Bài giảng Human Development - Chapter 12 Reflecting on Life and Death

Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentChapter 12Reflecting on Life and Death12-1Development through the lifespanIs less predictable than science would perhaps preferNo single theory is “right”We can see some patterns of change through lifeIndividuals affect society, and the social world affects individuals: a reciprocal relationshipThere is no single developmental pathway that must be followed from birth to deathCopyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development12-2Making meaning of a lifeModernist approaches look for “the march of progress”But this depends on the possibility of full control over change through lifeWe can never fully control what happens to us through lifeHuman Development studies the optimal conditions of growth and development through lifeLives are meaningful, however long or short they may beThe possibility of change through life is a hopeful approach12-3Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentLength of lifeLife expectancy is growing through most of the worldAverage life expectancy for a girl born in New Zealand in 2010 is 82 yearsAverage life expectancy for a boy born in New Zealand in 2010 is 77 yearsMaori life expectancy is lower, but improvingLifestyle is one of a number of factors affecting longevity12-4Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentQuality of lifeSocio-economic factors linked with longevity include:IncomeEducationWell-being has become a focus of study by: PsychologistsLocal authoritiesHealth development researchersEducators12-5Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentPositive psychologyMartin Seligman and colleagues noticed that psychology largely focuses on negative outcomesHandbook of Character Strengths and Virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)Character strengths categories include:Wisdom and knowledgeCourageHumanityJusticeTemperanceTranscendence 12-6Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentThinking about deathThanatology is the scientific study of deathA Modernist approach to science tends to support the idea that a death is a failure to live a longer lifeDeath comes to all of us eventuallyThere is increasing interest in and support for dying wellDifferent cultures may have very different customs and expectations about death and funeral rites12-7Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentCauses of DeathMajor causes of death in New Zealand are:CancerHeart diseaseCerebrovascular diseaseDiabetes Among younger people 15-24 years of age:Unintended injury (such as car accidents)SuicideCancer 12-8Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentPreparing for death: Kübler-RossThis stage approach may constrain other possible approaches to death and dying12-9Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentKübler-Ross’ five stages of dying:Re-membering conversations (Hedtke & Winslade, 2004)The influence of a person on our lives continues after their deathRelationships with those who have died continue after they are goneAddresses questions about how the one dying wants to be remembered after their deathSuggests that those who go before are nevertheless members of the “club” of our lifeEncourages us to reconsider the idea of loss12-10Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentEthical issuesMedical advances allow persons to be kept alive for long periods without hope of recoveryEuthanasia is the deliberate shortening of life, often spoken about in relation to long-term terminal illness such as dementiaEuthanasia and assisted suicide are not legal in most countries in the world With increasing longevity and incidence of dementia, the question of assisted suicide is likely to become a more talked about option among the growing population of elders12-11Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human DevelopmentComplex constructionist ecologyIn contemplating our own dying, and that of those we love, we may see that how we live today is importantThe ecology of a life is complex and the end of life offers an opportunity to reflect on thisYour developmental pathway is uniqueThe quality of our interactions and our social and physical environments can produce developmental outcomes for ourselves and those around us, even as we approach our own deathDevelopment is a product that we construct, with others12-12Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development