Bài giảng Management: A Pacific Rim Focus - Chapter 12 Motivation

CHAPTER 12MOTIVATION1© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Lecture outlineNature of motivationNeeds theoriesCognitive theoriesReinforcement theorySocial learning theory2© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Nature of motivation Motivation is the force energising or, giving direction to, behaviour. It is a complex interaction of behaviours, needs, rewards/reinforcement and cognitive activities.3© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Nature of motivationabilitymotivationenvironmentalconditionsperformance=xX4© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesHierarchy of needs theory (Maslow)Two-factor theory (Herzberg)ERG theory (Aldefer)Acquired needs theory (McClelland) 5© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesHierarchy of needs theory (Maslow):Theory arguing that individual needs form a five-level hierarchy.6© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesPhysiologicalSafetyBelongingnessEsteemSelf-actualisation7© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesTwo-factor theory (Herzberg) Herzberg’s theory that hygiene factors are necessary to keep workers from feeling dissatisfied but, only motivators can lead workers to feel satisfied and motivated.8© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesAchievementResponsibilityWork itselfRecognitionGrowthAdvancementPayWorking ConditionsSupervisorsCompany PoliciesFringe benefitsHygiene factorsMotivatorsThese factors help prevent dissatisfaction.These factors promote satisfaction.9© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesERG theory (Aldefer) Alternative to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which argues that there are three levels of individual needs.10© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesExistence needsPhysiological (food, water)PayBenefitsWorking conditionsRelatedness needsRelationships with family,work and professionalgroupsGrowth needsCreativityInnovationProductivitySatisfaction-progression principleFrustration-regression principle11© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesAcquired needs theory (McClelland) Theory stating that our needs are acquired or learned on the basis of our life experiences.12© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Needs theoriesAcquired needs theoryDeveloped by David McClelland — cites the need for achievement, power, and affiliation as major motives in workNeed for achievement —drive to excelNeed for power—influence others behaviourNeed for affiliation—desire for friendlyand close interpersonal relationships13© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesExpectancy theoryEquity theoryGoal-setting theory14© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesExpectancy theory (Vroom) Theory arguing that we consider three main issues (effort-performance, performance-outcome, valence) before we expend effort necessary to perform at a given level.15© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesEffort-performance expectancy Our assessment of the probability our efforts will lead to the required level of performance.Performance-outcome expectancy Our assessment of the probability our successful performance will lead to desired outcomes.Valence Our assessment of anticipated value of various outcomes or rewards.16© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesEquity theory (Adams) Theory arguing that we prefer situations of balance or, equity.Implications for managers:Communication essential to assess equity/inequity perceptions in employees.Complimentary to Expectancy theory.17© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesGoal-setting theory Goal-setting theory [technique] works by focussing attention & action, mobilising effort, increasing persistence, & encouraging the development of strategy to achieve goals.18© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesReinforcement theory Theory arguing that our behaviour can be explained by consequences in the environment.19© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesTypes of reinforcement:Positive Uses pleasant, rewarding consequences to encourage desired behaviour. Use of shaping.Negative (unpleasant) stimuli so an individual will engage in the desired behaviour to stop the stimuli.20© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Cognitive theoriesTypes of reinforcement:Extinction Stopping previously available positive outcomes from a behaviour to decrease the behaviour.Punishment Providing negative consequences to decrease or discourage a behaviour.21© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Reinforcement theoryFixed interval: given on fixed time schedule. Unevenresponses, extinctionrapid if reinforcementlate, or stopsFixed ratio: given after fixed number of cases of desired behaviour.High response rates, rapid extinguishment if stoppedeven temporarily. Variable ratio: given on variable or random frequency of behaviour basis. High response rate, very slow extinguishment Variable interval:given on variable or random time basis. High, steadyresponse rate, slow extinguishment, if stopped Using reinforcement theory:encourage desiredbehaviour, be clear on what is desired. Use variable interval& variable ratioreinforcement. Punish moderatelyseverely & promptly. 22© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Social learning theorySocial learning theory (Bandura) Theory arguing that learning occurs through continuous reciprocal interaction of our behaviours, various personal factors and environmental forces.23© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Social learning theoryLearning occurs by continuous interactionbetween our behaviours, personal factors andenvironmental forces, viz:Symbolic processesSelf-control/regulationVicarious learning.24© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Lecture summaryNature of motivation Motivational process Motivation & performance.Needs theories Hierarchy of needs Two-factor ERG Acquired needs.25© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.Lecture summaryCognitive theories Expectancy Equity Goal-setting.Reinforcement theory Positive, negative, extinction, punishment as reinforcement.Social learning theory Symbolic processes, self-control, vicarious learning.26© 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition. Slides prepared by David Meacheam & George Sansbury.