Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 21 The Height of Imperialism, 1800-1914

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast AsiaSection 2: Empire Building in AfricaSection 3: British Rule in IndiaSection 4: Nation Building in Latin AmericaVisual SummaryChapter Intro What significance can a building convey?The Victoria Memorial was built in honor of Queen Victoria, who was named the Empress of India after the Sepoy Mutiny. A symbol of British dominance in India, the memorial was built by several Indian states that were eager to gain political favor. In this chapter you will learn about European dominance not only in India, but also in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.• What modern buildings do you know of that symbolize power or dominance?• The Taj Mahal in India was built in memory of one of Shah Jahan’s wives. What other buildings around the world honor individuals?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1Colonial Rule in Southeast AsiaWhat might be some effects of imperialism?Chapter Intro 2Empire Building in AfricaWhat reasons might the Europeans have had for dominating and colonizing Africa?Chapter Intro 3British Rule in IndiaWould it be difficult for our own democratic government to deny equal rights to any group?Chapter Intro 4Nation Building in Latin AmericaWhat are some reasons why people take part in revolutions?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Through the new imperialism, Westerners controlled vast territories, exploited native populations, and opened markets for European products.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyimperialismracismprotectorateindirect ruledirect ruleAcademic VocabularyexploitexportSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesSingaporeBurmaThailandKing MongkutKing ChulalongkornCommodore George DeweyPhilippinesEmilio AguinaldoABSection 1-Polling QuestionColonizing nations that replace the existing government are bound to fail.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 1The New ImperialismUnder new imperialism, European countries began to seek additional territory.Section 1In the 1880s, European states began to seek territory in Asia and Africa. Imperialism was used to justify this expansion for new markets and resources.Under this “new imperialism,” they sought direct control of territories, not just trading posts.The New Imperialism (cont.)Imperialism in Southeast Asia, 1900Section 1Motives for Imperialism:EconomicThe New Imperialism (cont.)Capitalist states required resources and markets for finished goods.RivalriesEuropean nations wanted to gain an economic advantage in an industry. Section 1RespectColonies were a source of national prestige and a symbol of a great nation. The New Imperialism (cont.)Social DarwinismRacism drove some people to believe that they were better than others. MoralPeople wanted to bring Christianity and “civilization” to colonized societies.ABCDSection 1Where did European states look to for colonies? A. Asia and South America B. Africa and South AmericaC. Africa and AsiaD. India and the Middle EastSection 1Colonial TakeoverRivalries for overseas territories led to Western dominance of Southeast Asia.Section 1By 1900 virtually the entire region of Southeast Asia was under Western control.BritainColonial Takeover (cont.)In 1819 Great Britain founded a colony at the tip of the Malay Peninsula called Singapore. Singapore was a major stopping point for traffic going to and from China.Major Regions of European ControlSection 1Britain also sought an overland pass between India and China.Although the difficult terrain made this venture fail, British activities in Burma caused the eventual fall of the Burmese monarchy.Colonial Takeover (cont.)Major Regions of European ControlSection 1FranceFrance was able to colonize Vietnam by making it a French protectorate. France would later control Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos in a region called the Union of French Indochina.Colonial Takeover (cont.)Major Regions of European ControlSection 1ThailandThailand, under the remarkable leadership of King Mongkut and his successor King Chulalongkorn, was able to maintain its independence. Thailand acted as a buffer between British Burma and French Indochina.Colonial Takeover (cont.)Section 1The United StatesIn 1898, the United States naval fleet under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, allowing the Americans to colonize the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the Philippine rebellion against both the Spanish and American colonizers. His forces were defeated by the Americans after three years of bloody warfare.Colonial Takeover (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was the only free state remaining in Southeast Asia?A. ThailandB. BurmaC. SingaporeD. PhilippinesSection 1Colonial RegimesEuropean countries controlled the governments and economies of their colonies in Southeast Asia.Section 1Two methods of governing the colonies were utilized by the Western powers: direct and indirect rule.Indirect ruleColonial Regimes (cont.)Local rulers were allowed to maintain their authority.Access to natural resources was easier.Section 1Cheaper because fewer officials were neededAffected local culture lessColonial Regimes (cont.)Section 1Direct ruleEuropean officials replaced local authorities and governed. Used by French and British whenever local peoples resisted colonial ruleColonial Regimes (cont.)Section 1The colonial powers stressed exporting of raw materials and used the local populace as the labor force for the colonizers. Colonial governments brought benefits as well. Highways, railroads, and other structures were built, and modern economic systems were introduced. Colonial Regimes (cont.)ABCDSection 1Why did colonial powers stress exporting raw materials? A. So they could make money  from transporting the resourcesB. So local authorities could  be replaced by European  officialsC. So taxes could be placed  on exports and importsD. So colonists would not  develop their own industries Section 1Resistance to Colonial RuleNative peoples had varying levels of success resisting colonial rule in Southeast Asia.Section 1The colonized peoples of Southeast Asia resisted colonial rule using a myriad of methods.Resistance from the existing ruling class, or government officials loyal to the current regime, were the first to fight the westerners. Peasant revolts offered another method of resistance, as farmers and peasants driven off the land vented their anger at the foreign invaders. Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.)Section 1The most successful revolts came from nationalistic movements. Started by educated, middle-class urban dwellers, these movements generally transformed from defending traditional systems to nationalistic activities.Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was the most common characteristic of successful colonial resistance? A. The king’s support B. NationalismC. Guerilla warfareD. Regaining confiscated  landsSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Virtually all of Africa was under European rule by 1900.Section 2-Key TermsContent VocabularyannexedindigenousAcademic VocabularyunchartedtraditionsSection 2-Key TermsPeopleMuhammad AliDavid LivingstoneHenry StanleyZuluABSection 2-Polling QuestionPeople must give up old traditions and customs in order to become modernized.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2West Africa and North AfricaEuropean countries exercised increasing control over West Africa and North Africa, especially once the Suez Canal was completed.Section 2Before 1880, Europeans controlled little of Africa. Between 1880 and 1990, Europeans placed virtually all of Africa under European rule.As slave trade in Africa declined, other raw materials, such as peanuts, timbers, hides, and palm olives, were sought after by Europeans. West Africa and North Africa (cont.)African States and Kingdoms, c. 1880Section 2In 1874 Great Britain annexed the west coastal states as the Gold Coast and made Nigeria a protectorate.African governments in West Africa began to lose their independence.In Egypt, an Ottoman military officer named Muhammad Ali seized power in 1805 and modernized the state’s army, educational system, and industries.West Africa and North Africa (cont.)Imperialism in Africa, 1880–1914Section 2The French built the Suez Canal with Egyptian labor, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas.Britain, seizing the opportunity to gain access to India quicker, tried to gain as much control as possible over the Suez Canal area.West Africa and North Africa (cont.)Suez CanalSection 2Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914. Britain also gained control of the Sudan, south of Egypt, in 1898.France established control of the North African states of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco in the early twentieth century.West Africa and North Africa (cont.)Section 2Italy seized Turkish Tripoli (Libya) but was defeated in an invasion of Ethiopia in 1896. This humiliating defeat led the Italians to try again in 1911.West Africa and North Africa (cont.)ABCDSection 2What bodies of water were connected by the Suez Canal? A. The Atlantic Ocean and  the Indian Ocean B. The Nile River and  the Mediterranean SeaC. The Mediterranean Sea  and the Red SeaD. The Mediterranean Sea  and the Atlantic OceanSection 2Central and East AfricaEuropean powers competed for colonies in Central Africa and East Africa.Section 2Central Africa was an uncharted, tropical region. British explorer David Livingstone wanted to find a river that would open Central Africa to European commerce and Christianity.In the 1870s, Henry Stanley continued the work of Livingstone and mapped the Congo River region. Central and East Africa (cont.)Section 2King Leopold of Belgium claimed the Congo region, and established a Belgium presence in Central Africa.In East Africa, Britain and Germany fought over territory in East Africa. Britain sought to connect its colonies in South Africa and Egypt. Central and East Africa (cont.)Section 2Germany was under pressure to gain colonies by the German people.Portugal and Belgium also sought territory in East Africa.In 1884 and 1885, the European powers met at the Berlin Conference to settle conflicting claims. No African delegates were present at the conference. Central and East Africa (cont.)ABCDSection 2Why did Henry Stanley initially go to Central Africa? A. To find the Congo River B. To find David LivingstoneC. To convert nativesD. To establish a colony  for BelgiumSection 2South AfricaEuropean powers quickly came to dominate the region of South Africa.Section 2In South Africa, the British and Dutch fought for control of the region. The Boers, or Afrikaners, were descendents of Dutch settlers who had lived in South Africa since the 1600s. The British seized lands from the Dutch in the Napoleonic Wars.South Africa (cont.)Section 2The Boers detested British rule and moved from the coastal areas in a journey known as the Great Trek. They placed the indigenous peoples in reservations.The Boers frequently battled the Zulu people, and the skilled leader Shaka established a powerful Zulu Empire. The British finally conquered the Zulu in the late 1800s.South Africa (cont.)Section 2British policy in South Africa was largely influenced by Cecil Rhodes, a proponent of British expansion. Rhodes founded diamond and gold companies, but his interaction with the Dutch led to the Boer War.From 1899 to 1902, the British and the Boers fought the Boer War. The Boers successfully fought the British using guerilla war tactics.South Africa (cont.)Section 