Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 31 Asia and Pacific, 1945-Present

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: Communist ChinaSection 2: Independent States in AsiaSection 3: Japan and the PacificVisual SummaryChapter Intro How can modernization affect a society?The rapid modernization of China has created a nation that blends the old with the new. An example can be seen in Hong Kong where traditional Chinese junks can be seen in the harbor of this modern city. In this chapter you will learn how China has emerged into the modern world.• How has modernization affected the standard of living of the Chinese people?• Give an example of an aspect of American culture that is a legacy of past traditions.Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1Communist ChinaHow do large organizations accomplish their goals while protecting individual’s interests?Chapter Intro 2Independent States in AsiaWhat conflicts can erupt in a country once the threat of a common oppressor is removed?Chapter Intro 3Japan and the PacificWhat factors contribute to economic success?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values The policies of the Chinese Communist government set up in 1949 failed to bring prosperity. Since the 1980s, its economy has moved toward free enterprise, but political freedom is still very limited.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularycommunes permanent revolutionper capita one-child policyAcademic VocabularyfinalsourceSection 1-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsChiang Kai-shekMao Zedong Taiwan Great Leap ForwardGreat Proletarian Cultural RevolutionLittle Red Book Red Guards Deng XiaopingTiananmen SquareSouth Korea North Korea Richard Nixon ABSection 1-Polling QuestionIn your opinion, has the United States ever had a leader whose leadership transformed the entire country? A. YesB. NoSection 1Mao’s ChinaMao Zedong led the Communists to victory in the civil war, but the human and economic costs of establishing communism were high.Section 1Mao Zedong and the Communists defeated Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist government after a long, brutal civil war.Chiang Kai-shek and two million followers fled to Taiwan. Mao took land from wealthy landlords and gave it to peasants. The majority of farmland was collectivized and most industry and commerce was nationalized. Mao’s China (cont.)China Since 1945Section 1Mao instituted a radical program known as the Great Leap Forward in order to quickly modernize.Communes were created where people lived and worked together in order to create a classless society. The program failed due to bad weather resulting in floods and droughts, and the peasants’ hatred of the new program. Mao’s China (cont.)China Since 1945Section 1To make up for the failure of the Great Leap Forward and create a classless society, Mao believed a permanent revolution would motivate the Chinese.In 1966, Mao organized the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.Mao’s China (cont.)China Since 1945Section 1Mao issued a collection of his thoughts called the Little Red Book. It was considered the most important source for knowledge and was placed in every school, factory, commune, hotel, and university.The Red Guards were formed to eliminate the “Four Olds”—old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. Intellectuals and artists accused of being pro-Western were attacked or imprisoned. Mao’s China (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was the ultimate goal of the Great Leap Forward? A. To defeat the Nationalists B. To westernize ChinaC. To create classless  societiesD. To destroy the “Four Olds”Section 1China After MaoAfter Mao’s death, Deng Xiaoping tried to modernize the nation but faced increased pressures for democratic reform.Section 1Deng Xiaoping created a new policy that would modernize China in four areas—industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense. The government invited foreign investors to China hoping to bring technological advances and sent students abroad to study science, technology, and business. China After Mao (cont.)Section 1Industrial output increased dramatically, per capita income doubled, and the standard of living rose for most people.People began to want social reforms to match the economic reforms. People who opposed the Communist Party or who called for democracy were imprisoned.In May 1989, students began calling for government reform and an end to corruption. China After Mao (cont.)Section 1Massive demonstrations formed in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.Deng Xiaoping ordered tanks and troops into the square to crush the protesters, killing between 500 and 2,000 people. China’s human rights violations, determination to unify with Taiwan, and its increasing military power have strained its relationship with the West. China After Mao (cont.)ABCDSection 1Who seized power after Mao’s death? A. Deng Xiaoping B. the Red GuardsC. students at  Tiananmen SquareD. Chiang Kai-shekSection 1Chinese SocietyAfter Mao’s death, the state shifted from revolutionary fervor back to family traditions.Section 1During the 1950s and 1960s, women were given the right to participate in politics and have equal marital rights. Mao feared people would be more loyal to their