Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 22 East Asia Under Challenge, 1800-1914

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The Decline of the Qing DynastySection 2: Revolution in ChinaSection 3: Rise of Modern JapanVisual SummaryChapter Intro In what ways can one culture influence another?During the Meiji Restoration, the imperial court was moved to the shogun’s palace in Edo (now Tokyo). The palace was eventually replaced with the Japanese Imperial Palace, which houses the emperor and his family today. It has been rebuilt many times because of fires and war. It has been restored using traditional Japanese architecture. In this chapter you will learn how Japan emerged as an industrial society.• What elements of traditional Japanese culture were affected by ideas of Western civilization?• How has Japanese culture influenced life in the United States?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1The Decline of the Qing DynastyWhat factors led to the decline of China’s Qing dynasty?Chapter Intro 2Revolution in ChinaHow did China change as a result of revolution and Western Influence?Chapter Intro 3Rise of Modern JapanHow did Western technology lead to Japan’s modernization?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries As the Qing dynasty declined, Western nations increased their economic involvement with China.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyextraterritorialityself-strengtheningspheres of influenceOpen Door policyindemnityAcademic VocabularyhighlightedexclusiveSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesGuangzhouChang JiangHong KongHong XiuquanGuang XuEmpress Dowager Ci XiJohn HayABSection 1-Polling QuestionCan a country close its borders to all trade and still be successful? A. YesB. NoSection 1Causes of DeclinePressure from the West and corruption, government incompetence, and peasant unrest from within led to the decline of the Qing dynasty.Section 1Western powers wanted China to loosen trade restrictions that limited trade to the port at Guangzhou.To compensate for Britain’s unfavorable trade balance, the British began trading opium. Causes of Decline (cont.)Opium Imported Into ChinaSection 1The Chinese retaliated with a blockade on Guangzhou, sparking the Opium War. The British navy quickly defeated the Chinese by sailing up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing. Causes of Decline (cont.)Section 1In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese agreed to:Open five coastal portsLimit taxes on British imports Pay for the cost of the warGive Hong Kong to Great BritainAllow Westerners living in China the right of extraterritoriality Causes of Decline (cont.)Section 1The Qing dynasty began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence. Population growth created a food shortage and many people died of starvation.Hong Xiuquan led a peasant revolt called the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850–1864).Causes of Decline (cont.)Section 1The rebellion called for social reforms, such as giving land to peasants and making women equal to men. Europeans helped the Qing dynasty defeat the Tai Ping when they saw how destructive the Tai Ping forces were.The Tai Ping rebellion was one of the most devastating civil wars in history, during which as many as 20 million people died.Causes of Decline (cont.)Section 1The Qing dynasty was in decline and called for reforms under a new policy called “self-strengthening.” The Chinese government wanted to adopt Western technology but keep Confucian values. It modernized the military and built up industries while keeping the culture. Causes of Decline (cont.)ABCDSection 1In retaliation to the unequal trade imbalance, what did the British begin to sell to the Chinese? A. Opium B. SilkC. TeaD. SilverSection 1The Advance of ImperialismWestern nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.Section 1Between 1886 and 1985, France, Russia, and Great Britain seized land throughout East Asia.European states began creating spheres of influence throughout China’s heartland by negotiating with warlords for exclusive trading rights and railroad and mining privileges.The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)Spheres of Influence in China, 1900Section 1The Chinese lost control of many territories:Russia forced China to give up territories in Siberia. Tibet became independent from Chinese influence. The Japanese gained the island of Taiwan. Germany demanded territories in the Shandong Peninsula. The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)Section 1The emperor Guang Xu called for One Hundred Days of Reform. Guang Xu wanted to base the Chinese government, education system, and military on Western models. Many conservatives opposed the reforms, including Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who became a dominant force at court. Ci Xi and the imperial army imprisoned the emperor and exiled, prosecuted, or imprisoned supporters of the reforms.The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)Section 1The reforms were met with limited support because of the following weaknesses:Damaged careers of many scholarsNeglected agriculture Focused too heavily on the elite classes Could not end foreign influenceThe Advance of Imperialism (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which is not a reason that Guang Xu’s reform policies were not supported by Chinese society? A. Agriculture was neglected. B. Reforms were focused too  heavily on the elite.C. Reforms could not end  foreign influence.D. Scholars were given too  much power.Section 1Responses to ImperialismThe United States proposed an Open Door policy to guarantee it would have equal trading rights with European countries in China.Section 1In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state, John Hay, wrote notes to Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking each country to respect equal trading rights in China.There was no opposition to Hay’s proposal, leading to establishment of the Open Door policy.Responses to Imperialism (cont.)Section 1The Open Door policy reduced trade restrictions and foreign influences. The policy also eased fears throughout the Western nations that one country would obtain overwhelming influence throughout China. Responses to Imperialism (cont.)Section 1A secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists formed in opposition to foreign influence in China and initiated the Boxer Rebellion. The Boxers began killing foreigners, including Western businessmen, and Christian missionaries and converts. Responses to Imperialism (cont.)Section 1An allied army formed in retaliation and crushed the rebellion and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government, including a heavy indemnity.Responses to Imperialism (cont.)ABCDSection 1What is an indemnity? A. A payment for damages B. A trade restrictionC. Land won in a warD. A legal fineSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination Reforms led to a revolution in China, and the arrival of Westerners brought changes to its culture and economy.Section 2-Key TermsContent VocabularyprovincialcommoditiesAcademic VocabularyphasemotiveSection 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesSun Yat-senHenry Pu YiGeneral Yuan ShigaiShanghaiWuhanABSection 2-Polling QuestionA government needs to change as society progresses.