2The British put 120,000 Boer women and children in detention camps where nearly 20,000 of them died of starvation. The Dutch surrendered, and the Independent Union of South Africa was established in 1910.South Africa (cont.)ABCDSection 2How did the British appease the Boers in South Africa? A. They put Boer women and  children onto reservations. B. They agreed that only  whites could vote.C. They gave the Boers an army.D. The gave the Boers  Cape Colony.Section 2Effects of ImperialismUsing direct or indirect rule, European nations exploited Africa, and their governance stimulated African nationalism.Section 2The concept of indirect rule was favored by the Europeans as it was cheaper and easier to implement. Local African rulers simply enforced European decisions. Indirect rule had the unfortunate effect of keeping younger and talented African political leaders out of power.Effects of Imperialism (cont.)Section 2Most other European nations favored direct rule. Some nations, like the French, attempted to assimilate the local peoples, destroying local and traditional culture.The rise of African nationalism began in the early 1900s. Led by young, generally Western-educated Africans, the movement took the ideas of the West and attempted to apply them to the African states.Effects of Imperialism (cont.)Section 2Lower class Africans worked on plantations or factories owned by foreigners. The middle class had better conditions but were still only eligible for menial jobs in the government and business, earning less than their European counterparts.Africans of all classes faced condescending relationships with Europeans. Clubs, schools, churches, and other social institutions were segregated. Effects of Imperialism (cont.)ABCDSection 2What was a negative effect of indirect rule of the European colonies in Africa? A. African customs and culture  were lost. B. Africans were put  on reservations.C. African leaders were  provided few political  opportunities.D. Africans were not educated.Section 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaStruggle for Rights The British brought stability to India but destroyed native industries and degraded Indians.Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularysepoysviceroyAcademic VocabularycivilestateSection 3-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsKanpurQueen VictoriaBombayIndian National CongressMohandas GandhiRabindranath TagoreABSection 3-Polling QuestionPositive effects of colonial rule outweighed the negative effects. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3The Sepoy MutinyMistrust and cultural differences between the British and Indians led to violent conflict.Section 3As the power of the Moguls declined, a commercial company, the British East India Company, was given the right to become actively involved in India’s political and military affairs.To rule India, the British East India Company hired its own soldiers, including sepoys, and built forts.The Sepoy Mutiny (cont.)Troops Employed in British India, 1857Section 3In 1857, a growing distrust of the British and rumor that the rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat led to a rebellion of the Indian sepoys.Atrocities were terrible on both sides as evidenced at Kanpur, where Indians massacred 200 defenseless women and children.The Sepoy Mutiny (cont.)Troops Employed in British India, 1857Section 3Within a year, the British and Indians loyal to Britain suppressed the rebellion. The Sepoy Mutiny (cont.)As a result of the mutiny, the British Parliament transferred powers of the East India Company directly to the British government. Queen Victoria took the title Empress of India in 1876.ABCDSection 3What was an effect of the Sepoy Mutiny? A. It was the beginning of  direct British rule in India.B. It returned power to  the Mogul leaders.C. It created a greater divide  between Muslim and  Hindu Indians.D. India was given independence. Section 3British Colonial RuleThe British brought order and stability to India, but they also hurt India’s economy and degraded the Indian people.Section 3To aid in directly ruling India, the British appointed an official known as a viceroy. Positive Effects of British ColonizationBritish Colonial Rule (cont.)Colonization brought order and stability to India.An efficient government bureaucracy was established.British Possessions in India, 1858–1914Section 3A new school system was set up using the English language.Roads and railroads were built.A telegraph system and a postal service were introduced.British Colonial Rule (cont.)British Possessions in India, 1858–1914Section 3Negative Effects of British ColonizationBritish economic pursuits brought poverty and hardship to Indians. Access to resources and local industries were destroyed. Local tax collectors increased taxes and forced peasants to become tenants.British Colonial Rule (cont.)British Possessions in India, 1858–1914Section 3Farmers were encouraged to switch from food production to cotton production, limiting the food supply for the growing population.British rule was very degrading and insensitive to Indian culture. British Colonial Rule (cont.)British Possessions in India, 1858–1914ABCDSection 3What did the British use the Taj Majal for?A. A palace for the  Queen of EnglandB. Weddings and partiesC. An army baseD. A school for the eliteSection 3Indian NationalistsThe British presence in India led to an Indian independence movement.Section 3The first Indian nationalists were upper-class and English-educated, and came from urban areas such as Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata), and Bombay (Mumbai).Although most preferred reform to revolution, the slow pace of change convinced many that they would have to rely on themselves for change. Indian Nationalists (cont.)Section 3In 1885, a small group of Indians met in Bombay