family than to the state, so he encouraged children to report negative comments their parents made about the government. Chinese Society (cont.)Section 1After Mao’s death, family traditions returned, and people had more freedom in everyday matters.Mao’s effort to control population was not changed by his successors. In 1979, China began advocating a one-child policy, giving education benefits, child care, and housing to couples who limited their families to one child.Chinese Society (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was a change in family traditions after Mao’s death? A. Parents did not have to give  their children patriotic names. B. Women had equal  marital rights.C. Children wore baggy  “Mao suits.”D. The one-child policy  was overturned.Section 1The Cold War in AsiaCold War tensions between China and the United States led to the Korean War in 1950, but tensions had eased by the 1970s.Section 1Japan lost control Korea after World War II when the Soviet Union and the United States divided the country into two zones along the 38th parallel. As the Cold War progressed, two governments emerged—Communist in the north and anti-Communist in the south. With Soviet approval, North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. The Cold War in Asia (cont.)Korean War, 1950–1953Section 1The United States, along with support from the UN, sent troops to stop the invasion and reunite Korea.In response, the Chinese sent hundreds of thousands of troops to help North Korea and pushed UN forces back across the 38th parallel. An armistice was signed in 1953 after three years of fighting. The 38th parallel remains the division between North Korea and South Korea. The Cold War in Asia (cont.)Section 1By the 1950s, relations between China and the Soviet Union began to weaken, leading China to improve their relationship with the United States.In 1972 Richard Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit Communist China. Diplomatic relations were achieved by 1979, and then in 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization.The Cold War in Asia (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which U.S. President sent troops to help South Korea? A. Dwight Eisenhower B. Harry TrumanC. Franklin D. RooseveltD. Joseph StalinSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination British India and colonies throughout Southeast Asia gained independence following World War II, but independence was often followed by continued conflict.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyprinciple of nonalignment stalemate discriminationAcademic Vocabularyroletransfer Section 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesJawaharlal NehruIndira Gandhi Mother TeresaSikhs Punjab Pakistan Bangladesh Aung San Suu KyiHo Chi Minh Pol Pot Khmer RougeFerdinand MarcosABSection 2-Polling QuestionShould countries’ borders be redrawn according to religious or ethnic groups? A. YesB. NoSection 2India DividedOnce it gained independence, British India split into two nations—India and Pakistan—that have faced problems of overpopulation and religious strife.Section 2After independence, India’s leaders created two independent nations—one Hindu (India) and one Muslim (Pakistan).During the mass migration of Hindus toward India and Muslims toward Pakistan, more than one million people were killed, including Mohandas Gandhi. India Divided (cont.)Partition of India, 1947Section 2Jawaharlal Nehru, who worked closely with Gandhi for Indian independence, became prime minister of India.Nehru adopted a foreign policy known as principle of nonalignment and remained neutral during the Cold War.Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected as prime minister after his death. India’s increasing population contributed to poverty and the rise of slums in cities. India Divided (cont.)Section 2The caste system of India, though illegal, assured that those lowest on the social ladder would remain poor.Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, helped the poor, sick, and dying.Ethnic and religious strife also caused problems as when the Sikhs in Punjab wanted independence.India Divided (cont.)Section 2Gandhi refused to give the Sikhs independence, resulting in her assassination.When Pakistan was created in 1947, it was a completely new nation. Geographical differences and West Pakistan’s dominance in government caused tensions between East and West Pakistan resulting in a civil war. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971. India Divided (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which religious group located in Punjab wanted independence from India? A. Sikhs B. MuslimsC. HindusD. BuddhistsSection 2Southeast AsiaColonies in Southeast Asia gained independence, but politics were often unstable; in Vietnam, conflict led to war with the United States.Section 2The Philippines became independent from the United States in 1946.Great Britain peacefully gave up its colonies in Burma (1948) and Malaya (1957).The Netherlands refused to give up its colonies until the United States pressured them to grant Indonesia’s independence to Sukarno and his non-Communist government. In 1949, the New Republic of Indonesia was recognized.Southeast Asia (cont.)Section 2In 1947, Burma became independent and is now called Myanmar.Aung San Suu Kyi is leading the struggle for democracy in Myanmar. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the Communist Party, was elected president of a new republic in Hanoi. France refused to accept the new government and took control of South Vietnam. Southeast Asia (cont.)Section 2Vietnam was divided into two parts. The Communists were based in Hanoi in the north and non-Communists were based in Saigon in the south.The Viet Cong, a group of Communist guerrillas from South Vietnam that were aided by North Vietnam, were on the verge of taking control of the entire country. Southeast Asia (cont.)Vietnam War, 1968–1975Section 2President Johnson sent troops to prevent a Communist victory. The war ended in a stalemate when President Nixon reached an agreement with North Vietnam in 1973.Vietnam reunited under Communist rule, influencing Communist governments to form in Laos and Cambodia. In Cambodia, Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, massacred more than a million Cambodians. Southeast Asia (cont.)ABCDSection 2Who was the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War? A. Pol Pot B. Aung SanC. Ho Chi MinhD. Mao ZedongSection 2Democracy in Southeast AsiaIn recent years, some nations in Southeast Asia have moved toward democracy.Section 2Philippines:Ferdinand Marcos fled the country when he was accused of corruption and involvement in the killing of his opponent, Benigno Aquino. In 2001 another leader was forced out of office on the grounds of corruption. The new leader, Gloria Arroyo, faces a weak economy and terrorism from Muslim rebels.Democracy in Southeast Asia (cont.)Section 2Indonesia:General Suharto, a long-term authoritarian, was removed from office after economic problems were not solved. The new government has struggled to improve the economy. The tsunami of 2004 and an earthquake in 2005 have added to financial hardships.Democracy in Southeast Asia (cont.)Section 2The majority of women in Southeast Asia have full legal and political rights. However, in rural areas, old customs still exist.In 1950, India forbade discrimination of women and outlawed child marriage.Democracy in Southeast Asia (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which country forbade the discrimination of women in 1950? A. North Vietnam B. PhilippinesC. IndonesiaD. IndiaSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Belief, and Values Since 1945, Japan and the four “Asian tigers” have become economic powerhouses, while Australia and New Zealand remain linked culturally to Europe.Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularyoccupied state capitalism Academic Vocabularymaintain dramatic Section 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesDouglas MacArthurKim Il Sung Syngman RheeTaipeiSingaporeHong Kong Australia New Zealand ABSection 3-Polling QuestionMost electronic equipment and games are made in Japan. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3The Transformation of JapanAfter the Allied occupation following World War II, Japan became a world industrial power by the end of the twentieth century.Section 3After World War II, Japan was an occupied country. The United States sent General Douglas MacArthur to oversee the governing of Japan. MacArthur remodeled Japan using the West as a model.The Transformation of Japan (cont.)The new constitution created a parliamentary system that reduced the power of the emperor.Modern JapanSection 3Basic civil and political rights were guaranteed for men and women.Japan was only allowed to maintain an army for self-defense.The Transformation of Japan (cont.)September 8, 1951, Japan was granted independence and has since emerged as an economic giant.Modern JapanSection 3Japan’s governmentJapan has two major political parties. The government’s active role in the economy is widely accepted. Japan’s economic system has been called state capitalism. The Transformation of Japan (cont.)Section 3Japan’s economyJapan has a strong group of independent farmers. Japan is one of the largest exporting nations in the world and is a leading producer of cars and electronics. The labor force is highly skilled.Japan has good management-labor relationships.The Transformation of Japan (cont.)Section 3Since World War II, Japanese culture has changed, and now focuses more on the individual than on the state. Some Japanese traditions have remained such as a strong work ethic and valuing education.The Transformation of Japan (cont.)Section 3Women have full rights and are legally protected from discrimination in the workplace but still play a subordinate role in society.Some traditional Japanese writers describe a fear of losing Japanese culture to Americanization after World War II. More modern writers focus on today’s world.The Transformation of Japan (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which of the following was not one of General MacArthur’s responsibilities in occupied Japan? A. Destroy the Japanese  war machine B. Try Japanese who were  charged with war crimesC. Remove the emperor and  hold electionsD. Remodel postwar  Japanese societySection 3The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New ZealandThe “Asian tigers” are successful industrial societies.Section 3South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong are sometimes called the “Asian tigers” and have created successful industrial societies by imitating Japan.In 1953, both North Korea and South Korea were under the rule of authoritarian rulers.