Bài giảng Network - Chapter 04

Chapter Overview Network Operating SystemsNetwork ClientsDirectory Services 1Windows Operating Systems MS-DOS–Based Kernel Windows NT–Based Kernel Microsoft Windows for WorkgroupsMicrosoft Windows 95Microsoft Windows 98Microsoft Windows Me Microsoft Windows NTMicrosoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows XP ProfessionalMicrosoft Windows .NET Server 2Microsoft Windows NT First released in 1993Provides preemptive multitaskingIntegrates networking into the operating system 3Windows NT/Windows 2000 Versions Windows NT Windows 2000 WorkstationServer ProfessionalServerAdvanced ServerDatacenter Server 4FAT File System The file allocation table (FAT) is compatible with MS-DOS–based operating systems.The original version (FAT16) supports drives up to 2 GB only.FAT32 supports drives of virtually any size. 5NT File System (NTFS) Supports larger files and drives than FAT doesProvides increased securitySupported by Windows NT and Windows 2000Not supported by MS-DOS–based operating systems 6Windows NT/Windows 2000 Mandatory Networking Services ServerWorkstationComputer BrowserMessengerAlerter Netlogon 7Windows NT/Windows 2000 Optional Networking Services Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Domain Name System (DNS) Server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Distributed file system (Dfs) Microsoft Cluster Server 8Novell NetWare First commercially successful network operating systemFormer market leaderPure client/server operating system 9NetWare Versions 3.2: final bindery version6.0: latest Novell Directory Services (NDS) version 10Comparison of Operating System Design Objectives Novell NetWare was originally designed to provide file and print services.UNIX was designed to provide application services.Microsoft Windows was designed to provide both application services and file and print services. 11NetWare File System Uses name space modules to support native client file systemsProvides individual file and folder security 12NetWare Protocols Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)ProprietarySupported by all NetWare versionsTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)Limited support in NetWare 4.xNative support added to version 5.0 and later versions 13UNIX Variants UNIX System V Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX Sun Solaris Linux Hardware-specific UNIX variants 14UNIX Characteristics Peer-to-peer operating systemCharacter-based interfaceUses TCP/IPDesigned primarily as an application serverRuns on various processorsBased on the open source software concept 15Original Macintosh Networking Built-in network interface adapterProprietary AppleTalk protocolsAppleShare file and print services 16Current Macintosh Networking Uses EtherTalk and TokenTalkUses TCP/IPUsually used on all-Macintosh networks 17Network Clients and Client Types A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources.The client types areClient applicationsClient modules 18Client Applications Separate programs that communicate with a server in the networkExamples:Web browsersFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) clientsE-mail clientsNewsreaders 19Client Modules Integrated into an operating systemProvide other applications with access to server resources 20Windows Networking Stack21Redirectors A redirector is an operating system component that forwards resource requests generated by an application to a network server.Windows can run multiple client redirectors simultaneously.Multiple redirectors can use different protocols. 22Using Multiple Redirectors 23Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW) Included with Windows 2000 and Windows NT ServerProvides basic NetWare connectivity Must be used with NWLinkFunctions as a gateway that enables computers running Windows without NetWare clients to access NetWare resources 24Novell Clients for Windows Included with Novell NetWareOffers the following versions:Novell Client for DOS/Windows Novell Client for Windows 95/Windows 98/Windows MeNovell Client for Windows NT/Windows 2000 25Novell Clients for Windows (Cont.) Use Novell’s IPX, not NWLinkCan use Open Data-link Interface (ODI) or Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) network adapter driversCan run NetWare Administrator 26Macintosh Connectivity Tools Microsoft Services for Macintosh Novell Client for MacOSNovell Native File Access for Macintosh 27UNIX Client Capabilities Includes TCP/IP client programsRequires additional products for client file system access 28Directory Service Types Flat fileHierarchical 29NetWare Bindery Used by NetWare version 3.2 and earlierDatabase of user and group accounts for a single NetWare server 30Novell Directory Services Introduced in NetWare 4.0Originally called NetWare Directory ServicesConsists of objects arranged in a hierarchical structure 31NDS Hierarchy 32NDS Objects and Object Types Objects are logical entities composed of units of data called properties.There are two types of objects:Container objects. Organizational objects that can hold other containers or leavesLeaf objects. Objects that represent network resources 33Windows NT Domains Flat file directory databaseNot server specific Stored on domain controllers 34Windows NT Domain Controllers Primary Domain Controller (PDC). Contains master copy of directory databaseBackup Domain Controller (BDC). Contains replicas of the master directory database 35Single Master Replication36Active Directory Hierarchy Introduced in Windows 2000 ServerHierarchical directory service based on Windows NT domainsExpands the domain concept into the enterpriseDomains can be grouped into trees.Trees can be grouped into forests. 37Multiple Master Replication38Chapter Summary The Windows NT, Windows 2000, and UNIX operating systems include both server and client functionality.Novell NetWare is strictly a client/server network operating system.Windows NT and Windows 2000 were designed to provide application services and file and print services.A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources.Client types include client applications and client modules.A directory service is a centralized database of user accounts and other information that administrators use to control access to shared network resources.Active Directory replicates changes to the data on any domain controller to all of the other domain controllers on the network. 39