and formed the Indian National Congress (INC). The goal of the INC was a share in the governing process.In 1915, a young Hindu named Mohandas Gandhi used his experiences in British South Africa to become a leader in the Indian movement for independence.Indian Nationalists (cont.)Section 3Gandhi utilized a non-violent method of resistance to attain his goals of improving the lives of the poor and gaining independence for India.Indian Nationalists (cont.)ABCDSection 3What was the major problem in unifying the people of the Indian National Congress?A. British loyalists B. Religious differencesC. Educational backgroundsD. Different classes of societySection 3Colonial Indian CultureBritish rule sparked renewed interest among Indians in their own culture and history.Section 3One facet of British colonialism was a cultural awakening in India. The British opened a college in Calcutta and a local publishing house. Soon books became more available to the population of India.Indian novelists and poets began writing historical romances and epics.Colonial Indian Culture (cont.)Section 3Newspapers, written in regional Indian languages, provided an effective means of conveying nationalist ideals to lower-middle-class Indians.The most influential Indian author was Rabindranath Tagore, who was a successful writer, poet, social reformer, educator, singer, painter, spiritual leader, and spokesman for the moral concerns of his age.Colonial Indian Culture (cont.)Section 3Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 and put music to a poem that became Indian nationalism’s first anthem. Colonial Indian Culture (cont.)ABCDSection 3How did Indian nationalists spread the word about their cause?A. Nationalist poetry B. Books about Indian historyC. Indian collegesD. Nationalist newspaperSection 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination Latin American countries gained their independence but became economically dependent on Western powers.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularypeninsularescreolesmestizoscaudilloscash cropsAcademic VocabularyinterventionredistributionSection 4-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsJosé de San MartínSimón BolívarMonroe DoctrineAntonio López de Santa AnnaBenito JuárezPuerto RicoPanama CanalHaitiNicaraguaABSection 4-Polling QuestionShould powerful nations support revolutions against dictatorships in other countries? A. YesB. NoSection 4Nationalist RevoltsRevolutionary ideas in Latin America were sparked by the successes of revolutions in North America.Section 4In Latin American society, peninsulares controlled the political and economic systems of the colonies. Creoles resented peninsulares and favored the revolutionary ideals of equality.A slave revolt in Hispaniola led to the formation of Haiti in 1804.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)European Colonies in Latin AmericaSection 4In Mexico, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo roused the local Native Americans and mestizos to free themselves of Spanish control.In 1821, Mexico declared its independence and became a republic in 1823.Two men, known as the “Liberators of South America,” were heavily influenced by events in Europe and set South America on the path of freedom.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)Section 4José de San Martín of Argentina fought the Spaniards and liberated Argentina in 1810 before crossing the Andes Mountains and liberating Chile in 1817.Simón Bolívar, who had liberated Venezuela, arrived in Peru and helped San Martín’s forces liberate Peru in 1824.In 1822, the prince regent of Brazil declared independence from Portugal.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)Section 4In 1823, the Central American states declared their independence and eventually became the states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile had all gained independence from Spain.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)Section 4Latin American independence movements faced a major threat from European powers who favored the use of soldiers to restore Spanish control in Latin America.American president James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warning against European intervention in Latin America, and guaranteeing Latin American independence.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)Section 4The British also favored Latin American independence and used their navy to deter any European invasion of Central and South America.Nationalist Revolts (cont.)ABCDSection 4What influenced José de San Martín to lead revolutions in South America?A. The American Revolution B. French occupation of  Spain under NapoleonC. The poverty of the people  in ArgentinaD. The enacting of the  Monroe Doctrine in 1823Section 4Nation BuildingAfter they became independent, Latin American nations faced a staggering range of problems.Section 4Most of the new nations of Latin America established republican forms of government, but soon caudillos gained power.Supported by the landed elite, the caudillos used military power to rule. Some modernized the new national states by building schools, roads, and canals.Nation Building (cont.)Section 4In Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855. Santa Anna misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos.American settlers in the Texas region revolted against Santa Anna’s dictatorial rule and won independence from Mexico in 1836.Nation Building (cont.)Section 4In 1845, Mexico was forced to give up nearly one-half of its land following defeat to the United States in the Mexican War.Following Santa Anna, Benito Juárez came to power. He brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including limiting the power of the military and religious tolerance.Nation Building (cont.)Section 4Although Latin American nations