Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 16 The East Asian World, 1400-1800

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: China at Its HeightSection 2: Chinese Society and CultureSection 3: Tokugawa Japan and KoreaSection 4: Spice Trade in Southeast AsiaVisual SummaryChapter Intro Can a palace reflect the philosophy of its rulers?The Imperial City in Beijing represents one of the grand artistic accomplish-ments of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Originally the home of the emperors, the city was illegal to enter without permission and became known as the Forbidden City. In this chapter, you will learn more about the Ming and Qing emperors.• How is the Imperial City similar to the Versailles palace in France?• How did the Forbidden City symbolize the power of the emperor?Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1China at Its HeightHow did a policy of isolation affect the Chinese Empire?Chapter Intro 2Chinese Society and CultureWhat was the main focus of Chinese society?Chapter Intro 3Tokugawa Japan and KoreaWhat changes took place in Japan after its political unification?Chapter Intro 4Spice Trade in Southeast AsiaWhy did Europeans struggle to control the spice trade in Southeast Asia?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values China preferred to keep its culture free of European influences.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyqueue banners Academic VocabularyseriesperspectiveSection 1-Key TermsPeople and PlacesMing Beijing Zheng He Guangzhou Manchus Manchuria Qing Taiwan Kangxi Qianlong ABSection 1-Polling QuestionWould your life change dramatically if the United States stopped importing products from other countries? A. YesB. NoSection 1The Ming DynastyChina flourished politically and culturally during the reign of the Ming Dynasty.Section 1In China, the Ming dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in 1368 and was an era of greatness in China.Accomplishments of the Ming Dynasty:The Ming Dynasty (cont.)Centralized government, with officials appointed according to civil service examsExtended the borders of the empireChina Under the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1368–1911Section 1Strengthened the Great Wall and made peace with the nomadic tribes of the northEstablished a nationwide school systemRenovated the Grand Canal, making trade and transportation easierThe Ming Dynasty (cont.)Section 1In 1398 Yong Le became emperor and built the Imperial City in Beijing, making it the capital of the empire.Yong Le built a large navy, and naval expeditions led by Zheng He explored the coastlines of India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. After Yong Le’s death, government officials destroyed the fleet and ended explorations.The Ming Dynasty (cont.)Voyages of Zheng He, 1405–1433Section 1In 1514 a Portuguese fleet made contact with the Chinese.The Portuguese were expelled from Guangzhou, but were allowed to occupy Macao, thus establishing trade between Europe and China.The Ming dynasty began to collapse under the weight of government corruption, high taxes, and epidemics. The Ming Dynasty (cont.)Section 1A peasant revolt ended the Ming dynasty in 1644.The Manchus, a farming and hunting people from Manchuria, captured Beijing and established the Qing dynasty in 1644.The Ming Dynasty (cont.)ABCDSection 1Which of the following regions was explored by Yong Le’s Chinese fleet? A. Northern Australia B. Eastern RussiaC. Eastern AfricaD. Southern ItalySection 1The Qing DynastySeeing how Western ideas were affecting its culture, China closed its doors to Europeans.Section 1Some Chinese resisted the Manchu rulers and seized the island of Taiwan. In order for the Manchus to identify the rebels, all men were ordered to adopt the Manchu style of a shaved forehead and queue. In the military, Manchus were organized into separate banners. The Qing Dynasty (cont.)China Under the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1368–1911Section 1The Qing gave non-Manchus positions in the government to gain Chinese supporters.Kangxi is often considered the greatest Chinese emperor of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Kangxi’s tolerance of Christianity led to an estimated 300,000 Chinese conversions to Catholicism.The Qing Dynasty (cont.)Section 1Qianlong ruled from 1736 to 1795 and expanded China to its greatest physical size.Political corruption, higher taxes, and the White Lotus Rebellion began to weaken the empire.Qianlong also limited trade and refused Britain’s request for more trading rights. The Qing Dynasty (cont.)ABCDSection 1How did the Manchu rulers keep the Chinese happy? A. Religious toleranceB. The use of bannermenC. Limiting trade with EuropeD. Appointing Chinese to  government positions Section 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Chinese society was organized around the family. Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularycommercial capitalism clan porcelain Academic Vocabularybenefit incentive Section 2-Key TermsPeoples and PlacesCao Xuein Imperial City Emperor Yong Le ABSection 2-Polling QuestionShould governments tax certain professions more than others? A. YesB. NoSection 2Economy and Daily LifeChina’s agriculture-based economy changed as a rapid increase in population led to rural land shortages.Section 2The Chinese economy was based on farming. As the population grew, less land was available for farming.Manufacturing and trade increased between provinces, but the Chinese did not develop the commercial capitalism that was developing in Europe.Economy and Daily Life (cont.)Chinese Population GrowthSection 2The Chinese looked down on trade and manufacturing and levied higher taxes on these industries than on farming.Chinese society was organized around an extended family and clan system. Family members were expected to sacrifice their individual needs to benefit the family. Every member was