Drivers and utility programs add functionality to your computer and help it perform better.Device DriversSpecialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.When you buy a computer, many device drivers come with the system software.Device drivers also come with new hardware (on CDs/DVDs) or can be downloaded from the manufacturer’s website.UtilitiesService programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources.Examples: Backup, virus protection, data recovery, data compression, file defragmentation, disk cleanup, remove temp filesSome come with the OS, others can be bought separately (e.g., Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities).163.3 Common Features of the User Interface17User-interface features use graphics to facilitate a person’s interaction with the computer.User InterfaceThe user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer, using keyboard or mouse.Keyboard & MouseSpecial-purpose keys: used to enter, delete, edit data, and to execute commands.Function keys (F1, F2, etc.): used to execute commands specific to the software being used.Macros: keyboard shortcuts to activate series of commands.Mouse pointer: moved to particular place on screen or to point to little symbol icons.18Panel 3.6Pages 126-127 Graphical User Interface (GUI)Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and commands from menus.Three main features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus.Desktop: The system’s main interface screen.Icons: Small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or procedures.Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse over it.Menus: Lists of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose pull-down, cascading, pull-up, pop-up.20MenusMost operating systems use GUIs with the following:Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window and shows the name of the folder you are in.Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus available.Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing frequently used options or commands.Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows screen that contains the Start button and icons that show open files/programs.windows: Rectangular portion of the display screen through which you can view a file of data or an application program. 2223Page 132 windowPrograms pinned to taskbarWindows 7 and Windows 8 taskbarsMinimize, Maximize, Restore Down, and Close3.4 Common Operating Systems25The main operating systems for general computer users are Windows, Mac OS, and Unix/Linux.PlatformThe particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based.Three principle categories of operating systems:Stand-aloneNetworkEmbedded261. Stand-alone operating systems Often called a desktop operating system, an operating system that works on a single desktop or notebook (laptop) computer.Two principal stand-alone systems:Mac platforms—run Apple MacintoshPC platforms—run Microsoft WindowsSome legacy systems still used—outdated but still functionalDOS (Disk Operating System) (original Microsoft OS)—hard-to-use command-driven user interfaceMac OS X (“Ten”)OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers; is popular for desktop publishing , graphics, and educational settingsPioneered the easy-to-use GUI (based on work done at Xerox)Proprietary OSMac OS X from 2000 is based on UnixMac OS 10.8 = Mountain Lion (2011)Mac OS 10.9 = Mavericks (2013)Apple iOS runs mobile devices28Microsoft WindowsMost common operating system for desktop and portable PCs.Windows early versions:95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, VistaWindows 7: still most commonly used OSWindows 8: Has both desktop (“classic”) and tile viewsTile view allows gesture manipulation of on-screen items (touch screens)292. Network operating systemsNovell’s Open Enterprise Server (OES)Used for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs) throughout a company or campusNetwork OS usually located on a main serverWindows ServerDesigned to run on network servers in businesses of all sizesMultiple users share resources, such as data, programs, printers30(Network operating systems)Unix, Solaris, BSDUnix is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built-in networking capability and versions for all kinds of computersIs particularly stable—used to run backbone of InternetUsed by large organizations—for airplane design, currency tradingVersions include Solaris, BSDUnix interface is command-line interface31(Network operating systems)LinuxFree (nonproprietary) version of UnixContinual improvements from thousands of volunteer programmersLinux is open-source software—anyone may make suggested improvementsMay legally be downloaded and used for freeMay legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t copyrightedUses command-line-interface or GUILinux vendors give away software but sell services, productsIs the basis of Google’s Chrome OS323. Embedded Operating SystemsEmbedded OS—resides on CPU chipSpecialized system that is part of larger system or machineUsed in mobile devices: Google Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, iOS, Embedded Linux33UNIT 3B: Application Software—Getting StartedPeople interact with the application software, which interacts with the system software, which interacts with the computer.343.5 Application SoftwareWhere to Get It, How to Use ItApplication software comprises the programs that do the work that users are directly interested in.The availability of software depends on how it is licensed or copyrighted by its creators or owners.Software can be obtained in a variety of ways:361. Custom Software Tailor-made software crafted by an individual or team of programmers for a particular function or business purpose.2. Packaged softwareCopyrighted, mass-produced software that’s offered for sale in stores or on the web to a variety of users. [See next slides.]3. Public-domain software Software that is not protected by copyright and thus may be duplicated by anyone at will, with no fear of legal prosecution.4. Freeware Copyrighted software that is distributed free of charge 5. SharewareCopyrighted software that is distributed free for a trial period, but users must then pay the software developer to continue using it. 6. Rentalware Online software that users lease for a fee and download whenever they want it. 7. Web application (web app) Software that runs on a remote Internet server rather than on a person’s own personal computer.Commercial (packaged) software is copyrighted -- users must get license from owner and sign a contract in which they agree not to make copies of the software to give away or resell.Software license types:Site licenses allow software to be used on all computers at a specific locationConcurrent-user licenses—allow a number of copies to be used at one timeMultiple-user license—specifies number of people