Bài giảng Glencoe World History - Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600

Splash ScreenChapter MenuChapter IntroductionSection 1: The Renaissance Section 2: Ideas and Art of the Renaissance Section 3: The Protestant ReformationSection 4: The Spread of Protestantism Visual SummaryChapter Intro How was architecture influenced by the Renaissance?Tremendous advances in architecture took place during the Italian Renaissance. Among the great masterpieces was the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica shown in the photo. Architect Donato Bramante began this project for Pope Julius II; however, Michelangelo completed the design of this structure. In this chapter you will learn about social, political, economic, and cultural effects of the Renaissance.• What are some other accomplishments for which Michelangelo is famous?• Compare and contrast the design of the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica to that of more modern domes such as the U.S. Capitol.Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1The Renaissance Why did the Renaissance begin in the Italian city-states?Chapter Intro 2Ideas and Art of the Renaissance What characterizes Renaissance art, such as Michelangelo’s David or da Vinci’s Mona Lisa? Chapter Intro 3The Protestant ReformationWhat conditions encourage the growth of revolutions? Chapter Intro 4The Spread of Protestantism What led to the formation of different Protestant churches? Chapter Preview-EndSection 1-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement.Section 1-Key TermsContent Vocabularyurban societysecularmercenariesdowryAcademic VocabularyinstabilitydeclineSection 1-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsItalian RenaissanceLeonardo da VinciMilan Venice Florence Francesco SforzaCosimo de´ MediciLorenzo de´ MediciRome Niccolò MachiavelliABSection 1-Polling QuestionBeing great at one subject is better than being above average in many.A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 1The Italian RenaissanceAs the Renaissance began, three Italian city-states were the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.Section 1The Italian Renaissance lasted from 1350 to 1550. It was a time period in which Europeans believed they had witnessed a rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.Characteristics of the Renaissance:The Italian Renaissance (cont.)The Renaissance was mainly led by an urban society, and Italian city-states came to dominate political, social, and economic life.Section 1The Renaissance witnessed the rise of a secular viewpoint of wealth and material items.The Italian Renaissance (cont.)The Renaissance occurred during a time of recovery from the disasters of the fourteenth century: the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power.Renaissance Italy, 1500Section 1The Renaissance also stressed the individual ability of human beings. Well-rounded individuals, such as Leonardo da Vinci, emphasized the belief that individuals could create a new social ideal. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)Renaissance Italy, 1500Section 1With the lack of centralized power, Italian city-states such as Milan, Venice, and Florence played a crucial role in Italian economics and politics.Milan’s location as a crossroads between the coastal Italian cities and the Alpine passes made it a very wealthy state.The Italian Renaissance (cont.)Renaissance Italy, 1500Section 1In 1447, Francesco Sforza conquered Milan using an army of mercenaries. Sforza created wealth for the government by creating an efficient tax system.Venice was also located in a strategic position, as a trading link between Asia and Western Europe. Venice became the cultural center of Italy.The Italian Renaissance (cont.)Renaissance Italy, 1500Section 1In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici and his family came to control Florence using their wealth and personal influence. Cosimo’s grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici later ruled the city.Powerful monarchial states in Europe were attracted to the wealth of the Italian city-states, and in 1494 Charles VIII of France occupied Naples in southern Italy.The Italian Renaissance (cont.)Renaissance Italy, 1500Section 1The Spanish replied to the Italian cries of assistance and engaged the French in a 30-year war on the Apennine Peninsula.The turning point of the war came in 1527 when soldiers and mercenaries of Spain’s King Charles I, who had not been paid in months, sacked Rome. Spain became the dominant force in Italy.The Italian Renaissance (cont.)Renaissance Italy, 1500ABCDSection 1Why did the French and Spanish go to war over the Italian city-states? A. To end Muslim influence  in the regionB. To end the influence  of the popeC. To convert the people  to Catholicism D. To gain the wealth of  the city-states Section 1Machiavelli on PowerMachiavelli’s The Prince has profoundly influenced political leaders.Section 1Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a book that influenced political thought in Italy and eventually all of Europe.In his influential work, The Prince, Machiavelli wrote about how to acquire and hold political power. He stated that a ruler must put the state first and not focus on moral principles. Machiavelli’s rejection of popular Christian values would have a profound influence on the political leaders who followed.Machiavelli on Power (cont.)ABCDSection 1What was the central idea of Machiavelli’s The Prince? A. Family dynasties are  the most effective rulers.B. Politics should not be  restricted by morality.C. Religion is necessary  as a unifying force.D. Monarchies are the most  effective means of governing. Section 1Renaissance SocietyChanges in the social classes occurred during the Renaissance.Section 1Despite being the minority, nobles dominated sixteenth-century Europe during the Renaissance.Nobles were expected to live up to certain ideals of European aristocracy. These ideals were expressed in Baldasarre Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier. Peasants continued to make up the bulk of European society but were gaining more independence during