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2The Fall of the QingSun Yat-sen led a successful revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but he was unable to establish a stable government.Section 2After the Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Ci Xi implemented numerous reforms in an attempt to hold onto power, including the formation of legislative assemblies at the provincial level. Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing dynasty could no longer govern China. The Fall of the Qing (cont.)Section 2Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China Society and a three-stage reform process:Military takeoverTransitional phase preparing people for democracy Establishment of a constitutional democracy The Fall of the Qing (cont.)Section 2After the death of the Empress, the infant Henry Pu Yi became China’s last emperor. In 1911, the followers of Sun Yat-sen revolted and the Qing dynasty collapsed. The Fall of the Qing (cont.)Fall of the Qing EmpireSection 2The Nationalist party lacked political and military power and was forced to allow General Yuan Shigai, a member of the old order, to serve as president.Yuan did not have much support. The reformers did not like his traditional, dictatorial manner of ruling and supporters of the Qing dynasty viewed him as a traitor. The Fall of the Qing (cont.)Section 2Yuan dissolved the parliament, sparking a rebellion led by the Nationalists. The Nationalists fled to Japan after the rebellion failed.After Yuan’s death, China experienced several years of civil war. The Fall of the Qing (cont.)ABCDSection 2Why was General Yuan Shigai chosen to be the new president? A. He was the leader of the  Nationalist party. B. He controlled the army.C. He supported the  Qing dynasty.D. He was elected by the people.Section 2Cultural ChangesWestern culture had a dramatic effect on many Chinese people, especially those living in cities.Section 2Western culture in China was most evident in the cities, where a national market for commodities such as oil, salt, copper, tea, and porcelain appeared. Westernization affected China in three ways:Cultural Changes (cont.)Introduced modern means of transportation Created an export market Integrated the Chinese market into the world market Section 2Imperialism also had negative effects.Cultural Changes (cont.)China depended on the West. Many Chinese were exploited, and local industries were destroyed. Profits went to foreign countries rather than to the Chinese economy. Section 2After World War I, foreign investment drawn out of China, enabling Chinese businesspeople to develop new ventures.Modern cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin and Guangzhou became major industrial and commercial centers. In the rural areas, life remained largely unchanged. Traditional jobs and family roles remained the same. Cultural Changes (cont.)Section 2The cities experienced the most change, with Western cultural influence at it strongest and Confucian social ideas on the decline.The culture began to truly change when intellectuals introduced Western books, art, music, and ideas to China. Conservatives remained loyal to traditional culture, clashing with radical reformers who wanted it eliminated.Cultural Changes (cont.)ABCDSection 2What event gave the Chinese a chance to develop modern businesses? A. World War I B. World War IIC. Shanghai RebellionD. Revival of ConfucianismSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Western intervention opened Japan to trade, and the interaction between Japan and Western nations led to a modern industrial Japanese society.Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularyconcessionsprefecturesAcademic VocabularysubsidycontextSection 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesMatthew PerryEdo BayMillard FillmoreKyōtoMutsuhitoEdoIto HirobumiPort ArthurABSection 3-Polling QuestionCountries benefit from trade with one another. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3Japan Responds to Foreign PressureUnder military pressure from the United States, Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened two ports to Western trade.Section 3Ruling for 200 years, the Tokugawa shogunate kept relations with outside countries at a minimum and carried on a policy of isolationism. Western nations wanted Japan to open their ports to trade.U.S. President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)Section 3Concessions were made by shogunate officials, and they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States.The Treaty approved:Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)The return of shipwrecked American sailorsThe opening of two ports to Western traders The establishment of a U.S. diplomat in JapanSection 3Other European nations forced Japan to sign similar treaties. Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)A group of samurai warriors called the Sat-Cho opposed opening foreign relations with the West and forced the shogun to promise to end foreign relations.The Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace at Kyōto, resulting in the collapse of the shogunate system and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.ABCDSection 3Why did Japanese leaders agree to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa? A. They wanted U.S. products. B. They were afraid of  U.S. guns.C. They wanted to overthrow  the shogun.D. They wanted foreign  relations with the West.Section 3The Meiji RestorationThe Meiji government attempted to modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social structures.Section 3The young emperor, Mutsuhito, called his reign the Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.”The Meiji Restoration (cont.)The Sat-Cho held the real power and moved the capital from Kyōto to Edo.The new leaders stripped the daimyo of their land and created prefectures.Section 3Ito Hirobumi led a commission that traveled to many Western countries to study their governments.The result was a political system modeled after Imperial Germany. It was democratic in form, but authoritarian in practice. The Meiji Restoration (cont.)Section 3The Meiji implemented a land reform that gave land to the peasants. Because of bad harvests, many peasants could not pay their taxes and became tenant farmers.The government used the land-tax revenues to promote industry. The revenue went toward struggling industries and to improving transportation and communication.The Meiji Restoration (cont.)Section 3A new imperial army with modern weapons was created that was based on required military service.A new educational system, based on the American model, was created, and foreign specialists were brought to Japan to teach.Western fashion and culture became popular, and women gained more rights. The Meiji Restoration (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which of the following is not a social change resulting from Meiji modernization?A. Women gained more rights. B. Traditional values were  replaced with capitalism.C. Laborers faced harsh  working conditions in  some industries.D. People began wearing  Western-style clothes.Section 3Joining the ImperialistsBy the early 1900s, Japan strengthened its military and started building an empire.Section 3The Japanese needed raw materials and wanted to expand by obtaining colonies, as the Europeans had done.Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands, which belonged to the Chinese Empire. The Japanese next forced the Koreans to open their ports to Japanese trade. Joining the Imperialists (cont.)Japanese ExpansionSection 3China and Japan went to war over influence in Korea. Japan won, resulting in Korea’s independence.China also ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.Japan led a successful surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur. The Japanese navy defeated the Russian fleet.Joining the Imperialists (cont.)Section 3The Russo-Japanese War made Japan one of the world’s great military powers. The United States recognized Japan’s role in Korean affairs, and, in return, the Japanese recognized the U.S. role in the Philippines. Some Americans began to fear the rise of Japanese power. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt stopped Japanese immigration into the United States.Joining the Imperialists (cont.)Significance of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905ABCDSection 3Which event made it clear that Japan was one of the world’s great powers? A. Russo-Japanese War B. Communist RevolutionC. Meiji RevoltD. Korean WarSection 3Culture in an Era of TransitionThe culture of Western nations greatly influenced Japanese traditional culture.Section 3From literature to architecture, the Japanese modeled Western styles and techniques. Western technology strongly influenced traditional Japanese culture:Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)Japanese authors began translating Western novels.Writers began to imitate Western styles, such as Realism.Section 3The Japanese invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach modern skills in Japan. The Japanese also influenced other cultures.Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)Japanese arts and crafts, including porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints, became popular throughout Europe. Section 3Japanese gardens became popular in the United States.Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)By the end of the nineteenth century, many Japanese began a return to Japanese traditions. ABCDSection 3What aspect of Japanese culture became popular in the U.S.? A. Japanese music B. Japanese clothingC. Japanese  education systemD. Japanese gardensSection 3-EndVS 1IMPERIALISM in China The Qing dynasty began to decline due to pressure from the West and internal corruption. Western nations and Japan created spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights. In order to secure its own trading rights, the United States proposed an Open Door trading policy. VS 2REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION in ChinaAfter China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty. Lacking military and political strength, Sun was unable to establish a stable government. European traders brought new ideas to China that changed the lives of many Chinese. VS 3TRADE AND IMPERIALISM of Japan After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan opened two ports for Western trade. The Meiji government tried to modernize its political, economic, and social structure. Japan built up its military and began expanding its territory. Western ideas and technology influenced Japanese culture. VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 4aFigure 4bFigure 5Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3Vocab1extraterritorialityliving in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws Vocab2self-strengtheninga policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions Vocab3spheres of influenceareas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges Vocab4Open Door policya policy, proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899, that stated that all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country Vocab5indemnitypayment for damages Vocab6highlightedcentered attention on Vocab7exclusivelimited to a single individual or group Vocab8provinciallocal; of or relating to a province Vocab9commoditya marketable product Vocab10phasea part in the development cycle Vocab11motivea reason to take action Vocab12concessiona political compromise Vocab13prefecturein the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord Vocab14subsidygovernment payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity Vocab15contextthe circumstances surrounding a situation or event HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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