Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 24 The West Between the Wars, 1919-1939

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The Futile Search for StabilitySection 2: The Rise of Dictatorial RegimesSection 3: Hitler and Nazi GermanySection 4: Cultural and Intellectual TrendsVisual SummaryChapter Intro How can politics be reflected in sports?Nazi leader Adolf Hitler wanted to use the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin to show the superiority of the Aryan (German) race. However, African-American athlete Jesse Owens of the United States shattered that plan by winning four gold medals. In this chapter you will learn how Hitler and other leaders created totalitarian states.• In the photograph, why is Jesse Owens (at center) saluting and why is Lutz Long (at right) extending his arm?• Do you think national pride and politics or individual accomplishments are more important to Olympic  athletes today?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1The Futile Search for StabilityWhat were the causes of instability in the West after World War I?Chapter Intro 2The Rise of Dictatorial RegimesWhy did certain European countries become dictatorial regimes?Chapter Intro 3Hitler and Nazi GermanyHow did Hitler and the Nazis gain power and rule Germany?Chapter Intro 4Cultural and Intellectual TrendsWhat were the main cultural and intellectual trends between the wars?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Peace and prosperity were short-lived after World War I as a global depression weakened Western democracies.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularydepressioncollective bargainingdeficit spendingAcademic VocabularyannualratioSection 1-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsRuhr ValleyDawes PlanTreaty of LocarnoSwitzerlandWeimar RepublicJohn Maynard KeynesFranklin Delano RooseveltNew DealABSection 1-Polling QuestionDo you know anyone who lived during the Great Depression? A. YesB. NoSection 1Uneasy Peace, Uncertain SecurityDiscontent with the Treaty of Versailles and a weak League of Nations opened the door to new problems in the interwar years.Section 1The United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, making it impossible for the United States to join the League of Nations. The German government made one payment of reparations to France, but the following year it announced it could not make any more payments due to financial crisis.Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)Europe, 1923Section 1In reaction, France seized the Ruhr Valley to collect reparations by using Ruhr mines and factories.The Dawes Plan was implemented to help both France and Germany:Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)reduced reparationsEurope, 1923Section 1coordinated Germany’s payments with their ability to payUneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)granted a $200 million loan for German recoveryEurope, 1923Section 1The foreign ministers of Germany and France signed the Treaty of Locarno, guaranteeing Germany’s new borders with France and Belgium.Two years later, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by 63 nations agreeing to renounce war as an instrument of national policy. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (cont.)ABCDSection 1Why did Germany quit paying reparations to France?A. Inflation caused financial  crisis in Germany.B. France seized the mines  in Ruhr Valley.C. The Treaty of Versailles  was amended.D. There were border disputes  with France. Section 1The Great DepressionUnderlying economic problems and an American stock market crisis triggered the Great Depression.Section 1A depression ended the short period of prosperity that began in 1924. Causes of the Great Depression:The Great Depression (cont.)Several nations experienced economic downturns as prices for farm products fell due to overproduction.Unemployment, 1928–1938Section 1An international financial crisis occurred when the U.S. stock market crashed and U.S. investors withdrew money from Germany.The Great Depression (cont.)Unemployment, 1928–1938Section 1Germany and other European nations’ banks became weak. Trade slowed, industrial production declined, and unemployment rose.Governments did not know how to handle the economic crisis. They made it worse by lowering wages and raising tariffs.Communism and Marxism became more popular, and people began to support dictators who offered solutions to the crises. The Great Depression (cont.)ABCDSection 1From which political system did people start to turn away during the Great Depression? A. Marxism B. CommunismC. DictatorshipD. DemocracySection 1Democratic StatesAlthough new democracies were established in Europe after World War I, the Depression shook people’s confidence in political democracy.Section 1Most European nations had political democracies after World War I and granted more freedoms such as female suffrage. In Switzerland, however, women did not get the right to vote until 1971. GermanyDemocratic States (cont.)Germany created a democratic state known as the Weimar Republic. The Weimer Republic faced severe inflation and serious social problems. Section 1FranceFrance became the strongest European nation after World War I but eventually felt the effects of the Great Depression. Political instability led to the rise of a coalition of Leftist parties called the Popular Front government. Democratic States (cont.)Section 1The Popular Front started the French New Deal, which gave workers the right to collective