the Renaissance. Renaissance Society (cont.)Section 1The growing numbers of townspeople were segregated into social groups.Patricians dominated the social and economic aspect of urban areas. Below them were the burghers, followed by the poverty-stricken workers and the unemployed.Renaissance Society (cont.)Section 1The family bond provided a great deal of security to Renaissance-era Italians. As in many societies, a dowry was required in marriage contracts. Renaissance Society (cont.)ABCDSection 1When did children become adults in Italian society? A. At age seventeen B. When they marriedC. When they  graduated schoolD. When they were freed  by their fathers in front  of a judgeSection 1-EndSection 2-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Humanism was an important intellectual movement of the Renaissance and was reflected in the works of Renaissance artists.Section 2-Key TermsContent Vocabularyhumanism vernacularfresco Academic VocabularyattainstyleSection 2-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsPetrarch Dante Chaucer Canterbury Christine de PizanRaphael Michelangelo Flanders Jan van Eyck Albrecht DürerABSection 2-Polling QuestionDo you think it is important to learn another language? A. YesB. NoSection 2Italian Renaissance HumanismHumanism, based on study of the classics, revived an interest in ancient Latin; but many authors wrote great works in the vernacular.Section 2A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism.Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.Petrarch believed that intellectuals had a duty to live an active civic life and put their study of the humanities to the state’s service.The humanist emphasis on classical Latin led to an increase in the writings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians. Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)Section 2The Italian author Dante and the English author Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in vernacular, making vernacular literature very popular.Dante’s masterpiece was the story of the soul’s journey to salvation, called the Divine Comedy. Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales used English dialect to tell the tale of pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas à Becket at Canterbury, England.Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)Section 2Christine de Pizan wrote in French dialect defending women and their ability to learn if given the same educational opportunities as men.Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)ABCDSection 2Who is considered the father of European humanism? A. Petrarch B. DanteC. ChaucerD. de PizanSection 2Renaissance EducationEducation during the Renaissance focused on the liberal studies.Section 2The humanist movement led to changes in education.Humanists believed that individuals could attain wisdom and virtue by studying liberal studies. Physical education was also emphasized.Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music.Renaissance Education (cont.)Section 2Physical education: javelin throwing, archery, dancing, wrestling, hunting, and swimming.The goal of humanist educators was to create complete citizens, not great scholars. Humanist schools were the model for European education until the twentieth century.Renaissance Education (cont.)ABCDSection 2According to humanists, why was it important that individuals possess rhetorical skills? A. To prepare for careers  in law or theologyB. To make them great scholarsC. To persuade others to follow  a liberal studies educationD. To emphasize that physical  education was importantSection 2Italian Renaissance ArtThe Renaissance produced great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.Section 2Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature through a human-focused worldview.Frescos created the illusion of three dimensions, leading to a new realistic style of painting. Realistic portrayal of the individual, especially nude depictions, became one of the chief aims of Italian Renaissance art.Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)Section 2Advances in understanding human movement and anatomy led to advances in Renaissance sculpture and architecture.The final era of Italian Renaissance painting (1490 to 1520) is known as the High Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of realistic painting and sought to advance to idealized forms of nature and humans.Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)Section 2Raphael was a well known artist for his paintings of the madonna. His works reveal a world of balance, harmony, and order.Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, and architect. His depictions of idealized humans are meant as a reflection of divine beauty. Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)ABCDSection 2How did Renaissance painters and sculptors portray humans? A. As masters of nature B. With religious overtonesC. Realistic and human  centeredD. Powerful and strongSection 2The Northern Artistic RenaissanceNorthern European artists, especially those in the Low Countries, portrayed their world realistically but in a different way than did the Italian artists.Section 2Artists in the Low Countries (today’s Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) also sought to portray their world realistically.As opposed to Italian artists who perfected their work on the large, open spaces of Italian churches, Northern European artists painted on much smaller canvases.One of the most important art schools in northern Europe was in Flanders, one of the Low Countries. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)Section 2Artists such as Jan van Eyck were among the first to use and perfect oil painting.Artists from northern Europe, such as German Albrecht Dürer, traveled to Italy to study the Italian standards and laws of perspective. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)ABCDSection 2What was the significance of Jan van Eyck’s use of oil paint? A. Oil was cheaper to use.B. Oil paints were available  to everyone, not just Italians.C. Oil allowed for the use  of more color.D. Oil allowed artists to  paint anywhere.Section 2-EndSection 3-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values In northern Europe, Christian humanists sought to reform the Catholic Church, and Protestantism emerged. Section 3-Key TermsContent VocabularyChristian humanismsalvation indulgence Lutheranism Academic VocabularypreciseignorantSection 3-Key TermsPeople, Places, and EventsMartin Luther Desiderius ErasmusWittenberg Ninety-five ThesesEdict of WormsCharles V Bohemia Hungary Peace of AugsburgABSection 3-Polling QuestionReform is always good and allows civilization to advance. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 3Prelude to ReformationChristian humanism and Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.Section 3During the second half of the fifteenth century, adherents of Christian humanism sought to reform the Catholic Church.Christian humanists believed that humans could improve themselves and thus improve society.Prelude to Reformation (cont.)Europe After the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Section 3Desiderius Erasmus thought that external forms of medieval religion such as pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were unnecessary and that inner piety derived from religious philosophy was more important.Prelude to Reformation (cont.)Section 3Reasons for Reform of the Catholic Church:Catholic Popes were more concerned with politics and material goods than spiritual guidance.Parish priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties.Prelude to Reformation (cont.)Section 3An automatic means of obtaining salvation, such as the collection of relics, was being presented to the people.The use of indulgences was used to avoid punishment for sin.Prelude to Reformation (cont.)ABCDSection 3What was the main thesis of Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly? A. Certain aspects of society  needed reform. B. The Catholic Church did not  need a pope.C. Monks and nuns should be  the true leaders of the Church.D. The Church needed to  update its traditions.Section 3Martin LutherBelieving in his new doctrine of salvation, Martin Luther broke from the Catholic Church and established Lutheranism.Section 3Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg in Germany.Martin Luther (cont.)He believed that humans would be saved by their faith in God and not by the good works done in His name. Section 3Luther did not want to break away from the Church, only to reform it. He wrote a list of his grievances, known as the Ninety-five Theses, and copies were sent all over Germany.In 1521, Luther was excommunicated for attempting to get German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church.Martin Luther (cont.)Section 3The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw, and his works were banned.Many German princes who supported Luther confiscated Church land, and a government church was established.A new religious service which consisted of reading the Bible, preaching the word of God, and songs, became the basis of the doctrine known as Lutheranism.Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.Martin Luther (cont.)ABCDSection 3How did Luther outline his grievances with the Catholic Church? A. Edict of Worms B. Wittenburg PolicyC. Ninety-five ThesesD. indulgencesSection 3Politics in the German ReformationPolitical and religious problems forced the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to seek peace with the Lutheran princes.Section 3The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Charles V who wanted the empire to remain Catholic.The empire included Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, Milan, and Naples.Problems with the Ottoman Turks, French rivalry, and the alliance of the German kingdoms prevented Charles from asserting military power over the Protestant Reformation in Germany.Politics in the German Reformation (cont.)Section 3In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars by accepting the division of Christianity. German rulers, but not the German people, could choose their own religion.Politics in the German Reformation (cont.)ABCDSection 3Why did the German princes support Luther? A. To assert their own  authority over local affairsB. To force Charles V to give  them independenceC. To gain the support of  the German peopleD. To overthrow the pope Section 3-EndSection 4-Main IdeaThe BIG IdeaIdeas, Beliefs, and Values Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth.Section 4-Key TermsContent Vocabularypredestination annul Academic VocabularypublishedjustificationSection 4-Key TermsPeople and PlacesUlrich Zwingli Zürich John Calvin Geneva King Henry VIIIIgnatius of LoyolaTrent ABSection 4-Polling QuestionLeaders should be able to adapt religions as they deem necessary for the good of the people. A. AgreeB. DisagreeSection 4Divisions in ProtestantismBy the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism.Section 4In Zürich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli was influential in reforming the Catholic Church. His Protestant movement spread through Switzerland.John Calvin was a Frenchman whose conversion to Protestantism forced him to flee to Switzerland. Calvin believed in an all-powerful God and the idea of predestination.Divisions in Protestantism (cont.)European Religions, 1600Section 4Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of Calvinism which soon became more popular than Lutheranism.Calvin worked to reform the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva soon became the center of Protestant reform in Europe, and its missionaries were sent all over to convert the local populations.Divisions in Protestantism (cont.)ABCDSection 4How did Ulrich Zwingli lose control of the Protestant movement? A. He was too conservative.B. He demanded Protestants  give their land to religious  authorities.C. He was killed in battle  against the Catholics.D. He was imprisoned for heresy.Section 4Reformation in EnglandFor political, not religious, reasons, Henry VIII established the Church of England.Section 4King Henry VIII of England established the Church of England when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king