Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 18 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The French Revolution BeginsSection 2: Radical Revolution and ReactionSection 3: The Age of NapoleonVisual SummaryChapter Intro What makes a nation?The Arc de Triomphe is one of the national symbols of France. It was commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to commemorate his Grand Army. Can you name some other national symbols of France? In this chapter you will learn how France became a nation. What are some national symbols of the United States? What are the characteristics of  a nation? What is nationalism?Chapter Intro 1Chapter Intro 1Chapter Intro 1The French Revolution BeginsWhat was the French system of government before the French Revolution?Chapter Intro 2Radical Revolution and ReactionWhat internal conflicts in France affected the progress of the French Revolution?Chapter Intro 3The Age of NapoleonWhy was Napoleon able to take control of France and become its emperor?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaStruggle for Rights Social inequality and economic problems contributed to the French Revolution. Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyestatetaillebourgeoisie sans-culottesAcademic VocabularyconsumerexclusionSection 1-Key TermsPeople and EventsLouis XVITennis Court OathDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenOlympe de GougesABSection 1-Polling QuestionShould all people pay taxes regardless of their income level? A. YesB. NoSection 1Background to the RevolutionThe Third Estate, that vast majority of the French people, was heavily taxed and discontented.The Three Estates in Pre-Revolutionary FranceSection 1French society was divided legally into three status groups or estates.First Estate: clergySecond Estate: nobilityThird Estate: everyone else, from peasants to wealthy merchantsBackground to the Revolution (cont.)The Third Estate had to pay taxes to the government. In addition, peasants owed duties to the nobles, such as harvesting their crops.The Three Estates in Pre-Revolutionary FranceSection 1The First and Second Estates controlled most of the wealth but were exempt from paying the taille, or tax.Background to the Revolution (cont.)Section 1The bourgeoisie, or middle class, was unhappy not to have the same privileges granted to the nobility.The immediate cause of the revolution was a near collapse of the French economy.Background to the Revolution (cont.)Section 1Causes of the financial crisis:bad harvestsslowdown in manufacturingfood shortagesrising prices of food unemployment Background to the Revolution (cont.)Section 1Louis XVI and his ministers continued to spend enormous sums of money on wars and court luxuries.When the government invested large sums of money to support the American colonists against the British, the budget went into total crisis.France needed to increase taxes. Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General to discuss the tax increase.Background to the Revolution (cont.)ABCDSection 1Who was included in the First Estate?A. Peasants and merchants B. NobilityC. ClergyD. RoyaltySection 1From Estates-General to National AssemblyThe Third Estate claimed the right to have its votes count as much as those of the First and Second Estates.Section 1The Estates-General met to discuss the needed tax increase on May 5, 1789.The Third Estate wanted the clergy and nobility to pay taxes too.Under the current system, each estate had one vote, so the Third Estate could easily be outvoted by the First and Second Estates.From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)Section 1The Third Estate wanted each deputy to have a vote to give themselves more power, but the king favored the current system.Challenging the king’s authority, the Third Estate declared that it was the National Assembly and would draft a new constitution. From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)Section 1When the National Assembly was locked out of Versailles and had to meet in an indoor tennis court, they swore that they would continue meeting until they had a constitution. This oath is known as the Tennis Court Oath.Louis XVI prepared to use force against the Third Estate, but on July 14, 1798, Parisians stormed the Bastille.From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)FranceSection 1Fearing that foreign armies would stop the work of the National Assembly, peasant rebellions sprang up around the country.From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)ABCDSection 1Why did peasants attack the Bastille?A. To get ammunitions B. To release the prisonersC. To kidnap the kingD. To get food Section 1End of the Old RegimeThe National Assembly affirmed the “rights of man” and set up a limited monarchy in the Constitution of 1791.Section 1The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.End of the Old Regime (cont.)All men were free and equal before the law.Appointment to public office should be based on talent.No group should be exempt from taxation.Freedom of speech and press were affirmed.Section 1Olympe de Gouges refused to accept the exclusion of women from the declaration and wrote about it.End of the Old Regime (cont.)The king did not support the National Assembly’s decrees but was forced by a mob of Parisian women to accept the decrees and return to Paris.Section 1The National Assembly tried to reform the Catholic Church.End of the Old Regime (cont.)Church lands were sold off.The Church was brought under the control of the state.Church officials would be elected by the people, not appointed by the pope.The state would pay the salaries of bishops and priests.Section 1The new Constitution of 1791 set up a limited monarchy. There would still be a king, but a Legislative Assembly would make laws.Europeans feared that revolution would spread to other countries, and the rulers of Austria and Prussia wanted to restore Louis XVI to full power.The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792. End of the Old Regime (cont.)Section 1With food shortages and the war going badly, angry citizens wanted more radical changes. They formed the Paris Commune and organized a mob attack to take the king captive.Members of the Paris Commune began calling themselves sans-culottes and wore long trousers to identify themselves as ordinary patriots.End of the Old Regime (cont.)ABCDSection 1Why did the Catholic Church not support the French Revolution?A. The Church liked the tradition  of the monarchy. B. King Louis XVI was related  to the pope.C. The French army provided  soldiers to protect the Church.D. The French government took  control of the Catholic Church  in France. Section 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaStruggle for Rights Radical groups controlled the revolution, which many people in France and abroad opposed. Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyfactionelectorcoup d’étatAcademic VocabularydomesticexternalSection 2-Key TermsPeople and EventsGeorges DantonJean-Paul MaratJacobinsCommittee of Public SafetyMaximilien Robespierre Reign of TerrorDirectoryABSection 2-Polling QuestionA revolution in one country will lead to revolutions in other countries. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2The Move to RadicalismWhen the new government was faced with many internal crises and external threats, it broke into factions.Section 2In 1792, Georges Danton rallied the sans-culottes to attack the palace. The royal family sought protection from the Legislative Assembly.Violence in the streets increased and an uprising in September left thousands dead. Jean-Paul Marat published a radical journal defending the massacres. The Move to Radicalism (cont.)Section 2In September of 1792, the newly elected National Convention met and decided to end the monarchy and establish the French Republic.Political factions, such as the Girondins and the Jacobins, had different opinions about the fate of Louis XVI.In 1793, the Jacobins convinced the National Convention to execute King Louis XVI. The Move to Radicalism (cont.)Section 2On January 21, 1793, the king was beheaded on the guillotine.Neither the Girondins nor Jacobins could agree on a new constitution.A coalition of European powers attacked French armies, and the revolution was in jeopardy.The Move to Radicalism (cont.)Section 2In 1793, the National Convention gave the Committee of Public Safety broad powers, and the radical Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre came to power. The Move to Radicalism (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which group feared the radicals and wanted to keep the king alive?A. Girondins B. JacobinsC. the MountainD. Sans-culottes Section 2The Reign of TerrorWhile the Committee of Public Safety was in power, thousands were executed.Section 2To defend France from domestic threats, the Committee of Public Safety adopted policies known as the Reign of Terror.During the Reign of Terror, almost 40,000 people of all classes were executed.Revolutionary courts prosecuted people accused of being counter revolutionaries and traitors.The Reign of Terror (cont.)The Reign of TerrorSection 2The Committee of Public Safety also attempted to reform French society by:mandating education,abolishing slavery,controlling prices.The Reign of Terror (cont.)The Reign of TerrorSection 2The Committee also attempted to de-Christianize France.The word “saint” was removed from street signs.In Paris, the cathedral of Notre Dame, the center of the Catholic religion in France, was designated a “temple of reason.”The Reign of Terror (cont.)The Reign of TerrorSection 2A new calendar renumbered years from the first day of the French Republic, not from the birth of Christ.Sundays, Sunday worship services, and church holidays were eliminated.The Reign of Terror (cont.)Most people did not accept these regulations, and France remained overwhelmingly Catholic.The Reign of TerrorABCDSection 2Which was not an effect of the Republic of Virtue?A. The title “citizen”  replaced “mister.” B. Slavery was abolished  in French colonies.C. Women wore long dresses.D. Women were allowed to  participate in the military. Section 2A Nation in ArmsA huge revolutionary army defended France against invasion.Section 2To save the republic from foreign troops, the Committee of Public Safety raised an army of over 1 million soldiers. By 1794, the French had defeated their foreign