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)North Korea was ruled by Communist leader Kim Il Sung.Section 3South Korea was led by dictator Syngman Rhee.South Korea emerged as an industrial power in chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding, and automobile production. South Korea finally became democratic in the 1990s.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)Section 3After being defeated by the Communists, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers established their capital at Taipei on Taiwan.Chiang Kai-shek declared the Republic of China to be the legal government of China, while the Communist government on the mainland claimed to rule all of China.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)TaiwanSection 3Chiang Kai-shek focused on building a modern industrialized society. He ruled as a one-party regime, but after his death, the government became more democratic.A major issue for Taiwan is whether to reunite with the mainland or become an independent state.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)Section 3Despite being controlled by Great Britain and then Malaysia, Singapore is now a highly developed and successful free-market economy.Singapore focuses on banking, shipbuilding, oil refining, and electronics manufacturing. Although the government is stable, citizens are beginning to demand more political freedoms.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)Section 3Hong Kong gained freedom from Great Britain in 1997 and China promised to allow capitalism to continue for the next 50 years.Hong Kong is an industrial power with a very high standard of living.Both Australia and New Zealand have identified more closely with Europe than the rest of Asia.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)Section 3Both of their governments were modeled after European forms and their economies are similar to those of the industrialized countries.They are also members of the British Commonwealth.The “Asian Tigers,” Australia, and New Zealand (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which of the following nations is not known as an “Asian Tiger?” A. South Korea B. North KoreaC. TaiwanD. SingaporeSection 3-EndVS 1CHINA After World War II Mao Zedong’s Communists won the civil war, and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.In 1950, China entered the Korean War on the side of North Korea.Deng Xiaoping modernized China and faced increasing pressures for reform.China moved from a revolutionary culture back to a focus on family traditions.VS 2SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA After World War IIAfter independence, British India split into India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim).India and Pakistan struggled with poverty and ethnic strife.Southeast Asian colonies gained independence; internal disputes led to military or one-party regimes.Conflict between South Vietnam and Communist North Vietnam led the United States into war.VS 3JAPAN AND THE PACIFIC After World War IIJapan overcame defeat in World War II and emerged as an industrial power.South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong became economic powerhouses.Mainland China’s claims on Taiwan contribute to Taiwan’s uncertain future.Australia and New Zealand identify culturally with Europe, but immigration and trade pull them toward Asia.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 1aFigure 2Figure 3Figure 3aFigure 4Figure 5Figure 5aFigure 6Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3Vocab1communein China during the 1950s, a group of collective farms, which contained more than 30,000 people who lived and worked together Vocab2permanent revolutionan atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor favored by Mao Zedong to enable China to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism Vocab3per capitaper person Vocab4one-child policyChina’s effort, beginning in 1979, to control population growth; incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing are offered to couples who limit their families to one child Vocab5finalthe last in a series, process, or progress Vocab6sourcea document or primary reference book that gives information Vocab7principle of nonalignmentJawaharlal Nehru’s refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance Vocab8stalematethe condition that exists when neither of two opposing sides is able to make significant gains Vocab9discriminationprejudicial treatment usually based on race, religion, class, gender, or age Vocab10rolea socially expected behavior patternVocab11transferto convey from one person, place, or situation to another; in politics, to change or take over the control ofVocab12occupiedheld by a foreign power Vocab13state capitalisman economic system in which the central government plays an active role in the economy, establishing price and wage policies and subsidizing vital industries Vocab14maintainto keep in an existing state of repair or efficiencyVocab15dramaticremarkable; notable; amazing HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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