bargaining, a 40-hour workweek, a two-week paid vacation, and a minimum wage. Democratic States (cont.)Section 1Great BritainA new government formed by the Conservatives claimed credit for successfully dealing with the Great Depression by using the traditional policies of balanced budgets and protective tariffs. Democratic States (cont.)Section 1British economist John Maynard Keynes condemned the belief that depressions should regulate themselves with little government interference.Keynes felt that, if necessary, government should finance projects with deficit spending. Democratic States (cont.)Section 1United StatesNext to Germany, the United States was affected most by the Great Depression. The United States elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt as president. He pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy known as the New Deal. Democratic States (cont.)Section 1A New Deal program, the Works Progress Administration, employed around 3 million people for work on bridges, roads, and airports.The Roosevelt administration also created the U.S. welfare system and drafted the Social Security Act. Democratic States (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which economic policy suggested that government should finance projects by going into debt? A. The New Deal B. Social SecurityC. Deficit spendingD. Collective bargainingSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaHuman Rights By 1939, many European countries had adopted dictatorial regimes that aimed to control every aspect of their citizens’ lives for state goals.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularytotalitarian statefascismcollectivizationAcademic VocabularyunprecedentedmediaSection 2-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsRussiaBenito MussoliniNew Economic PolicyPolitburoJoseph StalinFive-Year PlansFrancisco FrancoMadridABSection 2-Polling QuestionAre the everyday lives of Americans affected when a new president is elected?A. YesB. NoSection 2The Rise of DictatorsThe totalitarian states did away with individual freedoms.Section 2Many European nations became totalitarian states in which governments controlled the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.These new powerful regimes used propaganda to conquer the minds of their subjects and limited individual freedoms.The Rise of Dictators (cont.)Politics in Europe, 1930sSection 2In Italy, Socialists spoke of revolution in response to severe economic problems. The middle class feared a Communist takeover similar to the one that occurred in Russia.Benito Mussolini created the first European fascist movement in Italy. The Rise of Dictators (cont.)Politics in Europe, 1930sSection 2Mussolini’s policy of fascism glorified the state above the individual by focusing on a strong central state led by a dictatorial ruler.In 1922 Mussolini became prime minister of Italy. He outlawed all political parties and established a secret police that could arrest anyone for political or nonpolitical crimes.The Rise of Dictators (cont.)Politics in Europe, 1930sSection 2Mussolini established total control over his people and exercised control over all media outlets.He wanted to create a nation of orderly and war-ready people, but in reality most Fascists maintained traditional social attitudes. The Rise of Dictators (cont.)Politics in Europe, 1930sABCDSection 2Which of the following did not occur during the fascist movement in Italy? A. Youth groups were formed  for military training.B. The Vatican City lost  its sovereignty.C. The media was used to  spread propaganda.D. Political parties were outlawed. Section 2A New Era in the USSRIn the Soviet Union, Stalin maintained total power by murdering his political opponents.Section 2Lenin adopted a new policy called the New Economic Policy (NEP).Peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly.Retail stores and small industries that employed less than 20 workers could be privately owned and operated. A New Era in the USSR (cont.)Section 2The NEP brought agricultural production back up and revived the market. In 1922 Lenin and the Communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). After Lenin’s death in 1924, the Politburo became divided over the future direction of the Soviet Union.A New Era in the USSR (cont.)Soviet Union by 1939Section 2Joseph Stalin used his position as general secretary to gain control of the Communist Party by giving political positions in exchange for support.By 1929 Stalin had created a powerful dictatorship and launched the Five-Year Plans to rapidly transform Russia from an agricultural society into an industrial country. A New Era in the USSR (cont.)Section 2The government implemented the collectivization of agriculture. Peasants resisted by hoarding crops and killing livestock, which led to widespread famine.Stalin established complete control over the Communist Party by sending his opposition to work in forced labor camps in Siberia. Old Bolsheviks of the 1917 revolution were put on trial and condemned to death. A New Era in the USSR (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which policy allowed peasant farmers to sell their products openly?A. New Economic Policy B. Five-Year PlansC. Collectivization of  agricultureD. PolitburoSection 2Authoritarian States in the WestAuthoritarian governments in the West worked to preserve the existing social order.Section 2Many eastern European nations adopted parliamentary systems after World War I, but were soon replaced with authoritarian regimes.The landowners, churches, and some members of the middle class did not want land reforms to take place. They feared ethnic and peasant unrest could lead to communism.Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)Section 2These groups wanted an authoritarian leader to uphold traditional social order. Only Czechoslovakia was able to maintain its political democracy.In Spain, Francisco Franco led a military revolt against the democratic government, resulting in a brutal civil war. Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)Section 2The Spanish Civil War ended when Franco’s forces captured Madrid in 1939.Franco established an authoritarian dictatorship, rather than a totalitarian regime, that favored traditional groups of large landowners, businesspeople, and Catholic clergy.Authoritarian States in the West (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which eastern European country was able to maintain its political democracy? A. Poland B. AustriaC. RomaniaD. CzechoslovakiaSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaHuman Rights Hitler’s totalitarian state was widely accepted, but German Jews and minorities were persecuted.Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularyNaziconcentration campsAryanAcademic VocabularyrequireprohibitSection 3-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsAdolf HitlerMunichReichstagEnabling ActHeinrich HimmlerNurembergNuremberg lawsKristallnachtABSection 3-Polling QuestionIs the good of the state more important than the good of the individual? A. YesB. NoSection 3Hitler and His ViewsAdolf Hitler’s ideas were based on racism and German nationalism.Section 3Adolf Hitler entered politics by joining the German Workers’ Party in Munich.Hitler took over the party, which was renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi for short. Hitler and His Views (cont.)Section 3After an unsuccessful revolt against the government, Hitler was imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf, which endorsed German nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, and anticommunism.Hitler expanded the Nazi Party, and it soon became the largest party in the Reichstag. Hitler and His Views (cont.)Section 3Hitler won support of the right-wing elites of Germany who, in 1933, pressured the president to allow Hitler to become chancellor and create a new government.The Enabling Act was passed, allowing the government to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the country’s problems.Hitler and His Views (cont.)Section 3With Hitler acting as dictator, the Nazi Party quickly brought all institutions under their control, purged the Jews from civil service jobs, and set up concentration camps.When the president died in 1934, Hitler became the sole ruler of Germany. Hitler and His Views (cont.)ABCDSection 3What law allowed Hitler to ignore the German constitution for four years and create new laws to deal with the country’s problems? A. Reconstruction Act B. Reichstag PolicyC. Mein KampfD. Enabling ActSection 3The Nazi State, 1933–1939Hitler used anti-Semitism, economic policy, and propaganda to build a Nazi state.Section 3Hitler dreamed of creating a purely Aryan state that would dominate the world.To achieve his goal of a Third Reich, Hitler and the Nazis used economic policies, mass demonstrations, organizations, and terror.Heinrich Himmler directed the Schutzstaffeln, commonly called SS, using terror and Nazi ideology to promote the Aryan master race. The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)Section 3Hitler created public works projects to help with the high unemployment rates and end the Depression.The Nazis used mass demonstrations and meetings, such as the Nuremberg party rallies, to gain support and evoke excitement from the German people. The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)Section 3Under Hitler’s regime, women were seen as wives and mothers who would bear the children destined to see the success of the Aryan race.Women were only allowed to work in gender-specific jobs such as nursing and social work, but were highly encouraged to stay at home. The Nazi Party began expanding their anti-Semitism policies to anti-Jewish boycotts and new racial laws such as the Nuremberg laws. The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)Section 3The Nuremberg Laws:defined anyone with one Jewish grandparent as a Jewexcluded Jews from German citizenship stripped Jews of their civil rights forbade marriages between German citizens and JewsThe Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)Section 3forbade Jews from teaching in schools and participating in the artsrequired Jews to wear yellow Stars of David and carry identification cards The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)Section 3On November 9, 1938, a more violent phase began with Kristallnacht. Nazis burned synagogues and Jewish businesses and sent 30,000 Jews to concentration camps.After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all public transportation and public buildings, and were prohibited from owning or working in any retail store. The SS encouraged Jews to “emigrate from Germany.” The Nazi State, 1933–1939 (cont.)ABCDSection 3What was the name of Hitler’s goal to create an empire of Nazi Germany? A. The Hitler Aryan EmpireB. The Third ReichC. The SchutzstaffelnD. The Kristallnacht Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values The destruction of World War I and the turmoil of the Great Depression profoundly affected the work of artists and intellectuals.