Bài giảng Human Development - Chapter 8 Youth

8-1Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentChapter 8YouthMarkers of adulthoodDiffering cultural expectations and roles, e.g.Taking responsibility for care of younger siblingsTaking financial responsibility for oneselfEntering into a marriage-like (committed) relationshipGoing out to work, getting a jobHow do we know we have become an adult?Is there a list that we tick?8-2Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentSocial changes affecting youthRelevant changes over several decadesFewer full time jobs available for school leaversYouth have greater awareness of the wider worldMore youth engagement in part time workLater school leaving ageImplications:Lengthening period of economic dependencyExpectation of tertiary educationStarting a career begins much later8-3Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development‘Emerging’ adulthood: Arnett 18-25 yearsCharacterised by experimentation and exploration‘In between’: not adolescence, and not quite adulthoodMoving house a lotHolding off commitment to: Long-term relationshipPaid work career8-4Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentIs there a ‘transition’ to adulthood?‘Transition’ implies a psychological shift through instability to stabilityIs the shift about individual psychology, or inter-generational (historical) expectations? Is it about the complexities of adapting to social changes?Are the issues more about individual adaptations, or more about what society enables?Are young people in this period incapable of taking individual responsibility?8-5Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentMajor challenges for young peopleManaging impoverishmentNegotiating new relationshipsNavigating boundaries8-6Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentManaging impoverishmentEconomic independence is both a marker of maturity and a challenge for young peoplePost-industrial society is characterised by:Rapid changes in job marketMore part-time jobs in service industriesShrinking job marketShort term contractsChallenges to unionisation of workplacesHigh youth unemploymentHaving a well-resourced family helps (Wyn & White, 1997)Many young adults choose independence anyway8-7Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentHow do young people find their way?Look for reference groupsTry out new identities which affirm themExperiment with jobs and educational pathwaysThe cost of this experimentation can be significant 8-8Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentNegotiating new relationshipsNegotiating new relationships and status with parents is a major challengeNew friendship groups may be developed – or notYoung people moving away from home to collegeCouple relationships become more commonMost young people have their first experience of intercourse around 18-20 yearsCommitted partnership usually begins a little laterDo young people tend to drift into becoming sexually active, or do they do it intentionally?Use of contraceptives may be difficult to plan early in a developing sexual relationship8-9Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentUnplanned pregnancyThere are significant misrepresentations of the incidence of adolescent pregnancy in NZ mediaBirths to women under 20 are less than half the peak rate of 1971Legal marriages of persons under 20 are much less commonThe rate of ex-nuptial births has increased due to Fewer ‘shot-gun’ weddingsMore births to older women who have not married (but may be in long-term committed partnerships)8-10Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentAlcohol useYouth aged 18-24 have been found to drink more alcohol per week than any other age groupThey drink more in a sitting They get drunk more regularlyBinge drinking is a concern in this age groupIncrease in alcohol consumption by young womenAssociated concerns include:The relatively large number of car accidents involving alcohol where a young person is killed or injuredPossibility of alcohol dependenceViolence and anti-social behaviour8-11Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentMental health of young peopleOne in five adolescents shows evidence of significant emotional and behavioural disturbanceOne in seven young people are estimated to have experienced depression in the last yearA bout of depression can last 7-9 monthsRegular exercise and social connectedness protects young people from depressionDepression is treatable8-12Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentSuicide and self harmRates of suicide among youth have fallen 31.5% since 1995In 2006 the rate for males was almost four times higher than for femalesThe rate of hospitalisation for self-harm was 2.4 times higher for femalesThose at higher risk include:Children and young people in welfare careThose incarceratedThose who are culturally or socially isolatedYoung Maori and Pacific women are most likely of any group to be hospitalised for self-harm8-13Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentProtective factorsGood social skillsPositive beliefs and valuesSupportive cultural identificationRecognition by others that young people are a valued resource for the futureEnsuring young people have a valued place in social life8-14Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentCannabis useMany sources suggest cannabis is widely available to young people in New ZealandConcerns related to cannabis use include:Possible development of substance addictionTransition to hard drugsLong-term developmental changes due to regular useInterference with brain function (e.g. schizophrenia)Changes to biology of the bodyFrequent use is associated with:Memory lossLoss of motivationFinancial problems8-15Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentYoung (criminal) offendersRates of offending in the general population are highest around age 17 but decrease after thatEstimated 5% of all males in the population are persistent offendersAnti-social behaviour, including drug use, fighting and inappropriate sexual activity appear to emerge around puberty in a limited section of both the male and female adolescent populationVery small numbers of children aged 10-13 commit serious offences. These are linked with:Severe relationship trauma in the familyAlcohol abuse or a criminal history in the family8-16Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentResilienceQualities that enable a person to come through adverse conditions with little adverse effectStanley (2009) found that friends, culture, work, sport and religious faith can support young people through adversityMoltzen (2005 – see text pp.334-6) found that many outstanding adults had experienced adversity in their childhoodThese newer ideas challenge the assumption that poor experiences in childhood inevitably result in poor adult outcomes.8-17Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentComplex constructionist ecologyDevelopmental outcomes are the result of complex interactionsComplexity: there is almost never a single cause for a developmental outcome To think ecologically is to consider the person in a complex situation or set of situationsThe quality of the interactions and the environment produce developmental outcomesDevelopment is constructed. That is, it is a product of multiple interactions; it is not inevitable or ‘natural’Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development8-18