who may use the softwareSingle-user license—limits software to one user at a time38Pirated software: Software obtained illegally in violation of copyrightAbandonware: Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher (but may still not be legally copied)39Tutorials & DocumentationTutorial: Instruction book or program that helps you learn to use the product by taking you through a series of stepsDocumentation: All information that describes a product to users, including a user guide or reference manual that provides a narrative and graphical description of the program40Types of Application SoftwareMay be classified as entertainment, personal, education/references, productivity, and specialized usesProductivity software: Purpose is to make users more productive at particular tasks.Word processing, spreadsheets, database managersMay be bundled in office suite4142Productivity software3.6 Data Files & Program Files43Data files: Data files contain data, such as words, number, pictures, and sounds—for example (extensions):Program files: Program files contain software instructions that execute, or run, when the program is opened.Source program files: Source program files contain high-level computer instructions in the original form written by the computer programmer.Executable files: To be made useful to the computer for processing, a source program file must be translated into an executable file, which contains the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. You use an executable file by running it, as when you select the spreadsheet program Microsoft Excel from your on-screen menu and open it. .exe.dll.drv.bas.javaExchanging filesImporting: getting data from another source and then converting it into a format compatible with the program in which you are currently workingExporting: transforming data into a format that can be used in another program and then transmitting it46Data compression is a method of removing repetitive elements from a data file so that it requires less storage space and therefore less time to transmit. Later the data is decompressed—the repeated patterns are restored.Lossless compression uses mathematical techniques to replace repetitive patterns of bits with a kind of coded summary. During decompression, the coded summaries are replaced with the original patterns of bits -- the data that comes out is exactly the same as what went in. Lossless techniques are used when it’s important that nothing be lost—for instance, for computer data, database records, spreadsheets, and word processing files.Lossy compression techniques permanently discard some data during compression. Lossy data compression involves a certain loss of accuracy in exchange for a high degree of compression. Examples of two lossy compression file formats are .jpeg and .mpeg, used for graphics files and sound files. 3.7 Word Processing SoftwareWord Processing uses computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text.Microsoft Word best knownOthers: Corel WordPerfect, Apple iWork Pages, Google Apps, Zoho WriterWord processing allows you to delete, insert, and replace textAdditional features: creating, formatting, printing, saving49Cursor: movable symbol to show where to enter textScrolling: moving quickly up, down, or sidewaysWord wrap: automatically continues text to next lineHead hierarchy: Outline View puts tags on headings within a document to organize it according to head levelFootnote numbering can be done automatically50Editing : Making alterations in contentInserting: adding text to documentsDeleting: removing text from documentsFind & ReplaceFind: lets you go straight to any text in your documentReplace: lets you automatically replace it with something elseCut, Copy, & PasteSelect the text you want to moveCopy (or cut) to clipboard, then paste in new location51Spelling Checker: tests for incorrectly spelled words[Note: Do not rely on spelling and grammar checkers to be 100% accurate!]Grammar Checker: highlights poor grammar, wordiness, incomplete sentences, and awkward phrasesThesaurus: offers suggestions for alternative words with the same meaning52Spelling checkerGrammar checkerFormatting Documents with the Help of TemplatesFormatting: determining appearance of a documentA template is a preformatted “form” that provides basic tools for structuring a final document—text, layout, page design, etc.Every word processing program comes with standard templates (for letters, memos, etc.)55Examples of Word templatesAspects of FormattingFontThe typeface and size of the text you useAlso lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold and colorSpacing & ColumnsChoose the line spacing (single- or double-spaced, or other)Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your documentMargins & JustificationIndicate width of left, right, top, and bottom marginsJustify text left, right, or center57Headers, footers, page numbersA header is text printed at the very top of the pageA footer is text (like page number) at the page bottomOther FormattingYou can specify borders, shading, tables, and footnotes You can also import graphics, such as clip artDefault SettingsThese are the settings automatically used by the program unless you change them58Output: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copiesYou can fax or email finished documentsPreviewing: gives you a look at how document will look when printed, before you printSaving documents: store a document as an electronic file on, e.g., hard disk, CD or flash drive. [SAVE your work often!!!!!!!!!!!]Word processing allows formatting of documents in HTML (for the web)593.8 Spreadsheet Programs60A spreadsheet program uses rectangular grids for laying out linked, usually financial, data in a very organized fashion.Spreadsheets are used to create tables and financial schedules.Enter data and formulas into rows and columns on screenMicrosoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, Apple iWork NumbersOrganized into columns and rows on a worksheetLabels are descriptive textCells are where a row and a column meetCell address is the position of the cellRange is a group of adjacent cellsValues are numbers or dates entered into a cellCell pointer shows where data is to be entered6162Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If AnalysisFormulas are instructions for calculationsDefine mathematically how one cell relates to another Example: @SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5, A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()Recalculation is the process of re-computing valuesWhat-if analysis allows users to see what happens to totals when one or more numbers change in cellsWorksheet templates—custom-designed for particular workMultidimensional spreadsheets—link one to another63Analytical Graphics: Worksheet and workbook data can be displayed in graphic form.Spreadsheet programs allow you to automatically create graphsGraphical forms make numeric data easier to analyzeExamples of types of analytical graphics:Column chartsBar chartsLine graphsPie chartsScatter charts643. 