Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800-1870

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The Industrial RevolutionSection 2: Reaction and RevolutionSection 3: National Unification and NationalismSection 4: Romanticism and RealismVisual SummaryChapter Intro How do events influence culture?In 1834, fire destroyed the original Houses of Parliament in Britain. Reflecting the influence of the romantics, architects used neo-Gothic style—an imitation of the medieval Gothic style—to rebuild these landmarks and add Big Ben. In this chapter, you will learn how romanticism emerged from the turmoil of the Industrial Revolution.• Review the description of Gothic style in Chapter 10. What elements of Gothic style do you see in the photo of the Houses of Parliament and clock tower?• How has the development of the Internet affected today’s culture?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1The Industrial RevolutionWhat were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?Chapter Intro 2Reaction and RevolutionWhy might growing nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of large territories?Chapter Intro 3National Unification and NationalismWhy might groups want self-rule?Chapter Intro 4Romanticism and RealismWhat topics might a modern writer focus on in his or her work?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaNew Technologies The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived and worked.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyenclosure movement capital entrepreneurs cottage industry puddling industrial capitalism socialism Academic VocabularyderivedhypotheticalSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesJames WattManchesterLiverpool Robert Fulton Robert Owen ABSection 1-Polling QuestionEvery nation in the world has the ability to industrialize.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 1The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainWith its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution.Section 1Factors in Great Britain becaming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution: Agricultural practices became more efficient, producing more food at lower prices.The enclosure movement of the eighteenth century caused many peasants to move to towns, increasing the labor supply.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Section 1The wealthy merchant class of Britain had a ready supply of capital to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Entrepreneurs devised new business methods and ways to make profits.Britain had plentiful natural resources, such as water, coal, and iron ore.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Section 1Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for goods.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Industry in Great Britain by 1850In the eighteenth century, cotton production using the cottage industry system was made inefficient by a series of new technological advances.Section 1New technological advances, such as the spinning jenny and flying shuttle, gave Britain an advantage in producing inexpensive cotton goods.The cotton industry became more productive when Scottish engineer James Watt modified his steam engine to drive machinery. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Section 1The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution, leading to an expansion of the coal and iron industries.Puddling was a process used to make high quality iron for the production of new machines, especially trains.Factory owners wanted to use their machinery constantly, so laborers worked in shifts and machines ran continuously. Child labor was common.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Section 1Railroads moved and manufactured goods more efficiently.The first commercial railroad connected the cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to the port of Liverpool.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)Social Changes of IndustrializationSection 1Railroads were a key component of the Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing economic growth.The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which is not a ripple effect caused by railroad expansion? A. New jobs were created to  build the railroads.B. Less expensive transportation  led to lower-priced goods.C. People in rural areas could  now travel to the cities to work.D. More sales meant more profit  to invest in more machinery. Section 1The Spread of IndustrializationThe pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended on many factors, including government policy.Section 1Governments in Belgium, France, and the German states supported industrialization and provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads.When the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link East and West. The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)Section 1In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, improving transportation on the waterways. Eventually, railroads provided the most effective means of transportation.As farmers and immigrants filled the cities, a labor force became available to the factory owners.Women and children, who were paid lower wages, often worked in the factories.The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)ABCDSection 1What did Robert Fulton build?A. Steamboats B. RailroadsC. CanalsD. Turnpikes and roadsSection 1Social Impact in EuropeIndustrialization urbanized Europe and created new social classes, as well as the conditions for the rise of socialism.Section 1European cities and towns grew dramatically by 1850. Factories were built in towns and cities to take advantage of their increasing populations.The rapid growth of cities led to overcrowding, disease, and poverty.Industrial capitalism rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle class that built the factories, bought the machinery, and developed the markets.Social Impact in Europe (cont.)Section 1The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of an industrial working class. The working class had little protection from factory and mine owners and faced dangerous working conditions.Women and children made up a significant portion of the labor force due to their low wages.Social Impact in Europe (cont.)Section 1Reformers of these harsh working conditions advocated socialism and believed that public ownership of production would allow wealth to be more evenly distributed.Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen believed that an ideal society could be created through socialism.Social Impact in Europe (cont.)ABCDSection 1On what did the Factory Act of 1833 place limitations?A. Child labor B. Hours a person could  work per dayC. Minimum wageD. SocialismSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination In 1848, liberals and nationalists rebelled against many of the conservative governments of Europe.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyconservatism principle of intervention liberalism universal male suffrage multinational state Academic Vocabularyconstitution radical Section 2-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsCongress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich Vienna Bill of Rights Louis-Napoleon German Confederation Prague ABSection 2-Polling QuestionShould powerful nations intercede in the internal affairs of other countries to restore order? A. YesB. NoSection 2The Congress of ViennaAfter Napoleon’s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism.Section 2After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore peace and balance to Europe. Klemens von Metternich of Vienna wanted to restore the monarchies that had ruled prior to Napoleon.The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. They agreed to meet regularly in conferences known as the Concert of Europe.The Congress of Vienna (cont.)Section 2The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion. The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions.The Congress of Vienna (cont.)Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815Section 2The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations.The Congress of Vienna (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which of the following nations was not present at the Congress of Vienna? A. Russia B. PrussiaC. AustriaD. ItalySection 2Forces of ChangeLiberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and threatened the conservative regimes.Section 2While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading.Liberals wanted to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution.Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights.Forces of Change (cont.)Section 2Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs.Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.Forces of Change (cont.)Section 2Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.Forces of Change (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which of the following was not a belief of liberals? A. Everyone had a right to vote B. Government ruled by  a constitutionC. Free speech and pressD. Separation of church  and stateSection 2The Revolutions of 1848Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over Europe, but the uprisings were largely suppressed.Section 2Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)Section 2The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia.Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukranians.The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, Mid–1800sSection 2Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.Revolts in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia were also put down by Austrian authorities in 1849.The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)ABCDSection 2What is meant by universal male suffrage?A. All landholding men can vote.B. All men can vote.C. All middle-class and  upper-class men can vote.D. All citizens can vote. Section 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians created their own nations. However, not all national groups were able to reach that goal.Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularymilitarism kaiser plebiscite emancipation abolitionism secede Academic Vocabularyunificationregime Section 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesPiedmont Giuseppe GaribaldiOtto von BismarckAlsace Lorraine Queen VictoriaBudapest Czar Alexander IIABSection 3-Polling QuestionA powerful nation does not need allies.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3Toward National UnificationThe rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany.Section 3Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia.Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control.Toward National Unification (cont.)Section 3The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies. Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying.In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.Toward National Unification (cont.)Unification of Italy and GermanySection 3Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy.In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont.Toward National Unification (cont.)Section 3Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism.In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark.Toward National Unification (cont.)Section 3In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia.In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established. Toward National Unification (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which alliance broke apart after the Crimean War? A. Great Britain and Russia B. Russia and AustriaC. Austria and PrussiaD. Prussia and RussiaSection 3Nationalism and Reform in EuropeWhile Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe were also changing.Section 3EnglandGreat Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country.Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity.Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3FranceIn France, Louis-Napoleon asked the French people for the restoration of the empire. In the plebiscite, 97 percent of the people wanted an emperor.Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian government that limited civil liberties.Napoleon III expanded the economy with government subsidies for infrastructure improvement.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3He rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards, public squares, underground sewers, and street lights.Napoleon III gave the legislature more power when opposition to some of his economic policies arose.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3The Austrian EmpireNationalism was a problem for the Austrian Empire because it contained so many different ethnic groups.The Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3Each component of the empire had its own constitution, its own legislature, and its own capital–Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary.They were held together by a shared monarch, army, and financial system.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)The Austrian EmpireSection 3RussiaAfter being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize.Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)Section 3Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs.The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander’s other reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression.Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which factor enabled Britain to avoid the revolutions that faced other European nations?A. Strong centralized  monarchy B. Economic prosperityC. Modern citiesD. Religious unitySection 3Nationalism in the United StatesUnified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody civil war that lasted from 1861 to 1865.Section 3In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride. In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. Nationalism in the United States (cont.)Section 3Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life.With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America.The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865, ending slavery and creating one nation again.Nationalism in the United States (cont.)The South’s EconomyABCDSection 3What was the Emancipation Proclamation? A. It declared that enslaved people were free.B. It declared the South as the  Confederate States of AmericaC. It declared the end of the  Civil War.D. It declared the nation as  “half slave and half free.” Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaNew Technologies Artistic movements are influenced by the society around them. Romanticism was in part a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, while advances in science contributed to a new movement called realism.