Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 17 Revolution and Enlightenment, 1550-1800

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 2: The EnlightenmentSection 3: The Impact of EnlightenmentSection 4: The American RevolutionVisual SummaryChapter Intro How did the Enlightenment influence art and society?The brightly painted, lavish Catherine Palace in St. Petersburg is an example of Russian baroque architecture. It was named for the Russian empress Catherine I, who commissioned the grand palace during her reign. In this chapter you will learn about the effects of the Enlightenment.• Do any buildings in your community feature baroque architecture? Name some examples.• Describe the emotions that these grand buildings are designed to create.Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1The Scientific RevolutionHow did scientific discoveries change people’s attitudes towards natural events and religious faith?Chapter Intro 2The EnlightenmentHow did new patterns of thought affect the ways that people studied social problems?Chapter Intro 3The Impact of EnlightenmentDo you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of European rulers at the time?Chapter Intro 4The American RevolutionHow did the American Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaNew Technologies The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularygeocentricheliocentricuniversal law of gravitationrationalismscientific methodinductive reasoningAcademic VocabularyphilosophersphereSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesNicolaus CopernicusJohannes KeplerGalileo Galilei Isaac Newton Margaret CavendishMaria WinkelmannRenộ DescartesFrancis Bacon ABSection 1-Polling QuestionWould you accept a new scientific discovery that was contrary to what you believed? A. YesB. NoSection 1Causes of the Scientific RevolutionThe development of new technology and scientific theories became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.Section 1By mastering Greek, European humanists were able to read newly discovered works by the philosophers Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato.New technology such as the telescope and microscope enabled individuals to make new scientific discoveries.The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. Causes of the Scientific Revolution (cont.)Intellectuals of the Scientific RevolutionSection 1Advances in mathematics made calculations easier and played a key role in scientific achievements.Advances in algebra, trigonometry, and geometry allowed scientists to demonstrate proofs for their theories.Causes of the Scientific Revolution (cont.)Intellectuals of the Scientific RevolutionABCDSection 1Who was among the first to use letters to represent unknown quantities in mathematics? A. Franỗois ViốteB. John NapierC. Johannes KeplerD. Simon StevinSection 1Scientific BreakthroughsScientific discoveries expanded knowledge about the universe and the human body.Section 1Astronomers of the Middle Ages constructed a model of the universe called the Ptolemaic system after the astronomer Ptolemy.The Ptolemaic system is geocentric because it places Earth at the center of the universe.During the Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus offered the heliocentric theory, which put the sun at the center of the universe.Scientific Breakthroughs (cont.)Section 1Johannes Kepler added to this theory by confirming the central position of the sun and adding information about the elliptical orbits of the planets.Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe mountains on the moon, sun spots, and new moons in the heavens. His ideas were revolutionary and brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church.Scientific Breakthroughs (cont.)Views of AstronomySection 1Isaac Newton explained how the planets continually orbit the sun. Central to his argument was the universal law of gravitation.Newton’s ideas created a new picture of the universe. He is often considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.Scientific Breakthroughs (cont.)Section 1Breakthroughs in medicine occurred as scientists learned about human anatomy from dissections. New ideas about organs and blood flow replaced older fallacious understandings.In chemistry, Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments on the properties of gases. Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements that is still used today.Scientific Breakthroughs (cont.)ABCDSection 1Who defined the three laws of motion in the Principia?A. NewtonB. GalileoC. CopernicusD. KeplerSection 1Women’s ContributionsWomen scientists faced obstacles to practicing what they had learned.Section 1Despite overwhelming obstructions from male-dominated societies, women also contributed to the Scientific Revolution.Margaret Cavendish wrote against the new ideas that man could use science to master the natural world.Maria Winkelmann made contributions to astronomy, including the discovery of a comet.Women’s Contributions (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was significant about Margaret Cavendish’s publication Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy?A. It was the first publication  by a woman.B. She published under  her own name.C. The book was widely  accepted by men.D. The book was about nature,  not philosophy. Section 1Philosophy and ReasonScientists came to believe that reason is the chief source of knowledge.Section 1Renộ Descartes was a French philosopher who is known as the father of rationalism.Rationalism is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.An English philosopher named Francis Bacon developed the scientific method. Philosophy and Reason (cont.)Flowchart of the Scientific MethodSection 1The scientific method was a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science.Bacon believed that scientists should not rely on the ideas of ancient authorities, but rather reach conclusions by using inductive reasoning. Philosophy and Reason (cont.)Flowchart of the Scientific MethodABCDSection 1Which expression means “to proceed from the particular to the general”?A. Inductive reasoning B. RationalismC. Scientific methodD. TheorySection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Enlightenment thinkers, or philosophes, believed all institutions should follow natural laws to produce the ideal society.