Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 14 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe, 1550-1715

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: Europe in Crisis: The Wars of ReligionSection 2: Social Crises, War, and RevolutionSection 3: Response to Crisis: AbsolutismSection 4: The World of European CultureVisual SummaryChapter Intro How does architecture reflect history?The palace at Versailles, shown in this photo, was home to the kings of France from 1682 until 1790. In seventeenth-century Europe, Versailles was a symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute rule. In this chapter, you will learn about crises throughout Europe and the rulers who sought stability through absolute rule.• What are some famous government buildings that are tourist attractions in the United States? What do they symbolize?• Compare the symbolism of the palace at Versailles with the symbolism of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, shown on page 473.Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1Europe in Crisis: The Wars of ReligionWhat might have motivated the religious and political conflicts between Protestants and Catholics?Chapter Intro 2Social Crisis, War, and RevolutionWhat effect might social, economic, and religious conflicts have on European nations?Chapter Intro 3Response to Crisis: AbsolutismWhat effect would the exercise of absolute power have on a nation?Chapter Intro 4The World of European CultureHow might art, literature, and philosophy be influenced by the turbulence of the period?Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries Religious and political conflicts erupted between Protestants and Catholics in many European nations. Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularymilitantarmada Academic Vocabularyconflictpolicy Section 1-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsKing Philip II Netherlands William the SilentElizabeth TudorScotland Ireland Huguenots Henry of NavarreEdict of NantesABSection 1-Polling QuestionDo you think religion is a justifiable cause for war? A. YesB. NoSection 1Spain’s ConflictsKing Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his lands, while England became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe.Section 1In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics became more militant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to consolidate the lands of his empire–Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in the Americas and Italy–under Catholicism. Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II, c. 1560Section 1Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent.In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in England.The Church of England began to follow a moderate form of Protestantism and England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe.Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)Section 1Philip II tried to invade England to restore Catholicism to the island nation. In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en route around Scotland and Ireland.Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588Section 1By the end of Philip’s reign in 1598, Spain was not the great power that it appeared to be, and England began to create a world empire.Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588ABCDSection 1Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to England?A. To capture William  the SilentB. To expand his lands C. To defend the FrenchD. To restore Catholicism  to England Section 1The French Wars of ReligionConflict between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart of the French Wars of Religion.Section 1During the 1500s, France encountered a series of civil wars, known as the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598).Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. About half the nobility were Huguenots, a political threat to the Crown.The ultra-Catholics opposed the Huguenots and recruited large armies to fight them.The French Wars of Religion (cont.)Section 1In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV, bringing the French Wars of Religion to an end. Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued the Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as the state religion and giving Huguenots religious and political rights.The French Wars of Religion (cont.)FranceABCDSection 1Why did Henry of Navarre convert to Catholicism? A. To be accepted by the  majority of the population B. To follow the model of  other French kings C. To become allies with  the SpanishD. To appease the  ultra-Catholics Section 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaOrder and Security Social, economic, and religious conflicts challenged the established political order throughout Europe.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyinflation witchcraft divine right of kings commonwealth Academic Vocabularyrestorationconvert Section 2-Key TermsPeople and PlacesHoly Roman EmpireBohemia James I Puritans Charles I Cavaliers Roundheads Oliver CromwellJames II ABSection 2-Polling QuestionIs a civil war more destructive to a nation than a war between two countries? A. YesB. NoSection 2Crises in EuropePopulation decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trials contributed to economic and social problems in seventeenth-century Europe.Section 2During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europe witnessed severe economic and social problems.Economic problems were caused by the loss of Jewish and Muslim artisans and merchants, economic problems in Italy, and currency policies in Spain.One major economic problem was inflation, or rising prices.Crises in Europe (cont.)Section 2Europe’s population growth during the sixteenth century increased the demand for food and land, while driving up prices. Europe’s population had leveled off by 1620. War, famine, and plague led to declining population numbers.Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were extended to witchcraft. Crises in Europe (cont.)Section 2Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single or widowed women.Crises in Europe (cont.)ABCDSection 2What caused witchcraft trials during the seventeenth century? A. Unexplainable events that  occurred in nature and  to peopleB. The teachings of the  Catholic ChurchC. The influx of other cultures D. Attempts to cleanse society  of undesirablesSection 2The Thirty Years’ WarStarted over religious conflicts, the Thirty Years’ War was sustained by political conflicts.Section 2The Thirty Years’ War was fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire. It began between Catholics, led by the Hapsburg dynasty, and Protestant forces in Bohemia.All of the major powers in Europe (except England) were involved in the war.The Thirty Years’ War (cont.)Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648Section 2In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states that could determine their own religion and foreign policy.This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity.The Thirty Years’ War (cont.)ABCDSection 2What was a cause of the Thirty Years War? A. Protestants wanted a  Protestant king.B. The Peace of Augsburg did  not recognize Calvinism. C. Calvinist nobles  invaded Bohemia.D. Spain and France tried  to unite Europe. Section 2Revolutions in EnglandCivil war raged over what roles the king and Parliament should have in governing England.Section 2James I, the king of Scotland, came to power with the death of Queen Elizabeth. The Stuart line of rulers began in 1603. James I believed in the divine right of kings. This contradicted the beliefs of most Englishmen, who accepted that the king and Parliament ruled England together.Revolutions in England (cont.)Section 2When Charles I came to the throne, many Puritans were upset that he attempted to put more rituals into the Church of England. This led thousands of Puritans to leave for America. In 1642 England was faced with a civil war between the king’s soldiers, known as Cavaliers, and the Roundheads under Oliver Cromwell.Revolutions in England (cont.)Section 2Cromwell’s forces were victorious, and Charles II was executed.In 1649 England was declared a commonwealth.After Cromwell’s death in 1658, England restored the Stuart line of rulers with Charles II.Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when James II ascended the throne.Revolutions in England (cont.)Section 2James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament objected to his policies of appointing Catholics because its members were afraid a Catholic dynasty might be possible.In 1688 English nobles invited William and Mary of Orange, who were Protestants, to invade England.William and Mary were offered the throne and accepted the English Bill of Rights. Revolutions in England (cont.)Section 2Bill of Rights:Parliament could make laws and levy taxes.Armies could not be raised without the consent of Parliament.Citizens could keep arms and have a jury trial.Revolutions in England (cont.)Section 2The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament would be part of the English government and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.Revolutions in England (cont.)Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of 1689, which granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship.ABCDSection 2How did Parliament secure the Bill of Rights for England? A. It defeated the Cavaliers.B. It offered the crown to  William and Mary of Orange.C. The English people voted  for it.D. James II was restored to  the throne.Section 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaCompetition Among Countries France became the greatest power of the seventeenth century. Prussia, Austria, and Russia also emerged as great European powers.Section 3-Key TermsContent Vocabularyabsolutismboyars czar Academic Vocabularystabilityauthority Section 3-Key TermsPeople and PlacesLouis XIV Cardinal Richelieu Prussia Austria Frederick William the Great Elector Ivan IV Michael Romanov Peter the Great St. Petersburg ABSection 3-Polling QuestionDo you think that in times of crisis, an absolute ruler is necessary to restore order? A. YesB. NoSection 3France under Louis XIVLouis XIV was an absolute monarch whose rule was admired and imitated throughout Europe.Section 3Louis XIV is regarded as the best example of absolutism in the seventeenth century. Louis XIV strengthened control of the government and stabilized France politically, economically, and socially.Prior to Louis XIV becoming king, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin weakened Protestant power and strengthened royal power.France under Louis XIV (cont.)Section 3Louis ruled without the assistance of a royal council, and had complete control of foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped to make France more powerful economically by improving trade, communications, transportation, and by creating a merchant marine.France under Louis XIV (cont.)Section 3To ensure that his Bourbon dynasty dominated Europe, Louis developed a standing army and waged four wars between 1667 and 1713.Louis left the legacy of an absolute ruler who strengthened France.Louis’s political policies and lavish lifestyle left France with great debts and surrounded by enemies. France under Louis XIV (cont.)ABCDSection 3How did Louis XIV maintain religious harmony in France? A. He pursued an anti-Protestant  policy to convert Huguenots to Catholicism.B. He made Protestantism the  official state religion. C. He was tolerant of Catholics  and Protestants.D. He destroyed Catholic  churches and schools.Section 3Absolutism in Central and Eastern EuropePrussia and Austria emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Section 3Following the Thirty Years’ War, there were more than three hundred independent German states. Prussia and Austria rose to become European powers.Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation for Prussia by creating the fourth-largest military force in Europe. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720Section 3Frederick William centralized power by setting up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and govern the state.The new Austrian Empire was established by the Hapsburg family, who had previously provided emperors for the Holy Roman Empire.Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)Section 3The Hapsburgs created a new empire, including present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.The Austrian monarchy never became a centralized, absolutist state, but remained a collection of territories held together by the Hapsburg emperor.Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why was the Austrian monarchy unable to create a centralized government? A. It was too weak after  the Thirty Years’ War. B. It had to focus on  the Ottoman Turks.C. The nobles had too  much power.D. The empire was made up  of many different national groups. Section 3Peter The GreatRussia emerged as a great power under Peter the Great.Section 3In sixteenth-century Russia, Ivan IV became the first ruler to take the title of czar. Ivan expanded Russian territory and crushed the power of the boyars. He became known as “Ivan the Terrible.”Following the end of Ivan’s dynasty in 1598, the national assembly selected Michael Romanov as the new czar in 1613.Peter The Great (cont.)Expansion of Russia, 1505–1725Section 3In 1689 Peter the Great became czar. He modernized the military and made Russia a power in European affairs. Peter introduced Russians to the culture of Western Europe, and built the new capital city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea to “open a window to the West.”Peter The Great (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why did Peter the Great demand that Russian men shave their beards?A. He wanted to follow his  Orthodox faith.B. He wanted people to know  he controlled their lives.C. He did not have a beard, and  wanted his subjects to imitate him.D. Men in Western Europe did  not have beards.Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Art and literature reflected people’s spiritual perceptions and the human condition.Section 4-Key TermsContent VocabularyMannerismnatural rightsbaroqueAcademic VocabularydramacreativeSection 4-Key TermsPeople and PlacesEl GrecoMadridPrague Vienna Brussels Gian Lorenzo Bernini William ShakespeareMiguel de CervantesLope de Vega Thomas HobbesJohn Locke ABSection 4-Polling QuestionThe music you listen to is a reflection of the mood of our society. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 4Art after the RenaissanceThe artistic movements of Mannerism and the baroque began in Italy and reflected the spiritual perceptions of the time.Section 4Mannerism was an art form that emerged in Italy before spreading throughout Europe. Mannerism broke away from the Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation and represented people as elongated, to show suffering and heightened emotion.The characteristics of Mannerism are reflected in the work of El Greco, whose figures are elongated and contorted. Art after the Renaissance (cont.)Section 4A new movement known as baroque replaced Mannerism. It was embraced by Catholic architecture, especially in the Hapsburg courts of Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels.Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and reflected a search for power.Art after the Renaissance (cont.)Section 4The baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini captured these ideas with his work on Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome.Art after the Renaissance (cont.)ABCDSection 4What subject was emphasized in Caravaggio’s paintings? A. Angels B. Old Testament heroinesC. Everyday settingsD. Human form in actionSection 4Golden Age of LiteratureShakespeare and Lope de Vega were prolific writers of dramas and comedies that reflected the human condition.Section 4William Shakespeare was a famous playwright and actor whose understanding of human psychology enabled him to write comedies and tragedies that are still studied today. In Spain, Miguel de Cervantes wrote one of the greatest literary works of all time, Don Quixote. Golden Age of Literature (cont.)Section 4The story of Don Quixote elicits the idea that hard work and visionary dreams are requisite of the human condition. As in England, Spanish plays became very popular, and touring companies of actors brought current productions to all parts of the empire.Lope de Vega is the most famous Spanish playwright, writing nearly 1,500 plays that are considered witty, charming, realistic, and action-packed.Golden Age of Literature (cont.)ABCDSection 4Who ran the professional theatres of England and Spain? A. Actor’s companies B. The king and queenC. The ChurchD. University guildsSection 4Political ThoughtHobbes and Locke wrote very different books about political thought in response to the English revolutions.Section 4Seventeenth-century political thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke wrote about political power and influenced future philosophies of government.Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan to deal with the problem of disorder.Hobbes asserted that people made a social contract to form a state in exchange for protection and peace. Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society, and rebellions must be suppressed.Political Thought (cont.)Section 4John Locke believed that man in his natural state enjoyed freedom and had certain natural rights. In Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Locke argued against the absolute rule of one person.He stated that the government and the people have mutual obligations to protect each other, and if the government usurps its power, then man has the right to abolish the government.Political Thought (cont.)Section 4Locke’s ideas were used by American and French revolutionaries in the eighteenth century, and his influence can be found in the American Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.Political Thought (cont.)ABCDSection 4According to Hobbes, why was absolute power necessary? A. Monarchs were better educated.B. People needed to look up  to one ruler.C. It preserved order in society. D. It prevented inefficient  government. Section 4-EndVS 1RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in Europe Religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics were widespread.French kings persecuted Protestants.Philip II of Spain was a great supporter of militant Catholicism.The Thirty Years’ War was triggered by religious and political conflicts.VS 2POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CRISES in EuropeCivil war arose in England from power struggles between King Charles I and Parliament.English Protestant forces triumphed in the civil war and tried and executed King Charles I.Population growth, famine, and plague contributed to social tensions throughout Europe.The conflicts in seventeenth-century Europe were reflected in art, literature, and political works.VS 3ABSOLUTISM as a Response to CrisesFrederick William of Prussia used the General War Commissariat to maintain his power.The Austrian monarchy tried but failed to achieve a centralized, absolutist state.The absolute rule of Louis XIV of France influenced monarchs throughout Europe.Russia emerged as a great power under the absolute rule of Peter the Great.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1militantcombative Vocab2armadaa fleet of warships Vocab3conflictopposition; a fight, battle, or war Vocab4policyan overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures of a governmental body Vocab5inflationa rapid increase in prices Vocab6witchcraftmagicVocab7divine right of kingsthe belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God Vocab8commonwealtha republic Vocab9restorationa bringing back to a former position or condition Vocab10convertto change over from one belief to another Vocab11absolutisma political system in which a ruler holds total power Vocab12boyara Russian nobleVocab13czarRussian for “caesar,” the title used by Russian emperors Vocab14stabilitythe state of being stable; strong enough to endure Vocab15authoritypower; person in command Vocab16Mannerisman artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation Vocab17natural rightsrights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property Vocab18baroquean artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements Vocab19dramaa composition that tells a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for the theater Vocab20creativeimaginative HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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