Bài giảng Basic Biomechanics - Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

Chapter 2Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human MotionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinWhat is anatomical reference position? erect standing position with all body parts facing forward considered the starting point for all body segment movementsBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.posterior: toward the back of the bodyBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Directional terms:inferior: farther away from the headanterior: toward the front of the body superior: closer to the headmedial: toward the midline of the bodylateral: away from the midline of the bodyproximal: closer to the trunkdistal: away from the trunksuperficial: toward the surface of the bodydeep: inside the body away from the surfaceReference planes: sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur transverse plane - in which rotational movements occurBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Reference axes: Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Longitudinal axis - directed vertically and around which rotational movements occurAnteroposterior axis – directed along the sagittal plane and around which rotations in the frontal plane occurMediolateral axis – directed along the frontal plane and around which rotations in the sagittal plane occurForms of motion:Linear motion: motion along a line Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line) Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Forms of motion:Angular motion: rotation around an axisBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Forms of motion:Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Rectilinear motionCurvilinear motionAngular motionForms of motion:General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.What is a mechanical system? a body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen by the analyst examples: throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk during performance of a lift, the entire body during performance of a maximal vertical jumpBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.FlexionExtensionHyperextensionDorsiflexionPlantar flexionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.What movements occur in the sagittal plane?What movements occur in the frontal plane?AbductionAdductionLateral flexionElevationDepressionRadial deviationUlnar deviationEversionInversionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.What movements occur in the transverse plane?Medial rotationLateral rotationPronationSupinationHorizontal adductionHorizontal abductionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Spatial Reference Systems useful for standardizing descriptions of human motion most commonly used is the Cartesian coordinate system human body joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y coordinatesBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Spatial Reference Systems(0,0)XY(x,y) = (3,7)Cartesian coordinates of the hipBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Spatial Reference SystemsCoordinates can be both positive and negative.xy(0,0)x = +y = +x = -y = +x = -y = -x = +y = -Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Qualitative Analysis:Prerequisite Knowledge What is the purpose of the skill? What are the causes of performance errors? How can knowledge be gained? experience in performing the skill reading available literature attending conferences and workshopsBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Qualitative Analysis:Planning What is the question to be answered? From what perspectives (angle and viewing distance) should the movement be viewed? How many observations should be taken?Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Qualitative Analysis:Planning What plans should be made for: performer attire lighting conditions background use of videoBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.Qualitative Analysis:Conducting the AnalysisIdentifyQuestion/ProblemMake DecisionsInterpret ObservationsViewing AngleViewing DistancePerformer AttireEnvironmentalModificationsUse of VideoAuditoryFrom PerformerFrom Other AnalystsCollectObservationsCommunicatewith PerformerEnd AnalysisVisualRefine QuestionBasic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.