responsible for the education of children and care of the elderly.Economy and Daily Life (cont.)Section 2Women were viewed as inferior to men. Educational opportunities and government positions were open only to men.Economy and Daily Life (cont.)ABCDSection 2Why did women practice footbinding?A. It made them more mobile.B. It was a status symbol that  made them more marriageable.C. It was a symbol of devotion  to the man and the household.D. Only women who had bound  feet could get government jobs. Section 2Chinese Art and LiteratureArchitecture, decorative arts, and literature flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Section 2The economic prosperity under Ming leadership led to an increased demand for books.Novels, such as The Golden Lotus, and Cao Xuein’s The Dream of the Red Chamber, became popular literary works in Chinese culture.China under the Ming and Qing dynasties experienced an outpouring of artistic accomplishments.Chinese Art and Literature (cont.)Section 2The Imperial City, a complex of palaces and temples in Beijing, was constructed by Emperor Yong Le. The most famous of Ming era art was blue-and-white porcelain, which was traded in large quantities to Europeans.Chinese Art and Literature (cont.)Jingdezhen–Porcelain Capital of the WorldABCDSection 2What is the subject of the book The Dream of the Red Chamber? A. A struggling artistB. The Forbidden CityC. Tragic loveD. A wealthy landlordSection 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaOrder and Security Political unification often results in warfare and difficult economic and social changes. Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularydaimyo hans hostage systemeta Academic Vocabularyprocess community Section 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesOda NobunagaKyōtoToyotomi HideyoshiŌsakaTokugawa leyasuEdoMatsuo BashoKoreaABSection 3-Polling QuestionCountries that limit immigration are stronger than those that allow international interaction. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3Political Changes in JapanJapan’s policies removed European influence and allowed Japan to remain in isolation for centuries.Section 3In 1500 Japan had no centralized government, and the daimyo ruled the country.Japan was unified under three powerful political leaders:Political Changes in Japan (cont.)Japan and Korea, 1560–1600Oda Nobunaga seized the imperial capital of Kyōto and placed the ruling shogun under his control.Section 3Toyotomi Hideyoshi was able to get most of the daimyo to accept his authority and moved the capital to Ōsaka. Tokugawa Ieyasu took control of Japan in 1598. He gave himself the title of shogun and moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo).Political Changes in Japan (cont.)Comparing Feudal SystemsSection 3In 1543 Portuguese traders brought tobacco, eyeglasses, and firearms to the islands of Japan.By 1587, the Christian missionaries and European merchants were expelled from Japan.Japan was divided into hans that were ruled by a daimyo.Political Changes in Japan (cont.)Comparing Feudal SystemsSection 3The daimyo collected taxes for the government, and peace was maintained as the result of a hostage system controlled by the shogunate.Political Changes in Japan (cont.)Comparing Feudal SystemsABCDSection 3How did the hostage system keep the daimyo loyal? A. The daimyo’s armies were  under control of the shogun.B. The shogun held the titles  to the daimyo’s land.C. The families of the daimyo  were forced to remain in Edo.D. The daimyo had to adopt  family members of the shogun. Section 3The Tokugawa EraTrade, industry, and arts flourished under the Tokugawa, even while the social system became restrictive.Section 3Under the Tokugawa rulers, trade and industry flourished.Economic changes: a Japanese merchant class emerged; peasants experienced rising costs and declining profits; many peasants were forced off their land and revolted against high taxes.The Tokugawa Era (cont.)Section 3Social changes: Japanese society became more rigid; legal distinctions were established among the four main classes and intermarriage between classes was forbidden; rights of females were restricted.Japanese Social Classes:The Tokugawa Era (cont.)The emperor and imperial court familiesWarrior class: shogun, daimyo, samurai, and roninSection 3Peasants: farmersArtisans: craftspeople, carpenters, and swordmakersMerchantsEta: outcasts The Tokugawa Era (cont.)Section 3Popular literature written by and for the people began to appear. Poets such as Matsuo Basho wrote about subjects like nature.Actors performed in the theatres of the big cities, and kabuki became popular. The daimyo built mansions with lavish furnishings and gold foil on walls.Japanese art and pottery were prized in Europe.The Tokugawa Era (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why were merchants low in the Japanese social class structure? A. They were mostly foreigners.B. Their wealth was seen as a  threat to the shogun.C. Merchants included men  and women.D. They profited from the  labor of others. Section 3Korea: The Hermit KingdomDue to its isolationist practices, Korea earned the name “the Hermit Kingdom.”Section 3In 1392 Yi Songgye ascended the throne in Korea and established the Yi dynasty, one of the longest-lasting monarchies in world history.The Yi Koreans patterned their society after the Chinese and developed their own phonetically-based alphabet called Hangul. Korea: The Hermit Kingdom (cont.)Section 3Korea became an isolationist country after a failed Japanese invasion in the late sixteenth century devastated the kingdom.Korea’s isolationist policies earned it the nickname “the Hermit Kingdom.”Korea: The Hermit Kingdom (cont.)ABCDSection 3What is unique about the Korean alphabet?A. It is a phonetically-based  writing system.B. It uses hieroglyphs similar  to Egypt’s system.C. It uses over 1200 symbols.D. It is a combination of letters  and numbers. Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Europeans struggled to control the profitable spice trade in Southeast Asia. Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularybureaucracymainland statesAcademic Vocabularynetwork impose Section 4-Key TermsPeople and PlacesKhmer Philippines Moluccas Dutch Sumatra Java ABSection 4-Polling QuestionDo you think the spice trade was more valuable than gold? A. YesB. NoSection 4Emerging Mainland StatesThe spice trade influenced the politics, religion, and economy of the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago.Section 4Conflicts over territory erupted in Southeast Asia.The Burmese forced the Thai south where they established Bangkok in 1767.The Vietnamese took control of the Mekong River Delta by conquering the Khmer.Islamic traders settled in areas of the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago.Emerging Mainland States (cont.)Religions and Cultures of Southeast Asia, 1500Section 4Christianity and Islam were both popular in the Philippines.Four types of monarchies became popular in Southeast Asia:Emerging Mainland States (cont.)Buddhist KingsThe king was considered superior to humans.The king was the link between human society and the universe.The king maintained a balance between the sacred world and the material world. Section 4Javanese Kings The king was considered superior to humans.The palace represented the center of the universe. The king maintained a balance between the sacred world and the material world. Emerging Mainland States (cont.)Section 4Islamic SultansThe Sultan was considered mortal, and the head of the state.The sultan was the defender of the faith and staffed his bureaucracy with aristocrats.Muslim sultans ruled the Malay Peninsula and islands of Indonesia. Emerging Mainland States (cont.)Section 4Vietnamese Emperors The emperor was appointed by Heaven to rule by talent and virtue.The emperor was viewed as an intermediary between Heaven and Earth. Influenced by China and the teachings of Confucius Emerging Mainland States (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which country influenced the Vietnamese political system? A. Japan B. KoreaC. ThailandD. ChinaSection 4The Arrival of EuropeansEuropeans struggled to control the profitable spice trade in the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago.Section 4Europeans were attracted to Southeast Asia by the viable spice trade.Spices were used for flavor, preservatives, and medicine.The Portuguese seized Melaka in 1511 and soon occupied the Moluccas, the main source of spices. The Arrival of Europeans (cont.)Section 4The Dutch pushed the Portuguese out of the Spice Islands and built a fort on the island of Java. By 1620, the Dutch controlled access to the Spice Islands and drove the English out of the spice market, except for a single port at Sumatra.The Arrival of Europeans (cont.)Section 4The mainland states had strong monarchies and were able to unite and drive the Europeans out.The Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago had less political unity. They were not as successful resisting the European merchants, who were determined to gain control of the source of the spices.The Arrival of Europeans (cont.)ABCDSection 4Which of the following is not a use for spices?A. Medicine B. FertilizerC. FlavorD. PreservativeSection 4-EndVS 1CHINA During the Ming dynasty, China sponsored voyages of exploration and made contact with the West.Qing rulers restricted trade with Europeans.By the late 1700s, China experienced growth in trade and manufacturing.Arts, architecture, and literature flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties.VS 2JAPAN AND KOREA Three powerful leaders unified Japan.At first Japan welcomed European traders, but later forced them to leave.Under Tokugawa rule, the Japanese class system became rigid while trade, industry, and the arts flourished.Korea tried to remain isolated, yet eventually became subject to China.VS 3SOUTHEAST ASIA Trade in the Spice EraSeeking spices, Muslim merchants entered the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia.The religion, politics, and economics of the region were affected by the spice trade.European countries competed to control the spice trade.The Netherlands eventually gained control and closed access to the Moluccas (Spice Islands).VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1queuethe braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males Vocab2bannersin Qing China, separate military units made up of Manchus; the empire’s chief fighting force Vocab3seriesa group of related things or events Vocab4perspectiveviewpoint Vocab5commercial capitalismeconomic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits Vocab6clana group of related families Vocab7porcelaina ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures Vocab8benefitto be useful or profitable to Vocab9incentivesomething that motivates Vocab10daimyo“great names;” heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection Vocab11hansapproximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa Vocab12hostage systema system used by the shogunate to control the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan; the family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from it Vocab13etaJapan’s outcast class, whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa Vocab14processa series of actions or operations necessary to meet a specified end Vocab15communitya group of people with common interests and characteristics living together within a larger society Vocab16bureaucracyan administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures Vocab17mainland statespart of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands Vocab18networkan interrelated or interconnected group or system Vocab19imposeto establish or apply HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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