Bài giảng Information Systems in Business - Chapter 3 Computer Hardware

Computer HardwareChapter3McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware.Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.Learning ObjectivesIdentify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system.Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection.Learning ObjectivesEarly Computing1880sPunched cards turned sensors On or Off1946 ENIAC First Digital computer - programmableUsed vacuum tubes Would fill room 39 ft by 39 ftLate 1950sTransistors replaced vacuum tubesSmaller, faster, coolerWaves of ComputingFirst Generation - Prior to 1950Vacuum tubesSecond Generation - Late 1950s Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby200,000 to 250,000 calculations per secondThird Generation - Mid-1960s Integrated circuitry and miniaturizationFourth Generation - 1971 Further miniaturizationMultiprogramming and virtual storageFifth Generation - 1980s Millions of calculations per secondAge of Microcomputers1975 MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800.1977Commodore and Radio Shack1979Apple computer, fastest selling Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak1982IBM introduced the PCChanged the marketInformation AppliancesHand-held microcomputer devicesKnown as personal digital assistants (PDAs)Web-enabled Touch screens, handwriting recognition, keypadsAccess email or the WebExchange data with desktop PCs or serversLatest entrant is the BlackBerryPDAs include Video-game consolesCellular and PCS phonesTelephone-based home email appliancesiPhone 4Midrange SystemsHigh-end network servers Large-scale processing of business applicationsNot as powerful as mainframesLess expensive to buy, operate, and maintainOften used to manageLarge Internet websitesCorporate intranets and extranetsIntegrated, enterprise-wide applicationsUsed as front-end serversAssist mainframes with telecommunications and networksMainframe Computer SystemsLarge, fast, powerful computer systemsLarge primary storage capacityHigh transaction processingHandles complex computationsWidely used as superservers forLarge client/server networksHigh-volume Internet websitesBecoming popular computing platform forElectronic commerce applicationsData mining and warehousing Supercomputer SystemsExtremely powerful systemsScientific, engineering, and business applicationsMassive numeric computationsMarkets includeGovernment research agenciesLarge universitiesMajor corporationsUses parallel processingBillions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops) Costs $5 to $50 millionStorage Capacity MeasurementKilobyte (KB): one thousand bytesMegabyte (MB): one million bytesGigabyte (GB): one billion bytesTerabyte (TB): one trillion bytesPetabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytesTypes of Semiconductor MemoryRandom Access Memory (RAM)Most widely used primary storage mediumVolatile memoryRead/write memoryRead-Only Memory (ROM)Permanent storageCan be read, but not overwrittenFrequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing processCalled firmwareFlash DriveRAID StorageRedundant Arrays of Independent DisksArrays of hard disk drivesVirtually unlimited online storage6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives in a single unitData are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disksRedundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacityStorage area networks can interconnect many RAID unitsRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologiesSystem for tagging and identifying moving objectsMerchandise, postal packages, casino chips, petsTag 1 inch squareChips half the size of a grain of sandPassive chips derive power from reader signalActive chips are self-poweredPrivacy IssuesPredictions for the FutureBiological memoriesHealth remediesLonger life spansVirtual activitiesMemory recall