Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 28 The Contemporary Western World, 1970-Persent

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: Decline of the Soviet UnionSection 2: Eastern EuropeSection 3: Europe and North AmericaSection 4: Western Society and CultureVisual SummaryChapter Intro What did the Berlin Wall symbolize?Shortly after the East German government opened the Berlin Wall’s checkpoints in 1989, thousands of citizens mobbed the wall and began to tear it down. The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Cold War and served as the first step toward the reunification of Germany. In this chapter you will learn about political, economic, and social changes that have taken place in the contemporary Western world.• What were the immediate effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall?• How does the East-West split during the Cold War affect Germany today?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1Decline of the Soviet UnionHow strong was the Soviet Union after World War II?Chapter Intro 2Eastern EuropeWhat was the connection between Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?Chapter Intro 3Europe and North AmericaHow did political changes in North America and Europe affect their economies?Chapter Intro 4Western Society and CultureHow important is Western culture in the world? Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination One of the largest empires in the world ended when the Soviet Union broke up in 1991.Section 1-Key TermsContent VocabularydétentedissidentsperestroikaAcademic VocabularyparticipationresponsiveSection 1-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsLeonid BrezhnevBrezhnev DoctrineAfghanistanRonald ReaganMikhail GorbachevBoris YeltsinUkraineBelarusVladimir PutinABSection 1-Polling QuestionHas a U.S. president ever changed the course of our nation? A. YesB. NoSection 1The Soviet Union Under StressThe Soviet Union could not survive a combination of domestic and foreign problems.Section 1Leonid Brezhnev believed strongly in communism and was not interested in reform.Brezhnev established the Brezhnev Doctrine, which claimed that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene if communism was threatened in another Communist state. The Soviet Union Under Stress (cont.)Section 1During Brezhnev’s leadership, the United States and the Soviet Union experienced a period of détente.Soviet leaders relaxed their authoritarian rule but still punished dissidents. The period of détente collapsed in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. The Soviet Union Under Stress (cont.)Section 1President Ronald Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as an “evil empire” and began a military buildup and new arms race.The Soviet Union Under Stress (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which term refers to the improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War? A. Containment B. Détente C. DissidentsD. DeterrenceSection 1Gorbachev and ReformGorbachev’s reforms contributed to the end of the Cold War and of the Soviet Union.Section 1A new era in the Soviet Union began with the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev focused on radical economic and political reforms based on perestroika, or restructuring.Gorbachev set up a new Soviet parliament with elected members and created a new state presidency. Gorbachev and Reform (cont.)Section 1In 1987, Gorbachev made a deal with the United States to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons, which slowed the arms race.Gorbachev also stopped giving military support to Communist governments in Eastern Europe, which led to mostly peaceful revolutions throughout those countries. Gorbachev and Reform (cont.)Section 1In an attempt to hold onto their power, Soviet conservatives arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize power.Boris Yeltsin and thousands of brave Russians resisted the rebel forces. On December 1, 1991, Ukraine voted for independence. The leaders of Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus announced the end of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev and Reform (cont.)Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1991ABCDSection 1Which leader created reforms that led to the dismantling of the Soviet Union? A. Leonid Brezhnev B. Mikhail GorbachevC. Alexander DubčekD. Boris YeltsinSection 1The New RussiaAlthough the country still faces some challenges, Russia has greatly improved economically.Section 1Boris Yeltsin tried to introduce a free market economy, but organized crime, economic hardships, and social disarray made it difficult.Yeltsin used brutal force against the Chechens when the province tried to secede from Russia, and he tried to prevent former Soviet states from joining NATO.The New Russia (cont.)The Former Soviet RepublicsSection 1Vladimir Putin replaced Yeltsin at the end of 1999. Putin introduced reforms to boost growth and budget revenues. Russia joined the World Trade Organization and worked out a partnership with the European Union.Today, social issues such as rising alcoholism, criminal activities, and the decline of the traditional family are a cause of great concern in Russia. The New Russia (cont.)Section 1Russia still faces challenges with independence and terrorist movements in Chechnya.Russian troops killed the Chechen leader in 2006, but rebels have continued terrorist attacks. The New Russia (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which export has greatly contributed to Russia’s economic growth? A. Gold B. WheatC. OilD. DiamondsSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination Popular revolutions helped end Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyethnic cleansingautonomousAcademic VocabularydemonstrationssymbolSection 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesLech WalesaVáclav HavelSlobodan MiloševicBosnia-HerzegovinaKosovoABSection 2-Polling QuestionA country with two ethnic groups should be divided into two nations to avoid conflict.