Bài giảng Human Development - Chapter 2 Development in families

2-1Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentChapter 2Development in familiesThe family: a complex, constructed ecologyThe family is nested within a complex set of political, social, historical and cultural settingsThe family is an important repository of resources for learningA family has its own stories, meanings, preoccupationsRelationships within the family are multi-dimensionalFamily relationships change over timeFamilies are broader than the nuclear “ideal”2-2Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentThe influential ecology of the familyThe family sets in place patterns of relationship and learning that will influence how we go on, sometimes through our entire livesCulture lives through familyMeanings are presented and developed within and through family lifeFamiliar or habitual ways of behaving, including emoting, relating and interacting, are usually established first in the family2-3Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentDominating ideas about familyThere are many powerful beliefs about what is right in family lifeThese ideas vary from culture to culture, and moment to moment in historyIf people think that their ideas reflect the ‘natural’ order, they will try very hard to maintain that orderDevelopmental psychologists advise on what is ‘normal’ in family life2-4Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentFamily as committed relationshipGenetic relationshipYour biological parents will always be your biological relativesA place of nurtureWhat counts as nurture is a focus of study in human developmentSharing economic livelihoodDifferent cultures have different approaches to shared livelihoodFamilies are held together by emotional tiesIn some cultures (but not all), love is the foundation of the family, and holds it togetherCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-5Whanaungatanga: maintaining common history and identity Ancestral connections to land (tūrangawaewae)Iwi connections: whakapapa (genealogy)Common language (A.Durie, 1997)Manaaki : the capacity for care and respect of every memberTohatohatia: the capacity to share, generosityWhakamana: empowering its membersWhakatakoto tikanga: envisioning the future (M.Durie, 1997)Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-6Levels of relationship in MāoridomIwi: a people, tribe or nation; persons with shared ancestry and historyHapū: an extended family groupingWhānau: group of people who relate closely to one anotherWhāngai: to adopt a child from within the broader whānau; a person adopted into the whānauCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-7Iwi roles and responsibilitiesKaumātua: responsible elderKuia: elder womanMātua: adult, father (signal of respect)Pakeke: adult, workerRangatahi: youth, younger personTuakana: elder brother (of a male), elder sister (of female)Teina: younger brother (of a male), younger sister (of a female)Tamaiti: childTamariki: childrenCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-8Demography of Māori whānauBefore 1960, average 6+ births per wahineFewer marriages per head of populationBy 1990, down to about 2, similar to Pākehā women2000s 2.6+ births per wahineMedian age of giving birth 26 yearsMedian age for Pākehā women: 30 years, and average less than 2 births per woman.In 2006, tamaiti aged under 15 >35% of Māori population in Aotearoa (compared with 20% for Pākehā)Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-9Social changes and the family in NZFamilies are spread around the country and around the worldLengthening lifespan means more generations are alive at the same timeMore women are going out to workChild-bearing and child-rearing are taking a smaller proportion of a woman’s lifespanMany nuclear families have two parents in the paid work forceSingle person households, and households with one parent and children, are increasingCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-10What is best for families?More mothers are working outside the homeMore families have both parents in paid workMore generations are alive at the same time BUTThere are more single person householdsFewer families where the mother stays home and the father goes out to work There are more single parent familiesMost single parent families are led by a woman at or approaching mid-lifeMany children live in povertyCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-11Effects of immigrationImmigration means adjustment – but we don’t all want to lose our culture of originIntergenerational families are more common in ‘less-developed’ countriesAttitudes differ in whether children in the family are expected to contribute to the family businessImmigration may mean some generations are left behindThis can also happen when young people leave Aotearoa and settle elsewhere Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-12Influential theories of development Does the nuclear family form serve development better than other forms?Theorists Freud and Erikson have helped support the idea that what happens to you in childhood has an enduring influence on who you will becomeMost Euro-Western cultures accept that quality of relationships within families is importantUnderstanding of ‘quality’ relationship is a cultural constructCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-13Maternal deprivationConcept proposed by John Bowlby Studies of displaced and homeless children in two world warsChildren were often kept lying in cotsDistress of these children was ascribed to lack of motheringCan you think of other reasons why these children would be distressed?Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-14Theory of attachmentAttachment forms the basis for development:To develop a sense of self (individuation)To become socially competentTo be assured enough to explore their environmentTests for attachment include:Strange situation experimentChildren may be categorised as:Securely attached Avoidant Ambivalent or resistantCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-15Developments in attachment theoryThese traits are seen as patterns of relating with othersRecently hypothesised to persist into adulthoodPossibly reflected in patterns of intimate relatingBonds with significant others are often seen as lacking in young offendersDeveloping the capacity for attachment has become a therapeutic goal in clinical work with offendersCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-16Critiques of attachment theoryMany cultures expect responsibility for children’s upbringing to be sharedThis includes working class families who often share care of childrenMany children in middle and upper class 19th century England were brought up by nannies or in boarding schoolsChildren may have several significant othersQuality of care is found to be more important than who is doing the caringCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-17FathersResearch continues to suggest that mothers spend more time than fathers caring for childrenHow to offer quality care is learnedBoth mothers and fathers can learn how to care for even very small childrenWe do not espouse the idea that mothers have a genetic or ethological advantageFathers can be good ‘mothers’!Fathers’ role in children’s lives is related to structures of paid work in societyCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-18Do families ‘break down’?The idea that families work best with a mother and a father in the same home may be correctIt has been found that conflict in families is more destructive of children’s well-being than the presence of both parentsChildren can recover well from separation and divorce of their parentsParents will always be the parents of their childrenThe quality of parents’ cooperation (or lack of it) after separation affects the children more than the separation itselfCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-19Different family formsThere are many different kinds of familyCouples without children can be the target of social pressureThere is no evidence to suggest that children growing up in “Rainbow” families are deprivedSingle parent families are often under stress because of lack of income (see also chapter 10)Single parent families can be just as healthy or unhealthy an environment for children as two parent familiesThe quality of care is importantCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development2-20Complex constructionist ecologyDevelopmental outcomes are the result of complex interactions in families and outside themComplexity: within the family there are many different relationships and many influences at workThinking ecologically: the family is nested within a complex of other networks of relationshipThe quality of care for children is the primary issue in developmental outcomesDevelopment is constructed. Mothering and fathering are products of multiple influences; quality of parenting is not inevitable or ‘natural’.2-21Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development