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyphilosopheseparation of powersdeismlaissez-fairesocial contractsalonAcademic VocabularygenerationarbitrarySection 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesJohn Locke Montesquieu VoltaireDenis DiderotAdam SmithCesare BeccariaJean-Jacques RousseauParisMary WollstonecraftLondonJohn WesleyABSection 2-Polling QuestionAll human behavior is acquired by experiences, not by genetics.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 2Path to the EnlightenmentEighteenth-century intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life.Section 2The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that attempted to apply reason to human behavior.The ideas of the Enlightenment would be influential for political and social reform.John Locke was an Englishman who argued that humans were born with a blank mind and were influenced by experiences in their environment.Path to the Enlightenment (cont.)Europe and the Age of EnlightenmentSection 2Enlightenment thinkers thought that by applying the scientific methods of Isaac Newton to the natural laws that governed human society, an ideal society was possible.Path to the Enlightenment (cont.)Europe and the Age of EnlightenmentABCDSection 2John Locke wrote that every person was born with a tabula rasa. What is tabula rasa?A. A blank mindB. A predetermined  personalityC. Without sinD. A warring spiritSection 2Ideas of the PhilosophesThe philosophes wanted to create a better society.Section 2The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by the French term philosophe. Philosophes were social reformers who came from the middle class and nobility of European society.Philosophes wanted to change the world and often disagreed about how to do this. Ideas of the Philosophes (cont.)Section 2Influential Philosophes:MontesquieuIdeas of the Philosophes (cont.)French nobleWrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748) about governmentsMontesquieu identified three kinds of government (republics, despotisms, and monarchies).Argued for a separation of powers within the government Section 2VoltaireLived in Paris and gained wealth and fame from his writingsIn his 1763 work Treatise on Toleration he argued for religious toleration.Was a proponent of deism, a philosophy based on reason and natural lawIdeas of the Philosophes (cont.)Section 2DiderotStudied at the University of Paris and was a writerWrote a 28-volume Encyclopedia series between 1751 and 1772The Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas. Ideas of the Philosophes (cont.)ABCDSection 2Which philosophe influenced the development of the United States Constitution with his ideas of a separation of powers?A. John Locke B. MontesquieuC. VoltaireD. DiderotSection 2New Social SciencesThe belief in logic and reason promoted the beginnings of social sciences.Section 2Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, along with Physiocrats, studied natural economic laws that governed human society. Their work led to the modern discipline of economics.Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, in which he asserted that the state should not interfere with economic matters by imposing regulations on the economy.New Social Sciences (cont.)Section 2Smith’s contention that the state should not interfere with the economy is known by the French term laissez-faire.In a time when most European court systems dealt only in cruel punishments, Cesare Beccaria argued that punishment should not be cruel.In his work On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria reasoned that cruel and capital punishment did not deter others from committing crimes.New Social Sciences (cont.)ABCDSection 2According to Smith, which is not a role of the government?A. Protect society from  invasion B. Place tariffs on imports to  protect merchantsC. Defend citizens from injusticeD. Build public works such as roadsSection 2The Spread of IdeasFrom the upper classes to the middle classes and from salons to pulpits, the ideas of the Enlightenment spread.Section 2One of the most famous Enlightenment philosophes was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who lived in Paris and wrote about government.Rousseau wrote The Social Contract, in which the society agrees to be governed by its general will. A social contract is an agreement between the government and the governed. The Spread of Ideas (cont.)Section 2Because the general will represents what is best for the entire community, Rousseau argued that liberty could be achieved if people were forced to follow the general will of the society.Rousseau also wrote that education should foster children’s natural instincts and that women should receive education on how to be mothers and wives.The Spread of Ideas (cont.)Section 2The English writer Mary Wollstonecraft is often viewed as the founder of the women’s rights movement in Europe and America.Wollstonecraft debunked the idea of male domination by comparing it to the relationship between monarchs and subjects, which many Enlightenment thinkers claimed was wrong.The Spread of Ideas (cont.)Section 2The Enlightenment witnessed the growth of publishing and reading. Books were written for a literate middle class, and many newspapers and magazines appeared.The first daily newspaper was published in London in 1702.Enlightenment ideas were also spread though the salons of upper-class homes. The Spread of Ideas (cont.)Section 2Although many of the philosophes attacked the Church, most were still Christians and religion was central to European life.In England, John Wesley began a new movement known as Methodism. Wesley stressed hard work and religious contention with his preaching.The Spread of Ideas (cont.)ABCDSection 2According to Rousseau, who is bound together by the social contract? A. Man and woman B. Rich and poorC. Government and governedD. Employers and workersSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Europe’s individual nations were chiefly guided by the self-interest of their rulers.Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularyenlightened absolutismrococoAcademic VocabularyrigiduniqueSection 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesFrederick the GreatMaria Theresa Catherine the GreatSilesiaBalthasar NeumannAntoine WatteauGiovanni Battista TiepoloJohann Sebastian BachGeorge HandelJoseph Haydn Wolfgang MozartHenry Fielding ABSection 3-Polling QuestionIf you were a ruler, would you be willing to give up political power to do something you knew was morally correct?A. YesB. NoSection 3Enlightenment and AbsolutismPhilosophes believed that, in order to reform society based on Enlightenment ideals, people should be governed by enlightened rulers.Section 3The idea of enlightened absolutism refers to the reaction of European rulers to the ideas spread by the Enlightenment.In Prussia, King Frederick William maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and a large, formidable army. Many of the officers of the Prussian army were landholders and were very loyal to the king.Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)Enlightened AbsolutismSection 3Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was a well-educated and cultured monarch.Frederick the Great enlarged the army, ended most torture, granted limited free speech and press, and religious tolerance. However, he did not end serfdom or change the rigid social structure of Prussia. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)Section 3Maria Theresa took control of the Austrian Empire in 1740. While she was not open to the Enlightenment ideas, she did work to improve the lives of the serfs.Her son, Joseph II, attempted reform by freeing the serfs, enacting religious tolerance, and abolishing the death penalty.Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)Section 3The reforms of Joseph II were unpopular with the Austrian nobles and the Catholic Church, and most of his reforms were undone by his successors.In Russia, Catherine the Great ruled from 1762 to 1796. She was familiar with works of the philosophes and seemed to favor enlightened reforms.Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)Section 3After consideration of these ideas, Catherine determined that the reforms would upset the nobility too much and ended a peasant revolt without freeing the serfs.While the enlightened absolutist monarchs of the eighteenth century spoke about reforms, they were primarily interested in using their power to collect taxes to build armies, wage wars, and gain more power.Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)ABCDSection 3The proposed reforms of the eighteenth-century monarchs were centered on which group of people? A. Children B. WomenC. JewsD. SerfsSection 3The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) became global as new alliances were formed and as war broke out in Europe, India, and North America.Section 3After the Austrian emperor Charles VI died in 1740, Frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia, beginning the Austrian War of Succession (1740–1748).France seized Madras and the Austrian Netherlands, while Britain seized Louisbourg in North America. In 1748, a treaty returned all of the land except Silesia. The refusal of Prussia to return Silesia to Austria set the stage for the Seven Years’ War (1754–1763.) The Seven Years’ War (cont.)Section 3War in Europe:France, Austria, and Russia allied against Prussia and Great Britain.Frederick II of Prussia fought against the French, Austrian, and Russian forces.Prussia faced defeat until sympathetic Peter III of Russia withdrew Russian forces and the war became a stalemate.The Seven Years’ War (cont.)The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763Section 3All territories were returned except for Silesia, which Prussia kept.War in India:The Seven Years’ War (cont.)British forces defeated the French, forcing France to relinquish all claims in India to Great Britain.The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763Section 3War in North America:France controlled Canada, the Ohio River Valley, the Mississippi River, and Louisiana but all were thinly populated.France had support from the Native Americans.The Seven Years’ War (cont.)The French and Indian War, 1754–1763Section 3Great Britain had established colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America and had an advantage in population.Despite initial victories on land, the French navy was defeated and the war turned in Britain’s favor.The Seven Years’ War (cont.)The French and Indian War, 1754–1763Section 3The Treaty of Paris (1763) granted the French Canada, the lands up to the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida to Britain, and Spain received Louisiana.The Seven Years’ War (cont.)The French and Indian War, 1754–1763ABCDSection 3Which country emerged as the world’s greatest colonial power after the Seven Years’ War?A. France B. PrussiaC. Great BritainD. SpainSection 3Enlightenment and ArtsThe eighteenth century was a great period in the history of European architecture, art, music, and literature.Section 3Many European rulers emulated Louis XIV and his palace at Versailles by building grand palaces.Balthasar Neumann, one of the greatest architects of the time, masterfully integrated secular and religious characteristics in his buildings.In art, rococo became the most popular style. Rococo was very secular and emphasized charm, grace, and gentle action.Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)Section 3Antoine Watteau painted elegant scenes of upper-class gentlemen and women living a life of pleasure and joy.Giovanni Battista Tiepolo painted frescos of vivid pastels and airy scenes that adorn the walls of churches and palaces.Two of the greatest composers of all time, Bach and Handel, perfected the baroque musical style. Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)Section 3Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were innovators who wrote classical music.In literature, Henry Fielding wrote novels about people without morals who survive on their wit. His characters reflect real types of people in eighteenth-century England. Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)ABCDSection 3Which of the following artists perfected the baroque musical style? A. Haydn and MozartB. Fielding and NeumannC. Tiepolo and WatteauD. Bach and Handel Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination The American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America seemed to confirm premises of the Enlightenment.