Bài giảng Environmental Sciences - Chapter 2 Ecosystems: Units of Sustainability

Chapter 2 Ecosystems: Units of Sustainability Levels of organization of matter:UniversePlanetsEcosphere/biosphereEcosystems (abio and biotic)Communities (many species)Populations (one species)Organisms (one individual)CellsAtoms Plants and animals interacting with their abiotic environment. Ecosystems exist in biomes.EcosystemsClimate – average temperature and precipitation over time (multiple years.)Weather – daily variations in temp and precipitationMicroclimate and Other Abiotic Factors: - Light Intensity - Soil Type - Topography BiomesClimographWork together to build your own study guide on biomes.More climographsTrophic CategoriesProducers (autotrophs) - create organic molecules - Photosynthesis.Consumers (heterotrophs) – eat things. Detritus feeders – consume detritus and aide in decomposition. Example: earthwormDecomposers – digest the detritus more fully and create inorganic material (breaking the carbon bonds.) Example: bacteria and fungi Trophic (Relationship) Levels Food webs (Organism Inter-Relationships): Trophic levels (bottom to top): producers (plants) primary consumers (herbivores) secondary consumers tertiary consumersBiomass and Biomass PyramidAll biomass gets its energy from the sunOnly 10% of energy from one trophic level moves to the next trophic levelEnergy released, low on the Biomass Pyramid, is high potential energy molecules (like glucose) then converted to low potential energy molecules (like carbon dioxide) higher on the Pyramid.Understand the concept of eating lower on the biomass pyramid Figure 2-12Relationships Mutualism Example: flowers & insectsCommensalismPredator Prey Host Parasite CompetitionHow are competitive relationships reduced? habitat vs. nicheLimiting FactorsTemperature, light, oxygen, carbon dioxide, precipitationOptimum levelsZones of stressLimits of ToleranceRange of ToleranceSynergistic effects – The interaction of two or more factors is greater than the sum of the effects when each acts alone. Example: pollution and diseaseImplication for HumansThree Revolutions * Neolithic Revolution * Industrial Revolution * Environmental Revolution