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularyromanticism secularization organic evolution natural selection realism Academic Vocabularyindividuality approach Section 4-Key TermsPeople and PlacesLudwig van Beethoven Louis Pasteur Charles Darwin Charles Dickens ABCDSection 4-Polling QuestionDo you think ideas expressed in art, music, and literature can impact society? A. YesB. NoSection 4RomanticismIn the arts, romanticism stressed individualism and emotion instead of the Enlightenment’s focus on universalism and reason.Section 4At the end of the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement known as romanticism emerged. Romanticism emphasized feeling and emotion and valued individualism.Romantic artists painted as a reflection of the artist’s inner feelings and infused warmth and emotion into paintings.Romanticism (cont.)Section 4Ludwig van Beethoven wrote music with powerful melodies that created dramatic intensity.Literature reflected a romantic interest in the past. Writers chose medieval subjects that evoked strong feelings of nationalism. Romanticism (cont.)Section 4Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe wrote chilling, Gothic literature.Poetry was the ideal form of expression to romantics, and love of nature was a popular topic.Romanticism (cont.)Scientific Advancements Leading Upto the Publication of FrankensteinABCDSection 4Who wrote the novel Frankenstein?A. Edgar Allen Poe B. Mary ShelleyC. William WordsworthD. Sir Walter ScottSection 4New Age of ScienceRapid advances in science and technology fueled industrial growth, made medical care more effective, and challenged religious faith.Section 4New discoveries in science led to a growing faith in science, which, in turn, undermined the religious faith of many people. Scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Dmitry Mendeleyev made advancements in medicine and chemistry.For many people in the nineteenth century, the truth gleaned from science led to an increasing secularization of society.New Age of Science (cont.)Section 4In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote his book On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection, based on the idea that all species evolved according to a principle known as organic evolution.Darwin explained that some species are more adaptable to their environment than others, and, through a process called natural selection, the most fit species would survive.New Age of Science (cont.)Section 4Darwin’s inclusion of humans in his theory was very controversial, although most scientists and intellectuals gradually came to accept his theory.New Age of Science (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which term describes the process by which each species evolved over a long period of time from a simpler form of life? A. Natural selection B. Organic evolutionC. SecularizationD. DarwinismSection 4RealismThe rise of science encouraged writers and artists to create realistic works that portrayed even the poor and degraded in society.Section 4In literary and visual arts, realism became a movement driven by the ability to represent the world realistically.Literary realists of the period rejected the ideals of romanticism and wrote about ordinary characters. Realism (cont.)Section 4Charles Dickens showed the realities of life in London for the poor and unprivileged in his novels Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. This characters were so sympathetic that they helped inspire social reform.After 1850, realism in art became the dominant style. The French artist Gustave Courbet painted scenes from everyday life that included peasants and factory workers. Realism (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which of the following fictional titles would most likely be a Courbet painting? A. Angels Above B. Coronation of the King C. Peasants Working  in a FieldD. Goddess of BeautySection 4-EndVS 1INDUSTRIALIZATION Transformed SocietyThe Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread throughout Europe and the United States. New technologies improved the production and transportation of goods. Workers migrated to cities as economies shifted from being farm-based to factory-based. As cities grew, an industrial middle class and an industrial working class emerged. VS 2IDEOLOGIES Arising From the Industrial RevolutionHarsh conditions in factories made socialism attractive. Liberalism and nationalism threatened conservative governments, leading to the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Liberal reforms helped Great Britain to avoid revolution, while France, Austria, and Russia grew more authoritarian. The Crimean War broke down the Concert of Europe, enabling nationalists to unify Germany and Italy. VS 3CULTURAL MOVEMENTS Arising From the Industrial RevolutionRomanticism emphasized emotions and individuality in response to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason. The Industrial Revolution heightened interest in scientific research. Growing confidence in science undermined religious faith, leading to increased secularization. Interest in science led to the realism movement, featuring ordinary people instead of romantic heroes. VS-EndFigure 1Figure 1aFigure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1enclosure movementin Great Britain during the 1700s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town Vocab2capitalmoney available for investment Vocab3entrepreneura person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits Vocab4cottage industrya method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes Vocab5puddlingprocess in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron Vocab6industrial capitalisman economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing Vocab7socialisma system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production Vocab8derivedprocess of obtaining a product from a parent substance Vocab9hypotheticalassumed but not known Vocab10conservatisma political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion Vocab11principle of interventionidea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments Vocab12liberalisma political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—should be protected Vocab13universal male suffragethe right of all males to vote in elections Vocab14multinational statea state in which people of many nationalities live Vocab15constitutionthe basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it Vocab16radicalrelating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change Vocab17militarismreliance on military strength Vocab18kaiserGerman for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire Vocab19plebiscitea popular vote Vocab20emancipationthe act of setting free Vocab21abolitionisma movement to end slavery Vocab22secedewithdrawVocab23unificationthe act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified Vocab24regimethe government in power Vocab25romanticisman intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing Vocab26secularizationindifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration Vocab27organic evolutionthe principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms Vocab28natural selectionthe principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of the fittest” Vocab29realismmid-nineteenth-century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was Vocab30individualitya total character that distinguishes an individual from others Vocab31approachthe way or method one examines or studies an issue or a concept HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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