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularyfederal systemAcademic VocabularyamendmentguaranteedSection 4-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsHanoverians Robert Walpole George Washington Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson Yorktown Bill of Rights ABSection 4-Polling QuestionDo you think that without the ideas of the Enlightenment, people still would have revolted against unfair practices? A. YesB. NoSection 4Britain and the American RevolutionDrawing on the theory of natural rights, the Declaration of Independence declared the colonies to be independent of Britain. Section 4George I became King of England and started the Hanoverian dynasty of British monarchs.Robert Walpole was the head of the cabinet in Parliament who strove to have peaceful foreign relations. However, an expanding middle class and trading economy favored British expansion.Britain and the American Revolution (cont.)Section 4The colonists in North America had grown accustomed to governing their lives economically and politically.Following the Seven Years’ War, Britain wanted new revenues from the colonies and imposed the Stamp Act, which was very unpopular with the colonists. Britain and the American Revolution (cont.)Section 4The British enacted other policies to tighten control of its American colonies. The colonies organized the First Continental Congress in 1774 to discuss taking up arms against the British.In 1775 fighting began between the British and American rebels. The Second Continental Congress acted as a government, and George Washington led the army.Britain and the American Revolution (cont.)Section 4One year later, in July 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Revolutionary War had officially begun.France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic entered the war against Great Britain as well. Following the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, the British decided to end the war.Britain and the American Revolution (cont.)YorktownSection 4The Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized American independence and granted American control of the land east of the Mississippi River.Britain and the American Revolution (cont.)Land Claims After the American Revolution, 1783ABCDSection 4Why did foreign countries support the Americans during the Revolutionary War? A. They had a good relationship  with Thomas Jefferson.B. They wanted revenge for  earlier defeats by Britain.C. America had supported  Spain and France in other affairs.D. They wanted to gain colonies  in North America. Section 4The Birth of a New NationThe formation of the United States convinced many eighteenth-century philosophes that a new age and a better world could be created.Section 4The first government under the Articles of Confederation (1781) was ineffective and did not give the government the power it needed to deal with the nation’s problems.A new government was established as a federal system under the United States Constitution, in which the national government and the state governments shared power.The Birth of a New Nation (cont.)Section 4The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in ten amendments that guaranteed the rights of citizens.Many of the rights in the Bill of Rights were derived from the philosophes and embodied Enlightenment ideals.The Birth of a New Nation (cont.)ABCDSection 4What was the major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?A. It did not have three branches  of government.B. It placed too much power in  the executive branch.C. The government officials  were not elected.D. It did not have a strong  central government. Section 4-EndVS 1THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONThe Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans viewed their world.Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided new explanations of the universe.Breakthroughs in chemistry and medicine changed the understanding of human anatomy.Women scientists made important advances, but faced many obstacles.VS 2THE ENLIGHTENMENTPhilosophes applied the scientific method to examine government, justice, and religion.The ideas of the Enlightenment became a force for social reform.Some rulers considered governing by Enlightenment principles but ultimately were more interested in maintaining power.Architecture, art, music, and literature were influenced by Enlightenment ideas.VS 3THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONAmerican colonists revolted against British rule.France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic helped the American colonies win independence.Many believed the American Revolution confirmed Enlightenment principles.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1geocentricliterally, earth-centered; a theory of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it Vocab2heliocentricliterally, sun-centered; the theory of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolve around the sun Vocab3universal law of gravitationone of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun, because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity Vocab4rationalisma system of thought expounded by Renộ Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge Vocab5scientific methoda systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world Vocab6inductive reasoningthe doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles Vocab7philosophera person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or a thinker Vocab8sphereany of the concentric, revolving, spherical transparent shells in which, according to ancient astronomy, the stars, sun, planets, and moon are set Vocab9philosopheFrench for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals—i.e., writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers—during the Enlightenment Vocab10separation of powersa form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances Vocab11deisman eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law Vocab12laissez-faireliterally, “let [people] do [what they want]”; the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone Vocab13social contractthe concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community Vocab14salonthe elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment Vocab15generationa group of individuals born and living at the same time Vocab16arbitraryat one’s discretion; random Vocab17enlightened absolutisma system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers Vocab18rococoan artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action Vocab19rigidinflexible, unyielding Vocab20uniquedistinctive; unequaled Vocab21federal systema form of government in which power is shared between the national government and state governments Vocab22amendmentan alteration proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Vocab23guaranteedassured the fulfillment of a condition HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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