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularyphotomontagesurrealismuncertainty principleAcademic VocabularyassemblytrendSection 4-Key TermsPeople and PlacesSalvador DalíJames JoyceDublinHermann HesseABSection 4-Polling QuestionDo you think movies and media outlets can influence public opinion? A. YesB. NoSection 4Mass Culture and LeisureHitler used radio and movies as propaganda tools to promote Nazism.Section 4The Nazi regime encouraged people to listen to the radio because it offered an opportunity to reach the masses. Hitler discovered his speeches were just as influential over the radio as they were in person. Mass Culture and Leisure (cont.)Section 4Films were also used to reach large groups of people. Films were specially created by the Propaganda Ministry to spread the Nazi message.The Nazi regime used leisure time as another way to control the people by offering concerts, operas, films, guided tours, and sporting events.Mass Culture and Leisure (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which of the following new inventions did Hitler encourage manufacturers to produce cheaply to aid in spreading the Nazi message? A. Radios B. TelephonesC. TelevisionsD. PhonographsSection 4Arts and ScienceThe art, literature, and scientific breakthroughs produced after World War I both embraced the past and reflected uncertainty for the future.Section 4Many artists continued to follow the styles and trends of post-World War I, although new styles did emerge such as the Dada movement and surrealism.Dada artist Hannah Hoch used photomontage to show women’s roles in the new mass culture. Arts and Science (cont.)Section 4Salvador Dalí, a well known surrealist, used everyday objects in unfamiliar settings, creating a strange world where the irrational became visible.Hitler and the Nazis used art to depict heroic Germans. In literature, the search for the unconscious became popular. Writers used techniques to show their characters’ innermost thoughts. Arts and Science (cont.)Section 4James Joyce used this style in Ulysses, which tells the story of one day in the life of ordinary citizens in Dublin.In Germany, Hermann Hesse’s novels focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings in a mechanized urban society.In science, Albert Einstein’s work in physics continued into the 1930s. Arts and Science (cont.)Section 4Newtonian physics encouraged people to believe that all phenomena could be defined and predicted until 1927, when German physicist Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle shook this belief.The uncertainty principle represented a new world view based on uncertainty. Arts and Science (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which art form seeks to show that there is a greater reality that exists beyond the world of physical appearances? A. Realism B. SurrealismC. DadaismD. Folk artSection 4-EndVS 1The AFTERMATH OF WAR and Impact of GLOBAL DEPRESSIONMany nations were unhappy with the peace settlement after World War I.The crash of the U.S. stock market triggered a worldwide financial crisis and a global depression.The Great Depression made people doubt democracy and look to authoritarian leaders for simple solutions to problems.VS 2TOTALITARIAN AND AUTHORITARIAN Governments in Europe Take PowerSome nations in Europe replaced democracy with totalitarian governments.Mussolini’s Fascist regime in Italy controlled citizens with mass propaganda.In the Soviet Union, Stalin gained control of the Communist Party, arresting or killing those who opposed him.VS 3The Rise of NAZI GERMANYLosses in World War I and economic devastation led to political struggles in Germany.Hitler’s Nazi Party created a totalitarian state based on racism and German nationalism.The Nazis enforced their will through secret police and concentration camps.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1depressiona period of low economic activity and rising unemployment Vocab2collective bargainingthe right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours Vocab3deficit spendingwhen a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt Vocab4annualyearlyVocab5ratioproportion Vocab6totalitarian statea government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens Vocab7fascisma political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler Vocab8collectivizationa system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government Vocab9unprecedentedhaving nothing that has been done or said in the past to compare to Vocab10mediachannels or systems of communication Vocab11Nazishortened form of the German Nazional, or the National Socialist German Workers’ Party; a member of such party Vocab12concentration campa camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions Vocab13Aryana term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages; Nazis misused the term, treating it as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with the ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians Vocab14requireto demand as being necessary Vocab15prohibitto prevent or to forbid Vocab16photomontagea picture made of a combination of photographs Vocab17surrealismartistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious Vocab18uncertainty principlethe idea put forth by Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty Vocab19assemblythe fitting together of parts to make a complete product Vocab20trenda pattern or general tendencyHelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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