enemies, and there was less need for the Reign of Terror. However, Robespierre continued to arrest and execute enemies of the revolution. A Nation in Arms (cont.)Section 2In July of 1794, the National Convention voted to have Robespierre executed. Robespierre’s death weakened the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror ended.A Nation in Arms (cont.)Percentages of Victims of the Terror by ClassABCDSection 2Why was the French army called the “people’s army”?A. The army drafted citizens. B. There were no officers,  only soldiers.C. It was an army of the French  people, not the French king.D. The soldiers had to take  commands from the people. Section 2The DirectoryThe Constitution of 1795 set up a new government, but it was unable to inspire trust or solve economic problems.Section 2After the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety was weakened and churches were allowed to reopen.The new government had two legislative houses. The Directory (cont.)A lower house, the Council of 500, drafted laws. An upper house of 250, the Council of Elders, accepted or rejected proposed laws.Section 2Members of both houses were chosen by electors, men who owned or rented property of a certain amount.The executive branch was made up of a five-man committee known as the Directory.The new government proved ineffective. In 1799, the popular and successful military commander Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the government in a coup d’état. The Directory (cont.)ABCDSection 2Who was eligible to be an elector?A. Any male citizen B. Any French citizenC. A male citizen who  owned or rented  property of a certain  amount D. A military or  government official Section 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination As Napoleon built his empire across Europe, he also spread the revolutionary idea of nationalism.Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularyconsulate nationalismAcademic VocabularycapableliberalSection 3-Key TermsPeople and EventsNapoleon BonaparteCivil CodeAnne-Louise-Germaine de StaëlDuke of WellingtonABSection 3-Polling QuestionA dictator can be a good leader for the people of a republic.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3The Rise of NapoleonNapoleon, a popular general, overthrew the Directory, set up a new government, and eventually took complete power.Section 3Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica and came from minor nobility. He went to military school, read philosophy, and studied military campaigns.In 1796, Napoleon led the French army to victories in Italy.His tactics of speed, surprise, and decisiveness earned him the devotion of his troops, and he returned to France as a hero.The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)Section 3In 1799, Napoleon took part in the coup d´état that overthrew the Directory and set up a new government, the consulate.The consulate was called a republic, but Napoleon had absolute power to appoint officials, control the army, and conduct foreign affairs.In 1802, Napoleon was made consul for life, and in 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I.The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)ABCDSection 3What did Napoleon do when the British defeated the French naval forces in Egypt?A. He took command of the French  naval forces. B. He abandoned his army and  returned to Paris.C. He surrendered to the British.D. He defeated the British and  conquered Egypt. Section 3Napoleon’s Domestic PoliciesNapoleon brought stability to France and established a single law code that recognized the equality of all citizens before the law.Section 3Peace with the ChurchNapoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church by recognizing Catholicism as the religion of a majority of the French people in exchange for not returning confiscated Church lands.Section 3Codification of the LawsNapoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)Napoleon created a single law code for the entire nation.The Civil Code preserved many of the principles the revolutionaries had fought for.The Civil Code was a step back for women, who were now “less equal than men.”Section 3A New BureaucracyNapoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)Government officials and military officers were promoted on the basis of merit and ability, not birth.A new nobility was created based on civil and military service.Section 3Napoleon remained true to the revolutionary ideals by emphasizing equality in his legal and government reforms. Napoleon also destroyed some revolutionary ideals by replacing liberty with despotism.Despite protests by citizens, such as the prominent writer Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël, Napoleon banned books, shut down newspapers, insisted all manuscripts be subject to government scrutiny, and had mail opened by police.Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which principle was not included in the Civil Code?A. All citizens were equal  before the law. B. Individuals could choose  a profession.C. Married women could  inherit property.D. Serfdom and feudal  obligations were abolished. Section 3Napoleon’s EmpireAs Napoleon conquered Europe, he spread nationalist ideas. Inspired by those ideas, conquered peoples resisted Napoleon’s armies and helped bring about the collapse of his empire.Section 3Napoleon was the military master of Europe. He defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in battles from 1805 to 1807. By 1812, his empire included the French Empire, Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and a confederation of German states.Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812Section 3In the conquered regions of Europe, Napoleon attempted to spread the liberal ideals of the French Revolution, such as religious toleration and social equality.Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812Section 3Napoleon’s empire collapsed for two reasons:British ResistanceNapoleon’s Empire (cont.)Napoleon was never able to defeat Britain due to their superior naval power.Napoleon tried to weaken the British economically with the Continental System, but allied states resented being told by Napoleon that they could not trade with the British. Section 3NationalismConquered peoples recognized the power and strength of national feeling exemplified by the Grand Army of France.Conquered peoples became united in their hatred of the invaders.Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why was Napoleon unable to conquer the British?A. Britain had a strong army. B. Britain had a strong navy.C. The French were fighting  too many wars in Europe.D. Britain had stronger allies. Section 3The Fall of NapoleonAfter major losses in Russia and Austria, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.Section 3Russia refused to comply with the Continental System, and Napoleon was forced to invade. The Russians avoided fighting the French army. As they retreated, they burned their own villages to keep Napoleon’s army from finding food.When the French reached the capital of Moscow, they found it ablaze. Lacking food and supplies, Napoleon retreated to France.The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)Disaster in RussiaSection 3Thousands of soldiers starved and froze during the “Great Retreat” and fewer than 40,000 of the original 600,000 men returned.Other European countries took advantage of the opportunity and attacked France.Paris was captured in 1814, and Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba; off the coast of Italy. King Louis XVIII was put in power by the European states.The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)Section 3The new king had little support, and Napoleon regained power in 1815. Napoleon raised a new army of devoted veterans.In 1815, Napoleon’s French army was defeated by an Allied force under the command of the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo in Belgium. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena and died in 1821. The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)ABCDSection 3Where was Napoleon’s last battle and final defeat?A. Elba B. MoscowC. St. HelenaD. WaterlooSection 3-EndVS 1CAUSES of the French RevolutionFrance was ruled by absolute monarchy.A rigid social class system existed.The government was bankrupt.The Third Estate had no voice in government.Bad harvests, rising food prices, and unfair taxation caused civil unrest.The political goals of the nobility and middle class challenged the monarchy.VS 2SHORT-TERM EFFECTS of the French RevolutionThe end of the monarchy caused initial chaos.France was attacked by foreign countries.The beheading of royals and the Reign of Terror led to internal disorder.Napoleon seized power and became emperor of France.VS 3LONG-TERM EFFECTS of the French RevolutionNapoleon’s army conquered other countries and changed many traditional political and class systems.French armies spread nationalism and Enlightenment ideals to other countries.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnE TransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3Vocab1estateone of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the towns people (Third Estate); a landed property usually with a large house on itVocab2taillean annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchyVocab3bourgeoisiethe middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional peopleVocab4sans-culottes“without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches of the nobles)Vocab5consumerrelating to one who consumes or uses economic goodsVocab6exclusionbarred from inclusion or participation inVocab7factiona dissenting groupVocab8electoran individual qualified to vote in an electionVocab9coup d’étata sudden overthrow of the governmentVocab10domesticrelating to or originating within one’s countryVocab11externalrelating to dealings or relationships with foreign countriesVocab12consulategovernment established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire governmentVocab13nationalismthe unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbolsVocab14capablehaving or showing abilityVocab15liberalbroad-minded; associated with ideals of the individual, especially economic freedom and greater participation in governmentHelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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