were politically independent, they were still economically dependent on the United States and Great Britain.Britain dominated trade with the Latin American nations, and the United States became the primary source of loans and investment money.Nation Building (cont.)Section 4Latin American economies were dependent on cash crops, and national economies were often reliant on a single cash crop.A fundamental problem of all the new Latin American nations was the domination of society by the landed elites.Landowners generally controlled the political and economic systems of the nation, and their devotion to cash crops left little tillable land for farming food products.Nation Building (cont.)ABCDSection 4What was the result of growing single cash crops? A. Peasants were able to  make more money. B. Unemployment rose due  to short growing seasons.C. The economy was stabilized.D. Little land was left for  growing food.Section 4Change in Latin AmericaMany Latin American governments patterned their new constitutions after the United States Constitution.Section 4The United States began to intervene in Latin America by making Cuba a protectorate and annexing Puerto Rico in 1898.In 1903, President Roosevelt supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to separate from Colombia in return for the right to build the Panama Canal.Change in Latin America (cont.)Section 4As Americans invested in Latin America, they demanded that these investments be protected. American military forces intervened in Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.In some instances, U.S. military forces stayed for decades, as in Haiti and Nicaragua, leading to Latin American resentment of North American intervention.Change in Latin America (cont.)Section 4In Mexico, the conservative government of Porfirio Díaz (1877–1911) was ousted by the liberal landowner, Francisco Madero.In northern Mexico, Pancho Villa’s armed bandits swept the countryside. Emiliano Zapata called for land reform, and began to redistribute the land to the masses but refused to work with Madero.Change in Latin America (cont.)Section 4Between 1910 and 1920, the Mexican Revolution caused great damage to the Mexican economy.In 1917, a new constitution was accepted. Mexico would be led by a president, land reform would be enacted, and foreign investment would be limited.Change in Latin America (cont.)Section 4The prosperity of trade after 1870 led to an emerging middle class comprised of teachers, lawyers, doctors, merchants, and businesspeople.The middle-class Latin Americans became a stabilizing force in the region, and once given the right to vote, often sided with the landed elite.Change in Latin America (cont.)ABCDSection 4Why did Latin American nations begin to resent United States military intervention? A. The U.S. forces often stayed  for long periods of time.B. The U.S. forces controlled  exports.C. The U.S. military took control  of the government.D. The U.S. took large areas of  land for military bases.Section 4-EndVS 1SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AFRICA and New ImperialismUnder new imperialism, European nations came to rule virtually all of Southeast Asia and Africa by 1900.European countries controlled the economies and governments of the Asian colonies.Some Southeast Asians resisted colonial rule more successfully than others.Europeans used direct and indirect rule to exploit Africa. Resentment led to African nationalism.VS 2INDIA and New Imperialism Indian mistrust of the British and cultural differences led to the Sepoy Mutiny. After the mutiny, Britain stabilized India but hurt the economy and degraded the Indians. Resistance to British rule led to an independence movement guided by Mohandas Gandhi, which was ultimately successful. VS 3LATIN AMERICA and New Imperialism Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, Latin Americans started their own revolts for independence. Latin American nations wrote constitutions similar to the Constitution of the United States. After gaining independence, Latin American nations experienced staggering economic and political problems. VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1imperialismthe extension of a nation’s power over other lands Vocab2racismthe belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities Vocab3protectoratea political unit that depends on another government for its protection Vocab4indirect rulecolonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status Vocab5direct rulecolonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country Vocab6exploitto make use of meanly or unfairly for one’s own advantage Vocab7exportto send a product or service for sale to another country Vocab8annexedincorporated territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country Vocab9indigenousnative to a region Vocab10unchartednot mapped; unknown Vocab11traditionsestablished customs of a people Vocab12sepoyan Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company’s interests in the region Vocab13viceroya governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch Vocab14civilinvolving the general public or civic affairs Vocab15estateone of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolutionVocab16peninsularea person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe Vocab17creolea person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently Vocab18mestizoa person of mixed European and Native American descent Vocab19caudilloin post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite Vocab20cash cropa crop that is grown for sale rather than for consumptionVocab21interventioninvolvement in a situation to alter the outcome Vocab22redistributionalteration in the distribution of; reallocation HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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