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2Revolutions in Eastern EuropeWithout the backing of the Soviet Union, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe fell to popular revolutions.Section 2PolandIn 1980, workers’ protests led to demands for change in Poland. Lech Walesa organized a trade union known as Solidarity. In 1988, a new government was elected, ending 45 years of Communist rule. Walesa became Poland’s first president in 1990. Revolutions in Eastern Europe (cont.)Eastern Europe: The Transition From CommunismSection 2CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia experienced mass antigovernment demonstrations, which led to the collapse of the Communist government in 1989.Ethnic unrest split Czechoslovakia into two countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Revolutions in Eastern Europe (cont.)Section 2Václav Havel became the new president of the Czech Republic, which has one of the most stable and prosperous economies of the post-Communist states.Slovakia has transitioned to a modern market economy but faces high unemployment rates. Revolutions in Eastern Europe (cont.)Section 2RomaniaNicolae Ceauşescu ruled Romania with an iron grip, using secret police until the repression became too much for the army to support. After Ceauşescu and his wife were captured and executed, a new government was formed.Communist rule ended in 1996, and the current president is seeing signs of economic growth. Revolutions in Eastern Europe (cont.)Section 2GermanyThe Communist government opened its entire border, allowing thousands of East Germans to reunite with their families and friends in West Germany. People on both sides helped to tear down the Berlin Wall, the last symbol of the Cold War. On October 3, 1990, Germany was reunified. Revolutions in Eastern Europe (cont.)ABCDSection 2In which country did Lech Walesa establish a national trade union called Solidarity? A. Poland B. CzechoslovakiaC. RomaniaD. GermanySection 2The Disintegration of YugoslaviaEthnic tensions led to armed conflict in Yugoslavia.Section 2Ethnic unrest in Yugoslavia led to numerous conflicts. Slobodan Miloševic insisted on redrawing the borders to create a new Greater Serbian state. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence. The Serbian-dominated Yugoslav army attacked Croatia and captured one-third of Croatia’s territory.The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (cont.)Section 2The Serbs next attacked Bosnia-Herzegovina and acquired 70% of Bosnian territory.The Serbs began a policy of ethnic cleansing toward Bosnian Muslims. With support from NATO, Bosnian and Croatian forces won back considerable territory.The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (cont.)Section 2The Serbs were forced to sign a peace treaty, splitting Bosnia into a Serb republic and a Muslim-Croat federation.In 1998, war erupted when a group of ethnic Albanians began a campaign against Serbian rule in the autonomous province of Kosovo.The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (cont.)Section 2Serb forces massacred ethnic Albanians until the United States and NATO helped stop the killings.Kosovo regained autonomy in 1999. Yugoslavia ceased to exist in 2004 when the government renamed the country Serbia and Montenegro. The people of Montenegro voted for independence in 2006. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which of the following ethnic groups implemented a policy of ethnic cleansing toward Bosnians? A. Serbs B. AlbaniansC. RussiansD. RomaniansSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Postwar Western societies rebuilt their communities, but shifting social structures led to upheaval and change.Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularyThatcherismbudget deficitsAcademic VocabularycurrencyshiftSection 3-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsFranceWest GermanyNorthern IrelandMargaret ThatcherRichard NixonWatergateGerald FordJimmy CarterRonald ReaganReagan RevolutionGeorge BushBill ClintonGeorge W. BushPierre TrudeauABSection 3-Polling QuestionDo you think the United States should adopt the metric system of measurement like the rest of the world uses?A. YesB. NoSection 3Winds of Change in Western EuropeFrance, Great Britain, and Germany have all experienced economic upheavals and changes.Section 3Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Austria, Finland and Sweden all joined the European Economic Community (EEC) by the mid-1990s. The EEC became the world’s largest single trading bloc.The European Union (EU) replaced the EEC and established a common currency that is used by 15 EU nations. Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Expansion of the European Union, 1957–2007Section 3FranceIn the 1970s, France experienced an economic recession. In 1993, the Socialists gained power in France, but their policies were largely unsuccessful.The government shifted back toward the right when Jacques Chirac became president in 1995 and again in 2002.Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Section 3GermanyIn 1969, the Social Democrats were the leading political party in West Germany. After reunification, Germany experienced social and economic problems due to the rebuilding of eastern Germany.Unemployment and economic problems soared, leading to severe discontent and an increasing number of attacks against immigrants.Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Section 3Power shifted from the Social Democrats back to the Christian Democrats. In 2005, Angela Merkel, leader of the Christian Democrats, became the first female chancellor in German history. Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Section 3Great BritainGreat Britain was faced with an ailing economy, labor strikes, and fighting in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants. Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979. Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Section 3Thatcher focused on privatization, restricted the power of labor unions, and controlled inflation. Her policy became known as Thatcherism.Winds of Change in Western Europe (cont.)Tony Blair became prime minister in 1997 but lost popularity over his ongoing support of the U.S. war in Iraq. ABCDSection 3Who was Great Britain’s first female prime minister? A. Angela Merkel B. Margaret ThatcherC. Mary WollstonecraftD. Jacques ChiracSection 3The U.S. and CanadaThe United States has moved toward the political right, and Quebec’s status divides Canada.Section 3With the election of Richard Nixon, white Democrats in the South began supporting the Republican Party.Nixon lied to the American public about his involvement in the Watergate scandal and he resigned in August 1974.Jimmy Carter defeated President Gerald Ford in the 1976 election. The U.S. and Canada (cont.)Section 3A decline in American living standards and an American hostage crisis in Iran led to Carter’s defeat in the 1980 election.Ronald Reagan won the 1980 election, starting the Reagan Revolution.Reagan reduced spending on social programs such as food stamps, school lunch programs, and job programs, yet oversaw the largest peacetime military buildup in U.S. history. The U.S. and Canada (cont.)Section 3The Reagan administration produced record government budget deficits, equaling three times the deficit in the 1970s.George Bush succeeded Reagan and was unable to deal with the federal deficit and economic recession. Democrat Bill Clinton was elected in 1992, claiming to support several Republican policies. The U.S. and Canada (cont.)Section 3Clinton was able to revive the economy, but misconduct accusations against him helped George W. Bush win the 2000 election.The attacks of September 11, 2001, have directed much of Bush’s attention toward the issue of terrorism. Bush was reelected in 2004, but his popularity plummeted as discontent grew over the Iraq War. The U.S. and Canada (cont.)Section 3Pierre Trudeau became the Liberal prime minister in Canada in 1968.Trudeau was faced with a major economic recession and tried to preserve a united Canada. Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act to support the rights of French-speaking Canadians in Quebec. The U.S. and Canada (cont.)Section 3In 1993, Canada passed the North American Free Trade Agreement even though many Canadians felt it favored the United States.The U.S. and Canada (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which economic problem reached record levels during the Reagan administration? A. Budget deficits B. Interest ratesC. InflationD. UnemploymentSection 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaNew Technologies Trends in contemporary Western society include rapid changes in science and technology, changes in family structures and population trends, increased religious diversity, and a shared popular culture among nations.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularygender stereotypinggender paritypostmodernismpopular culturecultural imperialismAcademic VocabularychemicalglobalizationSection 4-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsSputnik IEqual Pay ActRoe v. WadeMunichBasque regionBloody SundayABSection 4-Polling QuestionDo you think women from the past would be pleased with the status of women today?A. YesB. NoSection 4The Quickening Pace of ChangeThe Western world has seen many technological and social changes, as well as changes in the family and in women’s lives.Section 4In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, sparking a tense competition in the area of space and technology. In 1969, U.S. astronauts landed on the moon.Critics argue that technology has had far-reaching effects that have damaged the environment. Debates over organic farming and genetically enhanced foods have intensified.The Quickening Pace of Change (cont.)Section 4The Western world is beginning to witness social changes in the family.Women are waiting longer to get married.The number of people getting married has decreased.Divorce rates have increased. Women’s roles in the workforce have affected family size.The Quickening Pace of Change (cont.)Percentage of Women in the WorkforceSection 4The women’s movement started in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the basic conditions of women’s lives. The supporters of the women’s movement opposed “gender stereotyping” and supported the Equal Pay Act of 1963.Abortion became a controversial topic when it became legal in Roe v. Wade. To support women in the workforce, Norway and Denmark