of England the official head of religious doctrine, with control over discipline, clerical appointments, and breaking ties with the pope. Henry’s Church of England was very similar to Catholicism, although after his death English officials attempted to make it more “Protestant”.Reformation in England (cont.)Section 4In 1553, Henry’s daughter, Mary, came to power and attempted to restore Roman Catholicism.Her efforts, including the burning of more than 300 Protestants, earned her the nickname of “Bloody Mary.”Reformation in England (cont.)ABCDSection 4What were the results of Queen Mary’s attempts to restore England to Catholicism? A. The people supported  her decisions. B. It made people  more pro-Protestant.C. Mary was killed by Protestants.D. The pope supported Mary  by sending an army to England.Section 4AnabaptistsFor believing in the complete separation of church and state, Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous radicals.Section 4Anabaptists were Protestant reformers who did not want to give power to the state.Anabaptists believed:Anabaptists (cont.)Religion should be voluntary; baptism occurred as an adult.All believers were equal; any member could become a minister.Separation of state and church; refused to bear arms or serve in military positionsSection 4The religious and political beliefs of the Anabaptists seemed radical, and they were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants.Anabaptists (cont.)ABCDSection 4To the Anabaptists, who was eligible to become a minister? A. Any male ChristianB. Any landownerC. Spiritual leaders of  all religionsD. All educated males who  paid the church Section 4Reformation and SocietyAlthough the family became the center of life during the Reformation, the lives of most women and Jews did not improve.Section 4With the rise of Protestantism came the end of celibacy for Church leaders.Women were subservient, and their roles were obedience to their husband and to bear children.Protestants expected Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they refused, Protestants such as Martin Luther wrote that Jewish synagogues and homes should be destroyed.Reformation and Society (cont.)Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican BeliefsABCDSection 4In reality, how much did women’s roles change with the rise of Protestantism? A. Women could now  be ministers.B. Women were given  political power.C. Women’s subservient roles  did not change much.D. Women were equal to  their husbands.Section 4Catholic ReformationPerceiving a need for a change, Pope Paul III steered the Catholic Church toward a reformation in the 1500s.Section 4The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation was a Catholic Reformation.A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, a group who swore allegiance to the pope. Jesuit missionaries were influential in spreading Catholicism in Germany and the rest of the world.Catholic Reformation (cont.)Section 4Pope Paul II led a reformation of the papacy, ending corruption either real or perceived.The pope, archbishops, bishops, and other theologians met irregularly at the Council of Trent to discuss Church matters and establish Catholic doctrine. Catholic Reformation (cont.)ABCDSection 4How were Jesuits most successful in educating people about Catholicism? A. Through use of soldiers B. Through use of missionariesC. Through church officialsD. By providing money  for the ChurchSection 4-EndVS 1THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and Northern EuropeMilan, Venice, and Florence became centers of Renaissance learning and culture.Machiavelli’s views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders.Humanist education focused on liberal studies.Artists sought to portray the world realistically.VS 2THE REFORMATION BeginsErasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.Catholic teaching stressed faith and good works, but Luther believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation.The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars and allowed German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.VS 3THE REFORMATION SpreadsCalvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.Henry VIII established the Church of England for political rather than religious reasons.Anabaptists believed in the total separation of church and state.Pope Paul III took steps to reform the Catholic Church.VS-EndFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Chapter Trans MenuChapter Transparencies MenuChapter Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency Select a transparency to view.Chapter TransUnit Timeline TransCnETransDFS Trans 1DFS Trans 2DFS Trans 3DFS Trans 4Vocab1urban societya system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life Vocab2secularworldly Vocab3mercenarya soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder Vocab4dowrya gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wifeVocab5instabilitynot steady; wavering Vocab6declinea change to a lower state or level Vocab7humanisman intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history Vocab8vernacularthe language of everyday speech in a particular region Vocab9frescoa painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Vocab10attainto gain or achieve Vocab11stylehaving a distinctive quality or form Vocab12Christian humanisma movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church Vocab13salvationthe state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works Vocab14indulgencea release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death Vocab15Lutheranismthe religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith Vocab16preciseexact or sharply defined Vocab17ignorantunaware; lacking knowledge of Vocab18predestinationthe belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) Vocab19annuldeclare invalid Vocab20publishedprinted for distribution Vocab21justificationthe process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God HelpClick the Forward button to go to the next slide.Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. 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