9 Database Software65A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.Database: Structured collection of interrelated files in a computer system.Database software sets up and controls the structure of a database and access to data.Principal microcomputer databases: Microsoft Access, FileMaker ProBenefits of databases:Data redundancy is minimized.Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion.Data in databases has more integrity.Data may include text, numbers, and graphics.66The main type of microcomputer database program is therelational database.Relational database: Data organized into related tablesEach table contains rows (records) & columns (fields)Key is field used to sort dataMost frequent key field is social security numberTables with the same key field are linked togetherQuerying and displaying recordsDatabase software offers a quick way to locate recordsSaving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, TransmittingCan save results, format them in different ways, print as reports, copy to other documents, & transmit as email6768Some database program functionsSample Access database templates3.10 Software Suites & Integrated PackagesSoftware suite: Collection of individual programs bundled together in a single package.Most popular are productivity suites (office suites), professional-level application programs frequently used in business—usually word processing, spreadsheet, database management, and presentation programs. Best-known productivity suite is Microsoft Office. Others are Apple iWork, Corel WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, and StarOffice. Cloud suites, or online office suites, include Microsoft Web Apps, Google Docs, and Zoho.Integrated package: Single program for microcomputers that combines the functionality of word processing, spreadsheet, and database management.Personal information manager: Software that helps you keep track of and manage information used on a daily basis, such as addresses, telephone numbers, appointments, to-do lists, and miscellaneous notes.Microsoft Outlook, Lotus Notes3.11 Specialty Application Software72Some special applications:Presentation graphicsFinancialDesktop publishingDrawing & paintingVideo/audio editingAnimationMultimedia authoringWeb page design/authoringProject managementPortable Document Format (PDF)Computer-aided design73Presentation Graphics SoftwareUses graphics, animation, sound, data, and information to make visual presentationsSome packages: Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations, Harvard GraphicsIncludes design and content templatesAllows presentation to be dressed up with clip art, sound clips, special visual effects, animation, and video clips74Financial SoftwareRanges from personal-finance managers to entry-level accounting programs to business financial-management packagesPersonal-finance programs include Quicken, Moneydance, YNABCommon features of financial softwareTrack income & expensesAllow checkbook managementDo financial reportingOffer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeepingMay offer financial planning & portfolio managementTax, accounting, investment software also available75Desktop PublishingInvolves mixing text & graphics to produce high-quality output for commercial printingUses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP softwareProfessional DTP programs: QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesignHas the following featuresMix of text with graphicsOffers varied type & layout stylesAllows import of files from other programsBecoming a DTP professional requires training7677Desktop publishing overviewDrawing ProgramsGraphics software used to design & illustrate objects & productsCreate vector images—created from geometrical formulasExamples: CorelDRAW, Adobe IllustratorPainting ProgramsGraphics programs that allow users to simulate painting on-screenProduce bit-mapped or raster images (tiny dots)78Common Graphics File Formats.bmp (BitMaP) – used on PCs (Native to MS Windows).gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – format used in web pages.jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – used in high-resolution images, especially photos.tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – used on PCs & Macs for high-resolution images to print.png (Portable Network Graphics) – used as alternative to .gif79Video-Editing SoftwareAllows import to and editing of video footage on computerSome video editing packages: Adobe Premiere Elements, Corel Video Studio, Sony Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, & Ulead VideoStudioAudio-Editing Software Allows import to and editing of sound files on computerSound editing packages: Windows Sound Recorder, Sony Pictures Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio (shareware), GoldWave, & WavePad.80Animation SoftwareSimulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still pictures, or framesComputer animation: Creation of moving images by means of computerGIF animation: First format to be widely used for web pagesPackages: GIF Construction Professional, 3D GIF Designer, Easy GIF Animator81Multimedia Authoring SoftwareCombines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applicationsContent can be put on CDs/DVDs or delivered via the webTwo examples: Adobe Director & Macromedia Authorware82Adobe DirectorWeb Page Design/Authoring SoftwareUsed to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features.Packages: Adobe Dreamweaver, Seamonkey, Coffee Cup, RealMac Rapid Weaver, etc.Packages also provided by internet access providers; free & easy to use.83Project Management SoftwareA program used to plan and schedule the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on timePackages: Mindjet MindManager, MatchWare MindView, Microsoft Project, etc.84Portable Document Format (PDF)Multiplatform file format developed by Adobe Systems that allows documents to be used with any operating system. Captures text, graphic, and formatting information from a variety of applications on different platforms, making it possible to send documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor as they were intended to be viewed.Today, used for virtually any data that needs to be exchanged among applications and users.85Computer-Aided Design (CAD)Programs intended for 2D and 3D design of products, structures, civil engineering drawings, and maps.Examples include Autodesk, AutoCAD, TurboCAD, Alibre Design, and PowerCADD.CAD programs help design buildings, cars, planes, electronic devices, roadways, bridges, subdivisions.CAD/CAM programs: allow CAD programs to be input into computer-aided manufacturing systems that make products.86