adopted gender parity. The Quickening Pace of Change (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which of the following is not a social change that the Western world has experienced in the past 40 years? A. An increase in divorce rates B. More women in the workforceC. Higher birthratesD. Increase in the average  marrying ageSection 4Culture and IdentityPopular culture brings the world closer, but some nations want to maintain their own identities.Section 4After World War II, New York City became the artistic center of the Western world. By the 1980s, postmodernism replaced abstractionism as the dominant artistic style. Today, artists incorporate digital cameras and computer programs to create interactive art forms. Culture and Identity (cont.)Section 4America’s popular culture is often spread around the world through sports, films, musical performers, and filmmakers.A Palestinian terrorist group used sports as a way to gain national attention in the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.Some countries object to the cultural imperialism that occurs when American entertainment takes away from their own culture. Culture and Identity (cont.)Section 4Christianity dominated Western society until after World War II, when many non-Christian immigrants moved to Europe seeking jobs.The result has been a greater religious diversity in Europe. However, some Christians feel that non-Christian religions threaten their culture, and non-Christians find following their culture difficult in the Western world. Culture and Identity (cont.)Section 4Some minority groups in Europe want to preserve their culture or even have their own nation.Many minority groups have used peaceful means to reach their goals. Some groups, like the extremists in the Basque region, use violence to gain attention.Culture and Identity (cont.)Regional Identity in Western EuropeSection 4In Northern Ireland, the violence between Catholics and Protestants escalated on “Bloody Sunday” when 13 protesters were killed. Culture and Identity (cont.)Regional Identity in Western EuropeABCDSection 4Which two groups have been fighting in Northern Ireland for three decades? A. Christians and non-Christians B. English and IrishC. Catholics and ProtestantsD. French and CelticsSection 4-EndVS 1Economic and Political Change in the SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPEGorbachev’s reforms helped to end the Cold War and break up the Soviet Union.Communist regimes in Eastern Europe ended as the loss of Soviet support led to revolutions.Ethnic tensions in Yugoslavia led to conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo.Energy resources support Russia’s economy, but it still faces many economic and social problems.VS 2Economic and Social Issues in WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICAU.S. president Richard Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal.After reunification, Germany faced the cost of rebuilding the economy of eastern Germany.The EC became the European Union, and most members adopted the euro.Canadians became divided over the possible secession of French-speaking Quebec.VS 3The Spread and Transformation of WESTERN TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURESignificant changes in technology have revolutionized life in the Western world.The women’s movement addressed issues of stereotyping, pay equality, abortion, and political parity.As popular culture brings the world closer, some nations and minority groups worry about loss of their cultural identity.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1détentea phase of relaxed tensions and improved relations between two adversaries Vocab2dissidenta person who speaks out against the regime in power Vocab3perestroikafundamental restructuring of the Soviet economy; policy introduced by Gorbachev Vocab4participationhaving a part in or sharing in something Vocab5responsivequick to respond or react toVocab6ethnic cleansinga policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by the Serbs against the Muslim minority in Bosnia Vocab7autonomousself-governing Vocab8demonstrationa public display of group feeling toward a person or a cause Vocab9symbolsomething that stands for something else by way of association; a visible sign of something invisible Vocab10Thatcherismthe economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which limited social welfare and restricted union power Vocab11budget deficitthe state that exists when a government spends more than it collects in revenues Vocab12currencycoins, for example, that are in circulation and used as a medium of exchange Vocab13shifta change in direction or attitude Vocab14gender stereotypingrestricting what a person could do just because of the person’s gender Vocab15gender paritya policy by which women have to make up either a certain number of the candidates in an election or a certain number of those elected Vocab16postmodernisman artistic movement that emerged in the 1980s; its artists do not expect rationality in the world and are comfortable with many “truths” Vocab17popular cultureentertainment created for a profit and for a mass audience Vocab18cultural imperialismreferring to Western nations’ control of other world cultures similar to how they had controlled colonial governments Vocab19chemicalproduced by chemicals Vocab20globalizationthe movement toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyHelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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