Bài giảng Basic Biomechanics - Chapter 7 The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity

Chapter 7The Biomechanics of the Human Upper ExtremityBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinStructure of the ShoulderSternoclavicular joint: modified ball and socket joint between the proximal clavicle and the manubrium of the sternumInterclavicular ligamentClavicleSternoclavicular ligamentCostoclavicular ligamentSternumClavicleArticular diskCostal cartilage (1st rib)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ShoulderAcromioclavicular joint: irregular joint between the acromion process of the scapula and the distal clavicleCoracoclavicular ligamentCoracoclavicular ligamentAnterior viewPosterior viewClavicleVerterbal borderAcromioclavicular jointAcromion processCoracoacromial ligamentCoracoid processGlenoid fossaAxillary borderInferior angleClavicleScapular spineVertebral borderInferior angleBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ShoulderCoraoclavicular joint: syndesmosis with the coracoid process of the scapula bound to the inferior clavicle by the coracoclavicular ligamentCoracoclavicular ligamentCoracoclavicular ligamentAnterior viewPosterior viewClavicleVerterbal borderAcromioclavicular jointAcromion processCoracoacromial ligamentCoracoid processGlenoid fossaAxillary borderInferior angleClavicleScapular spineVertebral borderInferior angleBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ShoulderGlenohumeral joint: ball and socket joint in which the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapulaAcromion processCoracohumeral ligamentLong head of bicepsHumerusCoracoid processArticular capsuleScapulaBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ShoulderScapulothoracic joint:articulation between the anterior scapula and the thoracic wallBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Muscles of the scapula.Movements of the Shoulder Complexscapulohumeral rhythm: a regular pattern of scapular rotation that accompanies and facilitates humeral abductionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe major flexor muscles at the glenohumeral joint are the clavicular pectoralis major and anterior deltoid, with assistance provided by the small coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps brachii (not shown here).Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe major extensor muscles at the glenohumeral joint are the sternal pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major, with assistance provided by the long head of triceps brachii and the posterior deltoid.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe major abductor muscles at the glenohumeral joint are the middle deltoid and supraspinatus.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe adductor muscles at the glenohumeral joint are the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and sternocostal pectoralis, with assistance provided by the short head of biceps brachii and the long head of triceps brachii.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe lateral rotator muscles of the humerus are infraspinatus and teres minor, assisted by the posterior deltoid. Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.The medial rotator muscles of the humerus are subscapularis and teres major, assisted by pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and the short head of biceps brachii.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe horizontal adductor muscle muscles of the humerus are the pectoralis major anterior deltoid, and coracobrachialis, assisted by the short head of biceps brachii.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the Shoulder ComplexThe horizontal abductor muscles of the humerus are infraspinatus, middle and posterior deltoid, and teres minor, assisted by teres major and latissimus dorsi.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ElbowWhat is the humeroulnar joint? hinge joint in which the humeral trochlea articulates with the trochlear fossa of the ulna considered to be the elbow jointBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ElbowWhat is the humeroradial joint?(gliding joint in which the capitellum of the humerus articulates with the proximal end of the radius)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the ElbowWhat are the radioulnar joints? the proximal and distal radioulnar joints are pivot joints the middle radioulnar joint is a syndesmosisBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements at the ElbowThe flexor muscles at the elbow are the brachialis, biceps brachii, and brachioradialis.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements at the ElbowThe extensor muscle at the elbow is the triceps brachii, assisted by anconeus. Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements at the ElbowThe pronator muscle of the forearm is the pronator quadratus.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the WristWhat are the radiocarpal joints? condyloid articulations between the radius and the three carpal bones (these joints comprise the wrist)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the WristWhat is the function of the retinacula at the wrist?(these fibrous bands of fascia form protective passageways through which tendons, nerves, and blood vessels pass)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements at the WristThe flexor muscles at the wrist are the flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus, assisted by flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus.Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements at the WristThe extensor muscles at the wrist are extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris, assisted by other wrist extensor muscles. Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the Joints of the HandWhat are the carpometacarpal joints? the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a saddle joint the other carpometacarpal joints are gliding jointsBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the Joints of the HandWhat are the intermetacarpal joints?(irregular joints between the metacarpals that share joint capsules with the carpometacarpal joints)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the Joints of the HandWhat are the metacarpophalangeal joints? condyloid joints between the rounded distal heads of the metacarpals and the concave proximal ends of the phalanges these joints form the knuckles of the handBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Structure of the Joints of the HandWhat are the interphalangeal joints?(the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers and the single interphalangeal joint of the thumb are all hinge joints)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the HandWhat motions are permitted at metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5? flexion extension abduction adduction circumductionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Movements of the HandWhat muscles are responsible for motions of the hand? there are nine extrinsic muscles with attachments both proximal and distal to the wrist there are ten intrinsic muscles with both attachments distal to the wristBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.