Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 29 Latin American, 1945-Present

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: General Trends in Latin AmericaSection 2: Mexico, Cuba, and Central AmericaSection 3: The Nations of South AmericaVisual SummaryChapter Intro How can trade embargos affect a nation?The low number of modern automobiles on the streets of Cuba today is a constant reminder of the ongoing trade embargo imposed in 1960 by the United States. The embargo prohibits trade with Cuba, including vehicles and replacement parts. In this chapter you will learn about other economic, social, and political issues in Latin America.• If the trade embargo were lifted, how might the United States and Cuba benefit?• If the United States could not trade with other nations, what products would you have to do without?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1General Trends in Latin AmericaWhat was the relationship between the United States and Latin America after World War II?Chapter Intro 2Mexico, Cuba, and Central AmericaWhy was the United States so concerned about the governments and military capabilities of its neighbors?Chapter Intro 3The Nations of South AmericaWhat kinds of problems have South American countries experienced in the twentieth century?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaOrder and Stability Economic instability led some Latin American countries to move toward democracy, while the United States intervened to protect its interests.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularymultinational corporationsmegacitymagic realismAcademic VocabularyconsentongoingSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesChileBrazilArgentinaOrganization of American States (OAS)Gabriel García MárquezOscar NiemeyerBoliviaPeruColombiaABSection 1-Polling QuestionWould your life be significantly affected if a particular country stopped exporting its products to the United States? A. YesB. NoSection 1Economic and Political DevelopmentsDependence on foreign imports and investments led to serious economic and political problems in Latin America.Section 1Latin American nations depended heavily on the United States, Europe, and Japan, especially for the advanced technology needed for modern industries.Brutal military regimes in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina did away with political parties and returned to export-import economies financed by foreigners.Economic and Political Developments (cont.)Main Latin America Exports in the 1990sSection 1Multinational corporations were encouraged to come to Latin America.In the 1970s Latin American nations had enormous debts that destroyed their economies. Wages fell and unemployment and inflation increased dramatically. By the 1980s, many Latin American nations turned to democracy to combat the debt crisis. Economic and Political Developments (cont.)ABCDSection 1How would you characterize the government leaders of most Latin American countries prior to 1980? A. Monarchs or kings B. Military leaders or dictatorsC. Democratically-elected  presidentsD. Prime ministers supported  by a legislative bodySection 1Latin American SocietyEconomic and population problems have been critical to shaping modern Latin America.Section 1Latin America’s economic problems have worsened with a population that has tripled between the years of 1950 and 2000. The population of Mexico City has grown to over 19 million, qualifying it as a megacity. A negative effect of the rapid population growth in cities has been the formation of slums and shantytowns.Latin American Society (cont.)Major Developments in Latin America since 1945Section 1The international drug trade has increased crime and corruption, especially in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. There is a large gap between the rich and the poor in Latin America. Women’s roles have changed as more women have entered the workforce. Latin American Society (cont.)ABCDSection 1Besides a huge population, what is another factor that defines a megacity? A. Covers an area of over one  million square miles B. Urban services cannot  be providedC. Combines more than  one cityD. Huge gap between rich  and poorSection 1The U.S. and Latin AmericaDuring the Cold War, the United States provided aid to anti-Communist regimes in Latin America.Section 1Throughout history, the United States has intervened in Latin American affairs, often sending troops to protect U.S. interests. In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the Good Neighbor Policy as an effort to gain Latin American trust. The Organization of American States, or OAS, was formed in 1948 and supported Latin American independence.The U.S. and Latin America (cont.)Hispanic Population by State, 2000Section 1During the Cold War, the United States feared that the ailing economies of Latin America would turn to communism.To combat communism, the United States gave huge amounts of military aid to support non-Communist regimes. The U.S. and Latin America (cont.)ABCDSection 1Who pressured the United States to intervene in Latin American affairs? A. The Organization of  American States B. U.S companiesC. Latin American leadersD. The Soviet UnionSection 1Latin American CultureLatin American artists and writers are important national figures.Section 1In the 1940s, Latin American writers developed a unique style called magic realism, as exemplified in Gabriel García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. Regardless of style, Latin American writers write about their national reality. After World War II, abstract styles began to dominate painting. Bauhaus and Modernist styles became common in architecture.Latin American Culture (cont.)Section 1Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer co-designed the United Nations building. Latin American Culture (cont.)ABCDSection 1When did international styles begin to influence Latin American art and architecture? A. After World War II B. After the Cold WarC. During World War ID. After 1980Section 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaOrder and Security Mexico and Central America faced political and economic crises after World War II, making national progress difficult.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyprivatizationtrade embargocontrasAcademic VocabularyregulationunreliableSection 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)Vicente FoxHavanaNicaraguaManuel NoriegaGuatemalaFidel CastroEl SalvadorPanamaABSection 2-Polling QuestionPolitics in the United States are heavily influenced by economic issues. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2MexicoPolitical and economic problems have troubled Mexico since the Mexican Revolution.Section 2The Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, established political stability after the Mexican Revolution until students began to protest the one-party rule in the 1960s. In the 1970s, the government became reliant on revenues from newly discovered oil reserves. Mexico (cont.)Political Events in Mexico, Central America, and the CaribbeanSection 2Oil prices dropped in the 1980s, forcing the government to focus on privatization to relieve the debt crisis.In order to encourage foreign investments, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari lightened trade regulations. To help the economy, de Gortari joined NAFTA. Mexico (cont.)Section 2Escalating debt, rising unemployment rates, corruption, and public discontent helped Vicente Fox win the 2000 election. Mexico (cont.)ABCDSection 2What economic policy calls for selling government-owned companies to private firms? A. Globalization B. Multi-nationalismC. PrivatizationD. Public-tradeSection 2The Cuban RevolutionThe Cuban Revolution established the communist dictatorship of Fidel Castro.Section 2Fidel Castro became a revolutionary while studying law in Havana. In 1959, Castro and his brother seized Havana, leading to the collapse of the government.The Cuban Revolution (cont.)Section 2When Cuba began receiving aid from the Soviet Union, the United States placed a trade embargo on Cuba and diplomatic relations were broken.In April 1961, President John F. Kennedy supported an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Castro’s government at the Bay of Pigs. The Cuban Revolution (cont.)Section 2In 1962, the Soviet Union began shipping nuclear missiles to Cuba, leading to the Cuban missile crisis.Castro attempted to spread a social revolution throughout Latin America but was unsuccessful. Under Castro, the Cuban people gained free healthcare and an improved education system. The Cuban Revolution (cont.)Section 2With the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s economy went into a tailspin. The Cuban Revolution (cont.)ABCDSection 2How did the United States react to Cuba accepting aid from the Soviet Union? A. The United States placed  a trade embargo on Cuba. B. The United States placed  missiles in Jamaica and Haiti.C. The United States declared  war on Cuba. D. The United States invaded the Soviet Union. Section 2Central AmericaFearing the spread of communism, the United States intervened in Central American politics during the 1970s and 1980s.Section 2Fear of the spread of Communism often led the United States to support repressive regimes throughout Central America.In El Salvador, the wealthy and the military ruled the government. The country became embattled in a civil war when the army refused to accept the results of a free election. Central America (cont.)Section 2Marxist-led leftist guerrillas and right-wing groups fought for control of the government.The United States aided and trained the Salvadoran army to defeat the guerrillas. Nicaragua was controlled by the corrupt and violent Somoza family for over 45 years. Under the Carter administration, the United States stopped supporting the Somoza regime.Central America (cont.)Section 2The Sandinista Marxist guerrilla forces took over the government through force.The United States was worried about the relationship between the Sandinistas and the Soviet Union, so they supported a group called the contras, who opposed the Sandinistas’ policies. With help from the United States, Panama broke away from Colombia and became a nation in 1903. Central America (cont.)Section 2The United States built the Panama Canal and gained political and economic influence in the country.The United States supported a wealthy oligarchy until 1968, when the leaders of Panama’s National Guard took control. Manuel Noriega, one the military leaders, was sent to prison in the United States for his involvement in drug trafficking.Central America (cont.)The Panama CanalSection 2Directed by a 1977 treaty, the United States handed over control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanians in 1999.In 1954 the United States helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala. Central America (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which group formed in opposition to the Sandinista government in Nicaragua? A. Contras B. CommunistsC. MarxistsD. BatistasSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination South American countries have experienced economic, social, and political problems, but democracy has advanced since the late 1980s.Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularycooperativescartelsAcademic VocabularytaskfundSection 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesChileSalvador AllendeAugusto PinochetArgentinaJuan PerónFalkland IslandsBrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaPeruJuan Velasco AlvaradoShining PathAlberto FujimoriColombiaAlvaro UribeVenezuelaHugo ChávezABSection 3-Polling QuestionThe success of a president depends mainly on the success of the economy. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3Chile and ArgentinaIdeological battles drove politics in Chile and Argentina in the 1970s and 1980s, but current governments focus on the economy.Section 3In 1970, Salvador Allende tried to create a socialist society in Chile. Allende increased wages and nationalized large corporations, angering U.S. business owners. General Augusto Pinochet directed a military overthrow of the government and killed Allende. Chile and Argentina (cont.)Political Events in South AmericaSection 3Pinochet ran a brutal one-party military regime that imprisoned, tortured, and murdered thousands of opponents.Chile moved toward a more democratic system when Pinochet lost the 1989 free presidential election. The new president, Michelle Bachelet, is improving the economy and bringing stability to Chile. Chile and Argentina (cont.)Section 3The second largest Latin American country, Argentina, was ruled by a powerful oligarchy.Juan Perón sought better working conditions and won the presidency in 1946 with the support of labor and the urban middle class.With his wife Eva, Perón brought many social reforms to Argentina. Peron’s regime was authoritarian and used violence to terrify his opponents. Chile and Argentina (cont.)Section 3In 1976 the military once again took over power.In 1982 the military government invaded the British-controlled Falkland Islands but was quickly defeated. The loss helped Raúl Alfonsín win the presidential election in 1983, restoring democratic practices. Chile and Argentina (cont.)The Falkland IslandsABCDSection 3Which leader nationalized the copper industry in Chile, angering U.S. business owners and the U.S. government? A. Salvador Allende B. Augusto PinochetC. Juan PerónD. Raúl Alfonsín Section 3BrazilBrazil’s supersized economy has the potential to influence the global economy, but Brazil still struggles to meet the needs of its people.Section 3In Brazil, the economy grew spectacularly under a military-controlled government that stressed a free market.The economy benefited, but the people still struggled as the rapid development led to an increased inflation rate of 100% a year. Brazil (cont.)Section 3Brazil returned to democracy in 1985. Massive foreign debt and inflation plagued the new democratic government.Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was elected in 2002 as Brazil’s first left-wing president in four decades. Da Silva is focused on making Brazil more independent in global trade, generating employment, and decreasing foreign debt. Brazil (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why was Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva elected in 2002? A. To reduce the gap between  rich and poor B. To combat communismC. To strengthen the  relationship with the militaryD. To restore military  authoritarian ruleSection 3Peru, Colombia, and VenezuelaViolence and poverty have challenged Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela.Section 3Governments in Peru have attempted to control the ups and downs of the economy and the unrest of the poor and landless peasant population.In 1968 General Juan Velasco Alvarado seized power in a military takeover.Alvarado sought to help peasants by redistributing land to peasant cooperatives and nationalizing many foreign-owned companies.Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3Economic problems persisted and the military returned Peru to civilian, democratic rule.A Communist guerrilla group called the Shining Path gained support by attempting to create a classless society. They killed mayors, missionaries, priests, and peasants.Promising to make reforms, Alberto Fujimori was elected as president in 1990, but was removed in 2000 after becoming a corrupt dictator. Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3The new president, Alan García Pérez, must create jobs and decrease poverty to bring stability to Peru.While Colombia had a democratic political system, it was dominated by conservative coffee plantation owners. Colombia relies heavily on coffee which makes up half of the country’s legal exports. Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3Political problems troubled Colombia in the twentieth century when Marxist guerrilla groups organized Colombian peasants.The government killed more than 200,000 peasants by the mid-1960s. Two major cartels formed when peasants began growing coca leaves to create cocaine. Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3The drug cartels used bribes and violence to gain government cooperation.Colombia became the major supplier to the international drug market despite government efforts to wipe out cocaine fields. After reelection in 2006, Alvaro Uribe has promised to crack down on rebel groups.Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3Military dictators ruled Venezuela for years, promoting the oil industry and allowing for some social reforms.In 1979 corruption and a weak economy led to riots during which 200 people were killed. A group of army lieutenants led by Hugo Chávez tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the government in 1992.Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)Section 3Chávez was imprisoned but became a national hero and was elected president in 1998.Chávez has committed over $1 billion to new social programs to help the vast number of people living in poverty. Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela (cont.)ABCDSection 3What is Columbia’s chief export? A. Bananas B. Sugar caneC. CoffeeD. OilSection 3-EndVS 1Economic, Social, and Political Issues in LATIN AMERICAEconomic failures in Latin America led to repressive regimes and debt. Population and cities grew rapidly, and the gap between rich and poor remains large. The United States has long intervened in Latin America to protect its interests. Artists and writers hold high status, as their work expresses the hopes of the people. VS 2Economic, Social, and Political Issues in MEXICO, CUBA, and CENTRAL AMERICATo help in the relief of its debt crisis, the Mexican government privatized industries. The election of Vicente Fox in Mexico ended decades of rule by one party, the PRI. The economy of Castro’s Cuba declined after the collapse of the Soviet Union, on which Cuba relied. Fearing the spread of communism, the United States intervened in Central American politics. VS 3Economic, Social, and Political Issues in SOUTH AMERICAIdeological battles drove politics in Chile and Argentina; today these governments are more democratic. Brazil’s economy grew rapidly, but its new democratic government faces inflation and debt. Communist guerrillas in Peru and drug cartels in Colombia have troubled these nations. Venezuela depends on its huge oil reserves. VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3Vocab1multinational corporationa company with divisions in more than two countriesVocab2megacitya city that has grown so fast in population that it cannot provide regular urban services Vocab3magic realisma form of expression unique to Latin American literature; it combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantasy backgrounds Vocab4consentapproval Vocab5ongoingcontinuing Vocab6privatizationthe sale of government-owned companies to private firms Vocab7trade embargoa policy prohibiting trade with a particular country Vocab8contrasrebels financed by the United States who began a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua Vocab9regulationa governmental rule or order that controls activities Vocab10unreliablenot dependable Vocab11cooperativea farm organization owned by and operated for the benefit of the farmers Vocab12cartelsgroups of drug or other businesses Vocab13taska duty or function Vocab14fundto provide money for HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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