Bài giảng Human Development - Chapter 9 Young adults

Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentChapter 9Young adults9-1Development in adulthoodIs reaching adulthood an end point for “development”?Can people develop through adult life?What might a theory of development in adulthood look like?Does physiological development reverse once “maturity” has been reached?There is no single developmental pathway that must be followed from birth to death9-2Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentMilestones of young adulthoodGetting settled in a job or careerFinding and settling with a long term partnerBuying a house (perhaps)Having childrenThese milestones are being delayed and some are not even part of the life plan of some young adultsDoes this mean these young people are refusing to “grow up”?9-3Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentImpact of migrationMany young adults leave their home country in search of adventure, or better jobsThis youthful migration can mean a delay in “settling down”Sometimes, it can lead to settling down in a new countryThus many families now have family ties around the worldMany long term partnerships also bridge cultural boundaries9-4Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentIntergenerational effectsHistorical and structural economic changes, such asIncreased life expectancyExpectations of tertiary qualificationsLow pay and fewer career options for young adults These interact with generational effects, such asDifferences in expectations between older and younger cohortsFamiliarity with technological developments to produce new experiences of the young adult period of the lifespan9-5Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentCognitive development Piaget’s theory suggested cognitive development reaches its peak by young adulthoodLogical thinkingMoral principlesAbility to think hypotheticallySome current theorists seem to suggest that maturity is occurring later (see chapter 8)Claiborne and Drewery argue that young adults are more adaptiveSeem to tolerate ambiguity more readily than previous generationsDo young adults take responsibility for themselves?9-6Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentPersonality developmentIs personality fixed for life?Or does it change through life?Three popular theories of development which apply to adulthood:Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Erikson’s psychosocial challengesLevinson’s theory of development through adulthood9-7Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentMaslow’s hierarchy of needs9-8Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentErikson: intimacy or isolationSee Figure 6.1, p. 186 for lifespan outlineLearning to reach out and make profoundly meaningful contact with another, without losing a sense of your own self or becoming competitive with the other person9-9Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentLevinson: young adulthoodEnd of adolescence: Leaving home and becoming more independentMid-twenties: Finding a career, marrying and setting up a homeAge 30: Reassessing work and family life choicesFinally: becoming one’s own manNote that the original work was done in the 1970s with males aged 35-45 in the USClaims have since been made that research shows the pattern is similar for women9-10Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentCritiques of Levinson’s theoryThe theory relies on the idea of periods of stability interspersed with periods of instability, called transitionsThe theory has been critiqued for confusing the social expectations of a particular culture with biological norms or developmentIt should be clear to students in Aotearoa that the timing suggested for these transitions is no longer relevantHas the timing simply got later, or is it more spread out?Is the sequence still the same?9-11Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentChoosing or finding a careerChanging situation in today’s worldMore variety of jobsJobs are often temporaryJobs may go out of existenceNew jobs are created with some rapidityCareers are not seen as “for life”Changes in the job market are not always predictableEducational pathways are less clear9-12Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentJohn Holland’s (1973, 1996) theory of occupational choice Holland proposed personality typesRealisticInvestigativeSocialArtisticConventionalEnterprisingThe assumption is that These types can be matched to jobs, andMost jobs and people fit into these categories The basis of many current job search programmes9-13Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentUnemploymentYouth unemployment is high in many countriesYoung people are encouraged to remain in tertiary education; this hides youth unemploymentPeople are counted as in paid work if they do more than one hour of work per week for financial gainThe number of people in part time work has increased.Most people in Aotearoa believe they have a right to paid workBeing unemployed for a long period can be socially and psychologically damaging9-14Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentEmploymentParticipation in the paid work force has gone up60% of women are now in the paid work force, compared with about 74% of menFlexible hours are more importantMore men work part timeApart from financial support, having a job organises your time, affords social contact, and gives you an identityMost people will experience periods out of the paid work force during their adulthood (not just women)9-15Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentLong-term couple relationshipsYoung adults are marrying later than their older generationsCohabitation is common in early adulthoodHistorical analysis suggests that many people used to marry because they were pregnantToday the number of “ex-nuptial” births has increased as a proportion of all births – which means that there are fewer “nuptial” birthsThe availability and use of contraception seems to have changed the way young adults develop their intimate and long-term relationships9-16Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentThe family lifecycle (see pp.300-4)The ages of children affect the demands on their parents’ livesChildren affect parents, just as parents affect childrenUnderstanding the needs and expectations of each stage of family life is important for planning parents’ livesEach stage can be enjoyableChange happens quicklyTaking care of your children is an investment in their future9-17Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentNot having childrenNot every adult becomes a parentIncreasing numbers choose not to have childrenChoosing not to have children is a brave option in a country that still assumes that all married couples want childrenThere is a trend towards later child-bearingThere is also an increase in infertilityWanting children and not being able to have them can be heart-breakingIncreasing numbers of couples seek fertility treatment9-18Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentComplex constructionist ecologyDecisions made in young adulthood will very likely set the structure of your adult lifeHowever, developmental outcomes in adulthood do not follow simple causal patterns and can be very surprising The ecology of your life is complex but by the end of young adulthood some of this becomes clearerThe quality of the interactions and the environment produce developmental outcomesDevelopment is constructed. At young adulthood we see some of this construction going on – not only of your life, but of those you commit to.9-19Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development